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ASTRO

521.3

A8A3

1969

NASA SP-4014

ASTRONAUTICS AND
AERONAUTICS, 1969

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy

Text by

Science and Technology Division

Library of Congress

Sponsored by

NASA Historical Division

Office of Policy

Scientific and Technical Information Division

OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1970

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Washington. D.C.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $2.25 (paper cover) ,nnn.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-60096

Foreword

History is a word with varied meanings. They range from one conveying
idealistic images, to fat books of ultimate truth, to the professional's
prejudices concerning history as an intellectual discipline. To those of us
who have been privileged to be wholly immersed in science and technology
of aeronautics and space over a number of years, history perhaps is the
sense of accomplishment.

While this chronology volume is not a history, it does attempt to provide
a first-cut reference to events and commentary during a most crowded year
and the year that man first set foot upon an extraterrestrial body. When the
Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made their lunar walk
on July 20, 1969, it became one of the most vicarious events to date in
world history. Over a half billion people around the world witnessed this
momentous occasion live by television relayed via communications satellites.
Many who did not witness it appear reluctant to admit it today. The full
consequences of the seven-year Apollo endeavor are as yet in the domain of
prophets and posterity despite the worldwide enthusiasm. But we have
already seen evidence of the second thoughts provided by man's perspective
from the moon of his own planet — a heightened awareness that spaceship
Earth is perhaps unique and certainly is precious, even with the manifold
problems of mankind. And we have learned about ourselves as a people.
We have learned that the United States can set itself a large, difficult, long-
term objective and mobilize itself and sustain its effort to the successful
conclusion.

Aside from being the year that man landed on the moon, 1969 had many
other significances to students and participants in aeronautics and astro-
nautics. It was NASA's first year under the Nixon Administration and a new
Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine. It was the year in which the Space
Task Group's report to the President reaffirmed the Nation's continued com-
mitment to space exploration and painted in the broad outline of post- Apollo
goals in space. It was the year the concept of the space shuttle emerged in
detail, exciting in its potential as a practical, reusable, economical space
transportation system. In space science it was the year when Mariner VI and
VII flew within 2,000 miles of Mars and sent back photographs of the Mar-
tian surface and 200 times more data on Mars than had Mariner IV in 1964.
In addition to these more spectacular events, there was solid progress in
space science, exploration, and applications. All of these events and many
more find their milestones recorded in this chronology.

There are both value in and special reservations about this chronology of
science, technology, and public policy as related to aeronautics and space.
It provides the historian or any analyst with time-oriented steppingstones
toward the human and institutional stories. General items are included to
help create the social environment in which the selected items took place.
There seems some merit, despite inevitable bias in viewpoints, in validating

FOREWORD

entries to sources generally available. This facilitates additional research.
With its detailed index, the chronology is cross-referenced to dimensions
other than time and becomes a useful reference available to lay and pro-
fessional inquiry.

But beyond this, history-maker, historian, observer, and student alike
may become more aware of the documentation and reflection yet to be
performed in comprehending more fully what has transpired.

George M. Low
Acting Administrator
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
September 15, 1970

Contents

PAGE

Foreword in

NASA Acting Administrator George M. Low

Preface vn

January 1

February 37

March 61

April 99

May 127

June 167

July 195

August 259

September 297

October 323

November 359

December 399

Appendix A: Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights,

a Chronicle for 1969 427

Appendix B: Chronology of Major nasa Launches, 1969 459

Appendix C: Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1969 465

Appendix D: Abbreviations of References 471

Index and List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 475

Preface

The brief, chronological record of 1969 events in aerospace science, tech-
nology, and policy has been prepared as events occurred and were reported
in the immediately available, open sources — the news media, press releases,
speech texts, transcripts, testimony before Congress, and test and study
reports. A first collection of clues to significant occurrences and background
climate for future historians, the volume is also intended to serve for
immediate reference uses. It does not attempt to analyze but to cite the
who, what, when, and where in sequence and as near real time as possible.

Within these limitations, we make a considerable effort to ensure accuracy
and comprehensiveness. Our NASA Archives, under Lee D. Saegesser, collects
the current documentation. Under an exchange of funds agreement, the
Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress drafts the
monthly segments in comment edition form. These are edited and aug-
mented by the NASA Historical Division, published, and circulated for com-
ment and use. At the end of the year the entire manuscript is reworked and
augmented by the comments that have come in and by documentation that
has become available since the comment edition was prepared. The Library
also prepares the extensive index.

The 1969 annual volume is the work of a number of hands. The entire
NASA Historical Division participated in source collection, review, and
publication. The general editor was Dr. Frank W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy
nasa Historian. Technical editor was Mrs. Carrie Karegeannes. At the Li-
brary Mrs. Patricia Davis, Mrs. Carmen Brock-Smith, and Mrs. Shirley
Singleton prepared the monthly texts, which were circulated throughout
nasa for comments as to completeness and accuracy of nasa items and then
revised for annual publication. Arthur G. Renstrom prepared the index.

Appendix A, "Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, a
Chronicle for 1969," and Appendix C, "Chronology of Manned Space Flight,
1969," were prepared by Leonard C. Bruno of the Library. Appendix B,
"Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1969," was prepared by William A.
Lockyer, Jr., of the Historical and Library Services Branch, Kennedy Space
Center. Appendix D, "Abbreviations of References," was prepared by Mrs.
Brock-Smith. Creston Whiting of NASA's Information Services Branch,
Scientific and Technical Information Division, kept the process abreast of
Russian releases. At the NASA Centers the historians and historical monitors
submitted local material for the chronology. Validation was the work of
many busy persons throughout NASA and in other relevant branches of the
Federal structure.

A chronology is but the first step toward history and even it is never
completed. Comments, additions, and criticisms are always welcomed.

Eugene M. Kmme

NASA Historian

January 1969

January 1: Washington Evening Star editorial said of success of Dec. 21—27,
1968, Apollo 8 mission: "Modern science undercut man's bland belief
that he was the center of the universe, and modern philosophy reduced
him to a trivial atom of matter in the larger cosmos. To be able to
sail around at will in that vast cosmos may give man back some of the
confidence he once had, not the arrogance of thinking that he under-
stands the whole pattern, but the quiet sense that he will not flinch
from what he may yet learn." (W Star, 1/1/69, A15)

• U.S.S.R. disclosed that converted MiG fighter was prototype used for

testing design features and performance of Tu-144, Soviet supersonic
aircraft. Soviet aviation writer for Pravda K. Raspevin said four-man
crew aboard Tu-144 maiden flight Dec. 31, 1968, was one of most
experienced in U.S.S.R. Pilot was Eduard V. Yelyan. Copilot Mikhail
V. Kozlov had won title Hero of the Soviet Union for testing Tu-22
supersonic strategic bomber. Tu-144 was constructed of light alloys
with titanium on leading edges and other areas subjected to high
temperatures. At cruising speed, outside skin temperature was 150° C.
Air conditioning system cooled cabin. Tail unit was minus horizontal
guiding surface. Crew members had catapult seats as safety precaution
during test flights. (NYT, 1/2/69, 7)

• World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites, established at National

Academy of Sciences in June 1958, moved to location adjacent to
National Space Science Data Center at gsfc. (nas-nrc-nae News Rpt,
2/69, 11)
January 2: In Washington Evening Star, Judith Randal said world's first
successful heart transplant and Apollo 8 mission made 1968 year "of
spectacular scientific achievement" but that critics of both events had
charged that technology "was being exploited at the expense of basic
research and social worth." It did no harm, she said, to celebrate
heart transplants and voyages to moon, "but, with the advent of a new
administration, it also is worth reflecting what the price may be —
when so much else needs doing — of deciding to climb Mount Everest
just because Mount Everest is there and we have learned how to climb
it." (WStar, 1/2/69, A14)

• NASA awarded Boeing Co. $32,815,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee supplemental

agreement extending for additional 12 mos Apollo program technical
integration and evaluation support initiated by Boeing June 15, 1967.
(nasa Release 69-1)

• President Johnson announced 12 recipients of 1968 National Medal of

Science, Government's highest award for distinguished achievement in
science, mathematics, and engineering. Detlev W. Bronk, President
Emeritus of Rockefeller Univ., past president of nas (1950-1962)
and Johns Hopkins Univ. (1948-1953), received award for "highly
original research in the field of physiology and for his manifold con-

January 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tributions to the advance of science and its institution in the service
of society." Herbert Friedman, Superintendent, Atmosphere and Astro-
physics Div., Naval Research Laboratory, won award "for pioneering
work in rocket and satellite astronomy and in particular for his con-
tributions to the field of gamma ray astronomy." (PD, 1/6/69, 11;
nasa biog, 9/8/68)
January 3: H.R. 16, 17, and 204, bills to authorize award of Congressional
Medal of Honor to Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A.
Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, were introduced during first ses-
sion of 91st Congress. {CR, 1/3/69, H33-42)

• Time named Apollo 8 astronauts its Men of the Year for 1968. "For all

its upheavals and frustrations, the year would be remembered to the
end of time for the dazzling skills and Promethean daring that sent
mortals around the moon. It would be celebrated as the year in which
men saw at first hand their little earth entire, a remote, blue-brown
sphere hovering like a migrant bird in the hostile night of space."
{Time, 1/3/69, 9)

• New York State Supreme Court Justice Frederick M. Marshall issued

temporary injunction to block sale of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
by Cornell Univ. to edp Technology, Inc., of Washington, D.C., for
$25 million. He directed case be given preference on trial calendar.
(NYT, 1/4/69, 23)

January 4: At Explorers Club symposium in New York scientists, educators,
community leaders, and students discussed significance of Apollo 8
mission. William Booth, Chairman of Commission on Human Rights
in New York, said, "I still am quite disturbed by the fact that we're
dying at home, people are about to starve. There's overpopulation and
underproduction of food in the world. We haven't been able to solve
these problems and here we are going off to the moon." Dr. Robert
Jastrow, Director of nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said
flights were "a means of concentrating our energies toward building
a technological capability." Moon flight had played "same role as
Lindbergh's flight to Paris" in that it demonstrated new capability.
Space program was paying economic dividends in communications,
mineral exploration, and new materials. Dr. Maynard M. Miller, Chair-
man of Explorer Club's World Center for Exploration Foundation, said,
"The word 'impossible' has a different meaning after Apollo 8. Perhaps
its real contribution will be as a symbol of man's willingness to dare
to do something great." (Wilford, NYT, 1/5/69, 26)

January 5: Venus V unmanned probe was successfully launched by U.S.S.R.
on four-month journey to Venus. Tass announced that 2,491-lb space-
craft had been launched into parking orbit and then injected on
trajectory toward Venus to softland, conduct extensive scientific re-
search, and continue studies begun by Venus IV, which landed on
Venusian surface Oct. 18, 1967. All equipment was functioning nor-
mally. Spacecraft carried pennants with bas-relief of Lenin and Soviet
coat of arms and "greater range of scientific and measuring equipment,
making it possible to improve the accuracy of measurements and to
obtain additional data on planet's atmosphere," Moscow News said.
(Winters, B Sun, 1/6/69, 1; AP, W Star, 1/6/69, A3; Reuters,
W Post, 1/6/69, A3; Moscow News, 1/18-25/69, 3)

• Washington Sunday Star editorial commented on proposals made at

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 5

aaas meeting in Dallas, Tex., Dee. 26-31, 1968, for agency to estab-
lish priorities for Federal spending in research, education, technology,
weapon development, and science. Dr. James V. Shannon, former nih
director, had proposed creation of top-level council equal in stature
to National Security Council and Council of Economic Advisers. Dr.
Donald F. Hornig, President Johnson's Science Adviser, had recom-
mended adding Secretary of Science to Presidential Cabinet. Star
said, "There will be strong opposition to both of these proposals. The
cry of centralization will be raised." However: "What is proposed . . .
is a body of informed advisers, whose duty it is to suggest ... to in-
struct the President, the Congress and public on the potentialities for
good and evil that could result if a given path were followed. The Pres-
ident would still have to make the executive decisions. Congress would
still control the purse. The public would still have the final verdict of
the ballot. But all of them could use some responsible, expert guidance
through the awesome and fantastic new world that lies just ahead."
(W Star, 1/5/69, Gl)
January 6: Oao II I launched Dec. 7, 1968) completed 30 days of flight
operation and was adjudged successful by NASA. Experiments had ob-
tained 65 hrs of scientific data over range of eight magnitudes and
4,200 A— 1,100 A wavelengths. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
celescope experiment made 18 mappings and Univ. of Wisconsin experi-
ment made detailed observations of 100 stars. Some 40,000 separate
commands had been sent to Oao II and more than 4 million pieces of
information had been collected, with 20 times more uv information
from stars in 30 days than in 15 yrs of sounding rocket launchings.
Satellite's 11 telescopes were studying extremely young, hot stars
which emitted most of their energy in uv portion of spectrum, not
visible to ground observatories because of earth's atmosphere. (NASA
Proj Off; nasa Release 69-7)

• Budget squeeze had forced NASA to drop 16 institutions from its sustain-

ing university program, Scientific Research said. Four others were
dropped in 1968; 30 remained. Contracts of the 16 would not be re-
newed as they expired unless institutions devised exceptional research
proposals. Then money would probably have to be taken from other
universities. Grants had ranged from 875,000 to $300,000, with total
saving of $4 million over FYs 1969, 1970, and 1971 expected from can-
cellation. Program funding had declined from $45 million in FYs
1965 and 1966 to $30 million in FY 1967, $10 million in FY 1968,
and $9 million in 1969. FY 1970 budget level was expected to be $9
million. (Scientific Research, 1/6/69, 15-17; NASA FY 1970 Budget
Briefing]

• faa announced it had moved to reverse "escalation of aircraft noise"

around airports by proposing maximum noise standards and noise ob-
jectives for new subsonic transport aircraft, including those under de-
velopment. Proposal was first regulatory action taken under P.L.
90—411, which granted faa broad authority in noise control. Noise
limits on approach would be 102 to 108 effective perceived noise deci-
bels (epndb), depending on aircraft weight; sideline noise limits
would be same; and takeoff limits would be in 93- to 108-ejmdb
range, (faa Release 69-1; Bisen, W Post, 1/7/69, A3; WSJ, 1/9/69,
4)

January 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Defense Secretary-designate Melvin R. Laird announced at press confer-

ence that Stanley R. Resor would remain as Secretary of the Army,
Rhode Island Gov. John H. Chafee would be nominated Secretary of
the Navy, and former NASA Deputy Administrator, Dr. Robert C. Sea-
mans, Jr., would be nominated Secretary of the Air Force in Nixon
Administration. (Wilson, W Post, 1/7/69, 1)
January 6—8: Three-article series on "The Cost of Preparedness" by Orr
Kelly in Washington Evening Star quoted interviews with outgoing
Johnson Administration defense experts who agreed U.S. might be
entering peaceful era in international relations though defense cost
would remain high — at least $50 billion annually — in foreseeable fu-
ture. Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford thought, "cautious and
forceful steps" could be taken "to improve the lot of the people of the
world."

USN saw post-Vietnam war need for modernization, with emphasis
on nuclear-powered escort ships; USAF wanted new fighter, manned
bomber, deployment of interim bomber, and revamping of U.S. air
defense force.

Dr. John S. Foster, Director of Defense Research and Engineering,
said: "The Soviets have four characteristics of special concern to the
R&D community. They are technically advanced, they are strong eco-
nomically, they have an aggressive military posture — and they work
behind a veil of secrecy. The one that makes competition difficult is
secrecy. To counter it, the United States must have technological su-
periority. We must have been there, technically, before them." (W
Star, 1/6-8/69)
January 7: U.S. patent No. 3,420,471 was granted to John D. Bird, Howell
D. Garner, Ernest D. Lounsberry, and David E. Thomas, Jr., LaRC
engineers who assigned rights to NASA for jet shoes to enable astronauts
to move in space. Wearer could rotate body by natural ankle and leg
motions and control direction by turning body and aiming head in
swimming motion. Previous devices for similar purpose required use of
one or both hands or operation of complex arrangement of control jets
and gyroscope sensors. Toe pressure in new shoes would release nitro-
gen through thruster in sole of each shoe. With electrical control, pres-
sure would be applied to switch. Alternate method would be fluidic
control, with toes pressing syringe. (Pat Off pio; NYT, 1/11/69, 39)

• Once Vietnam war was over, Michael Harrington said in Washington

Evening Star, there would be "money enough for both slums and space
if the nation has the political will to appropriate it." Space exploration
could provide "economic alternative to war." It was "simply not true
that the United States must choose between the heavens and earth. By
the mid-Seventies, this country will have achieved a $1 trillion gross
national product and because of this . . . there will be almost $30
billion in 'extra' federal funds by 1972. That projection does not re-
quire any increase in taxes and it assumes that there will be a fairly
high level of military spending." (W Star, 1/7/69, A7)

• Christian Science Monitor editorial asked, "Would it not be possible, as

America's eventual space aim, to see the moon treated much as Ant-
arctica today is treated?" That is "as a 'continent' where nationality
does not play a significant role. There could be a research station on
the moon, manned the year around — not merely by Americans but by

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 7

invitation to the scientists and technicians of other interested nations."
(CSM, 1/7/69)

January 8: Apollo 9, carrying Astronauts James M. McDivitt (commander),
David R. Scott (cm pilot), and Russell L. Schweickart ( lm pilot),
would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39A at 11:00 am EST
Feb. 28, NASA announced. The 10-day earth orbital mission would
include simulated translunar insertion; CSM separation, transposition,
and docking with lm; onboard LM systems evaluation; extravehicular
maneuvers between LM and CM; manned LM active rendezvous; and
six sps burns, (nasa Release 69—3)

° U.S.S.R.'s supersonic transport, Tu-144, made second test flight. Of
50-min duration, flight did not achieve supersonic speed, according to
Pravda. (Reuters, NYT, 1/11/69, 65)

• NASA Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, asked review board

created May 17, 1968, to restudy its findings in May 6, 1968, crash of
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle because of second lltv crash, Dec. 8,
1968. Both craft were destroyed in accidents at Ellington afb, Tex.;
pilots escaped uninjured. Accident board at MSC was investigating
latest crash, (nasa Release 69-5)

January 9: USAF released three-volume Scientific Study of Unidentified Fly-
ing Objects, report of Univ. of Colorado scientists directed by Dr. Ed-
ward U. Condon. It concluded that "nothing has come from the study
of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge. . . .
Further extensive study of UFOs probably cannot be justified in the
expectation that science will be advanced thereby." Scientists felt "the
reason that there has been very little scientific study of the subject is
that those scientists who are most directly concerned, astronomers, at-
mospheric physicists, chemists, and psychologists, having had ample
opportunity to look into the matter, have individually decided that UFO
phenomena do not offer a fruitful field in which to look for major
scientific discoveries."

In review of study, NAS special review panel had concluded, "On the
basis of present knowledge the least likely explanation of UFOs is the
hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitations by intelligent beings."

Condon report recommended dod handle lfo sighting reports in
normal surveillance operations and found no basis for contention that
UFO data were "shrouded in official secrecy." Report stated, "The his-
tory of the past 21 years has repeatedly led Air Force officers to the
conclusion that none of the things seen, or thought to have been seen
. . . constituted any hazard or threat to national security." Report of
two-year study, commissioned by USAF for $500,000, had been approved
by nas panel." (Text; Sullivan, NYT, 1/8/69, 1; 1/10/69, 32; Boffer,
Science, 1/17/69, 260-2)

° nasa named Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong I commander I, Michael Collins
I cm pilot), and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (lm pilot), as prime crew of
Apollo 11 lunar landing mission scheduled for summer 1969. Backup
crew would be Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. (commander), William
A. Anders (cm pilot), and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (lm pilot), (nasa
Release 69-9)

• NASA submitted to bob proposed FY 1970 NASA authorization bill in

which FY 1969 "Administrative Operations" category had been re-
designated "Research and Program Management." Bill requested

January 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

$3,051 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and
$650.9 million for research and program management — for total
budget of $3,761 billion. (Text; nasa LAR, VIII/8)

• In farewell speech to J PL as President of Cal Tech, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge,

Science Adviser-designate to President-elect Richard M. Nixon, said:
"I am sure that under the new administration a change in the general
structure of the space program may occur principally because the
Apollo landings for 1969 will be carried out. . . . [And] that ends an
era, so to speak, in the space program which President Kennedy started
when he proposed attainment of a landing on the moon by the end of
this decade." Question would be raised "in Congress and in the ad-
ministration and by the people of the country, 'OK we're all through
now, let's save that four billion or five billion dollars a year and settle
back and do something less expensive.' I don't believe that this is a
very widespread view in the top levels of the new administration. I
think the Apollo 8 program came at a very critical moment" to make
everyone see that "by lifting the eyes of the people to something be-
yond this little planet on which we live that the spiritual effect . . . the
elevation of morale which has occurred, the pride which the country
has taken in this sort of achievement, following on the many other
achievements, is going to be a stimulus to redirecting the program, yes,
but certainly not abandoning it, and deciding what are the great things
that can be done in the future of the space program." (Transcript)

• nasa Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket with VAM— 20 booster, success-

fully launched from wsmr, carried Johns Hopkins Univ. payload to
103.2-mi (166-km) altitude. Primary objective was to measure
vacuum uv spectral emission lines from Venusian atmosphere. Rocket
and instruments worked satisfactorily, but experiment failed to receive
strap acquisition and ACS failed to receive tracker lock-on. Except for
terrestrial airglow, no useful spectral information on Venus or Pro-
cyon was received, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• Apollo 8 astronauts were honored in Nation's Capital.

Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, and William A. Anders
received nasa Distinguished Service Medal from President Johnson at
White House. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, read
citation, identical for each astronaut except for designation as com-
mander, command module pilot, or lunar module pilot. Borman
received award "for outstanding contributions to space flight, engi-
neering, technology and exploration as Commander of Apollo 8, man-
kind's first venture beyond Earth into orbit around the Moon. During
this flawless mission from December 21 to December 27, 1968, he
made critical decisions and carried out complex maneuvers to fly into
precise translunar injection, lunar orbit, and transearth injection flight
paths to a successful reentry and splashdown within 5,000 yards of
the recovery vessel. His scientific observations during the journey to
and from the Moon and during 10 orbits of the Moon have added
significantly to man's knowledge. He displayed outstanding leadership,
courage, professional skill and devotion to duty in accomplishing all
planned mission objectives, significantly advancing the nation's capa-
bilities in space. As one of history's boldest explorers, he has blazed a
new trail for mankind out into the vastness of extraterrestrial space."

President Johnson said: "Our space program, and this, its most

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 9

spectacular achievement, have taught us some very invaluable lessons.
We have learned how men and nations may make common cause in
the most magnificent and hopeful enterprises of mankind. We in the
United States are already engaged in cooperative space activities with
more than 70 nations of the world. We have proposed a variety of ad-
ventures to expand international partnership in space exploration. This
morning I renew America's commitment to that principle and to its
enormous promise. The flight of Apollo 8 gives all nations a new and
a most exciting reason to join in man's greatest adventure." President
Johnson presented retired NASA Administrator James E. Webb as "the
single man most responsible for successfully administering this pro-
gram and, I think, the best Administrator in the Federal Government."

Astronauts gave President Johnson miniature copies of recent inter-
national space treaties which they had carried aboard Apollo 8 space-
craft and "picture of the ranch" (photo of earth taken from space).
(PD, 1/13/69, 35-6)

After awards ceremony astronauts were driven in motorcade to ad-
dress joint assembly of Congress attended by nine Supreme Court
Justices. Borman told Congress: "The one overwhelming emotion that
we carried with us is the fact that we really do all exist on the small
globe. And when you get to 240,000 miles, it really isn't a very large
earth." He said voyage was not just an American achievement; "we
stood on the shoulders of giants," from Newton and Galileo to present
day scientists and space explorers. "If Apollo 8 was a triumph at all,"
Borman said, "it was a triumph of all mankind."

At State Dept. Auditorium press conference, NASA Assistant Admin-
istrator for Public Affairs Julian Scheer announced Astronaut Frank
Borman had been appointed Deputy Director of Flight Crew Opera-
tions at MSC.

During conference astronauts disclosed they had not seen moon
during approach to lunar orbit; presented slides indicating presence
of volcanics on back of moon; and announced their conclusion that
conditions on pseudolanding site, B— 1, indicated "lighting conditions
are . . . adequate for a lunar landing, which was one of our objectives
of the flight." Borman said, "I came away with the idea that the moon
may be more homogeneous than I had realized . . . that you could get
a spoon one place and find it just about the same as the samples some-
where else." In answer to question, he said, "I don't believe we found
anything that would be of concern to future flights. We flight-tested the
ground system. We flight-tested the airborne system. The command
module and service module have effectively performed their designed
task, their designed mission, with the exception of docking. We have
got magnificent machinery. We have superb ground support."

Following press conference, astronauts and their families were guests
at Smithsonian Institution dinner in Washington, D.C. (Transcript;
nasa Release 69-8; Wilford, NYT, 1/10/69, 1; Maynard, W Post,
1/10/69, 1; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 1/10/69, 1)
January 10: U.S.S.R. launched unmanned Venus VI probe — second in five
days [see Jan. 5] — into parking orbit and then on trajectory toward
Venus. Tass said 2,491-lb spacecraft would attempt slow descent
through Venusian atmosphere and softlanding on part of surface not
illuminated by sun. Probe was expected to reach Venus in mid-May.

January 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Tass said Venus V had completed 863,700 mi of 155-million-mile
journey. Venus VI was last reported 40,762 mi above earth. Informa-
tion radioed from both spacecraft indicated equipment was working
normally, (upi, W Star, 1/10/69, A8; AP, B Sun, 1/11/69, 1; Mos-
cow News, 2/1-8/69, 11)

• New York City held ticker-tape parade for Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank

Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, followed by
presentation at City Hall Plaza of Medals of City of New York,
luncheon at Lincoln Center, appearance at U.N., and Waldorf-Astoria
dinner attended by 2,500 political leaders and guests. (NYT, 1/10/69,
30; Aarons, W Post, 1/11/69, Al; AP, B Sun, 1/11/69, A4)

• Special six-cent postal stamp honoring Dec. 21-27, 1968, Apollo 8 mis-

sion had been approved by Post Office Dept., Postmaster General W.
Marvin Watson announced. Stamp would be issued May 5, seventh
anniversary of Freedom 7, first U.S. manned suborbital space flight,
by Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (PO Dept Release 14)

• nasa released "Debrief: Apollo 8," 28-min, 16-mm color film showing

first manned lunar orbit, (nasa PAO; Nelson, Science, 1/24/69, 371)

• National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena challenged

usaf's Condon Report on UFOs [Jan. 8]. At Washington, D.C., press
conference Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (usmc, Ret.), head of private com-
mittee, said investigation examined only "about 1%" of "reliable, un-
explained" UFO sightings supplied to it. He said his files contained
11,000 reports of sightings, of which 3,000 were unexplained, (upi,
W Star, 1/11/69, 1)

• Dr. Frederick Seitz, nas President, appointed 12-member Universities

Organizing Committee for Space Sciences, chaired by Frederick T.
Wall, Vice Chancellor of Graduate Studies and Research at Univ. of
California at San Diego. It would serve NAS as national Board of Gov-
ernors of Lunar Science Institute, Houston, Tex., establishing policy,
reviewing operations and budgets, and advising Institute's director on
program development. Committee also would draft objectives and
procedures for consortium of universities operating the facilities for
research, development, and education associated with space science
and technology, (nas-nrc-nae News Rpt, 2/1969, 2)

• New York Times editorial commented on USAF UFO report: "Evidently

many committed to the belief that reported UFO sightings prove this
planet is being reconnoitered and even visited by beings from else-
where in space will remain unpersuaded that earth has a current
monopoly on space voyagers. . . . But outside the ranks of true be-
lievers, we suspect this document and its conclusions will find wide
acceptance. Professor Condon and his colleagues did make a careful
and extensive investigation. They enlisted specialists in the relevant
branches of science, interviewed alleged witnesses, examined photo-
graphs purporting to show UFO sightings and studied cases of claimed
radar detection. . . . Those believers will keep on trying, but the rest
of society can dedicate themselves to worrying about more serious
matters — unless and until there is new and more persuasive evidence
than any now available." (NYT, 1/10/69, 46)

• Washington Evening Star commented on USAF UFO report: "Man needs

his myths and his irrational beliefs — his goblins and witches and mon-
sters. He needs to be reminded that the universe is still a wondrous,

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 10

awesome and unknown place. He needs to cling to the hope that there
is, somewhere, some product of creation more frightening, more power-
ful and more wise than he. The UFO was the space-age thing that goes
bump in the night. It should have been left alone." (W Star, 1/10/69,
A10)

• faa announced proposed rule which would require issuance to airline

passengers and crew of fireproof, lightweight, plastic smoke hoods to
protect against fire and smoke during evacuation following crash land-
ing, (faa Release 69-4)

• Japanese Cabinet approved National Defense Council's decision to pro-

duce 104 Phantom F— 4E jet fighter aircraft by FY 1977 under licens-
ing agreement with McDonnell Douglas Corp. {NYT, 1/11/69, 15)
January 11: In Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, J. F. Ter Horst commented
on designation of Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Ad-
ministrator, as Secretary of the Air Force in Nixon Administration
Cabinet: "It's highly unlikely that the Nixon Administration will
merge civilian and military space programs — they were back in 1958
when he was Vice President. But if it becomes easier to sell Congress
a space budget with a military label than with a civilian one, Mr.
Nixon undoubtedly will move in that direction. If he does, he has an
uncommonly qualified administrator in Seamans." (P Bull, 1/11/69,
14)

• NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Point

Barrow, Alaska, carrying GSFC payloads. First launch was to develop
experimental techniques for determining atmospheric composition pro-
files in mesospheric region and to measure distribution of ozone by
chemiluminescent technique and of water vapors by aluminum-oxide
hygrometer in 40.4- to 12.4-mi (65- to 20-km) region. Rocket and
instruments performed satisfactorily.

Second rocket was launched to obtain data on wind, temperature,
pressure, and density in support of first launch by detonating gre-
nades and recording sound arrivals. Rocket and instruments performed
satisfactorily, (nasa Rpts SRL)

• Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources recom-

mended in report Our Nation and the Sea creation of new agency,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (noaa), to coordinate and
accelerate oceanology research and development. It proposed agency
be composed initially of U.S. Coast Guard and Bureau of Fisheries,
plus some functions of Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Na-
tional Sea Grant Program, U.S. Lake Survey, National Oceanographic
Data Center, and essa. (Pasadena Star-News, 1/12/69; Nelson, Sci-
ence, 1/17/69, 263-5)

January 11-12: After being feted at Newark, N.J., airport by 1,500 persons
in 15° temperature, Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A.
Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders flew to Miami, Fla., for Jan. 12
Super Bowl game. Dade County, Fla., Mayor Chuck Hall presented
astronauts and their families keys to county and tickets to game. (UPI,
NYT, 1/12/69, 35)

January 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXI1I into orbit with 362-km
(224.9-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period,
and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 20. (upi, W Star,
1/13/69, Al; gsfc SSR, 1/15/69; 1/31/69)

January 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• USAF launched an Advanced Ballistic Reentry System (abres) vehicle

from Vandenberg afb by Atlas-F Booster. (AP, C Trib 1/17/69)

• In Washington Evening Star, Orr Kelly said U.S.S.R. appeared to be de-

veloping new multiple warhead missile to deliver "string" of as many
as 10 one-megaton nuclear bombs. Missile was similar to, but less
sophisticated than, U.S. mirv system. Both countries were reportedly
at same development stage, with deployment scheduled for early 1970s.
(W Star, 1/12/69, 13)
January 13: Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and
William A. Anders returned to Houston, Tex., for biggest parade in
city's history, with quarter million spectators filling sky with ticker
tape and balloons. Astronauts received city's highest honors, bronze
medals for heroism with motto "per aspera ad astra." (AP, B Sun,
1/14/69, A8; upi, W Post, 1/14/69, A4)

• In ceremony at MSC, NASA presented awards including 12 Distinguished

Service Medals, recognizing contributions to Apollo 8 space mission
by groups and individuals in NASA, DOD, and industry.

dsm, NASA's highest award, was presented to Dr. Kurt H. Debus,
Director, ksc; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director, MSC; Christopher C.
Kraft, Jr., Director of Flight Operations, MSC; George M. Low, Man-
ager, Apollo Program Office, MSC; Dr. George E. Mueller, nasa Associ-
ate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Rocco A. Petrone,
Director of Launch Operations, KSC; l/g Samuel C. Phillips, NASA
Apollo Program Director; Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, Deputy Director
(Technical), MSFC; Arthur Rudolph, Manager, Saturn V Program
Office, msfc; William C. Schneider, Manager, Apollo Applications Pro-
gram; Gerald M. Truszynski, nasa Associate Administrator for Track-
ing and Data Acquisition; and Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director,
msfc.

Exceptional Service Medals were awarded to 62 persons and Public
Service Awards to 22. Group Achievement Awards went to U.S.S.
Yorktown (CVS— 10) and Embarked Air Group, Manned Space Flight
Network, and NASA Office of Public Affairs. Public Service Group
Achievement Award was presented to Apollo 8 Communication Net-
work and Certificate of Appreciation was awarded to University-NASA
Scientific and Technology Advisory Committee (stac). (nasa Special
Release 1/13/69; nasa pao)

• At nonpartisan farewell dinner given to President Lyndon B. Johnson in

New York, former NASA Administrator James E. Webb read statement
on accomplishments in space effort under Johnson Presidency: "Lyn-
don Baines Johnson has done more than lead the United States forward
in space. He has stamped on our program its significant characteristics:
that it be conducted in the open for all the world to see; that it be
carried out so as to strengthen and not to undermine the basic institu-
tions and values of our society; that it be dedicated to the cause of
peace and the benefit of all mankind.

"Of all the debts the American people owe President Johnson, none
is likely to loom larger over time than that he started them on the road
to mastery of this new, unlimited environment by means of the new
rocket technology. ... It is the lasting tribute to Lyndon Baines John-
son that he has seen from the beginning that accomplishments in space
and the capability which can sustain and increase these accomplish-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 13

merits constitute a new barometer of the stature of our Nation." (CR,
1/17/69, S496)

• NASA announced termination of joint nasa-dod XB-70 flight research

program, for which it had assumed management responsibility in
March 1967. Aircraft had been productive for studying sonic boom,
flight dynamics, and handling problems peculiar to advanced super-
sonic aircraft. Of two XB-70s constructed by North American Rock-
well Corp., one had been destroyed in June 8, 1966, midair collision.
Remaining aircraft would be flown from FRC to Wright-Patterson afb,
Ohio, where it would be delivered to usaf Museum. During 2,000-mi
flight NASA planned to obtain data on its handling qualities and struc-
tural response to air turbulence.

First flight of XB-70 was made Sept. 21, 1964. Top speed of mach
3 (2,000 mph) and peak altitude of 74,000 had been attained in four-
year flight program. (NASA Release 69—10)

• nsf released Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science

(traces), report by Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute
which traced key scientific events leading to five major technological
innovations: magnetic ferrites, video tape recorder, oral contraceptive
pill, electron microscope, and matrix isolation. In all five, nonmission,
or basic, research "provided the origins from which science and tech-
nology could advance toward the innovation which lay ahead." Ap-
proximately 70% of key events documented were nonmission research,
20% mission-oriented, and 10% development and application. Ten
years before innovation — i.e., shortly before conception of that inno-
vation-— 90% of nonmission research had been accomplished. (Text)

• Defense Secretary-designate Melvin R. Laird announced retention of Dr.

John S. Foster, Jr., as Director of Defense Research and Engineering.
(Kelly, W Star, 1/13/69, A5; upi, W Star, 1/14/69, A6)

• msfc announced award of $1,311,702 contract to LTV Aerospace Corp.

for construction of temperature control devices for Apollo Telescope
Mount, or manned solar observatory.

msfc also had issued bid requests on 5 control relay packages, 4
horizon sensor scanner systems, 11 solar sensors (4 for attitude con-
trol system and 7 for solar panel control system), and 5 computer
component control packages for guidance, control, and power systems
for Saturn I Workshop, scheduled to be flown in 1971—72 in Apollo
Applications Program. (MSFC Releases 69—6, 69—8)
January 14—18: U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz IV, carrying Cosmonaut Vladimir Shata-
lov, was successfully launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome into orbit
with 224-km (139.2-mi) apogee, 213-km (132.4-mil perigee, 88.8-
min period, and 51.7° inclination. Soviet news media reported launch
quickly and in detail and within one hour video recording of launch
was shown on Moscow TV. Soon afterward viewers received live TV
coverage from spacecraft and description of flight by Cosmonaut Shat-
alov. Western speculation, later confirmed, was that Soyuz IV would
rendezvous with another spacecraft.

Soyuz V, carrying Cosmonauts Yevegeny Khrunuv, Boris Volynov,
and Aleksey Yeliseyev, was launched Jan. 15 into orbit with 212-km
(131.7-mi) apogee, 196-km (121.8-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period,
and 51.7° inclination. Tass said spacecraft would conduct joint experi-
ments with Soyuz IV. Spacecraft established radio contact, coordinated

January 14-18

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

January 14-18: First manned transfer in space. Launched on successive days, Soyuz IV
(carrying one cosmonaut) and Soyuz V (carrying three) rendezvoused and docked in
space. Yevegeny Khrunov and Alexey Yeliseyev performed experiments outside their
Soyuz V and then joined Vladimir Shatalov in Soyuz IV for return to earth, leaving
Boris Volynov to return alone in Soyuz V. Full-scale configuration of the docked space-
craft was photographed at Expo '70 in Japan in May 1970. (Aviation Week Photo)

scientific programs, transmitted TV pictures to earth, photographed
earth's surface, and conducted midcourse maneuvers.

On Jan. 16 the two spacecraft automatically approached to within
110 yds of each other and Soyuz IV was then steered manually until it
docked with Soyuz V. Tass announcement said: "After the docking
there was a mutual mechanical coupling of the ships, they were rigidly
tightened up and their electrical circuits were connected. Thus, the
world's first experimental cosmic station with four compartments for
the crew was assembled and began functioning as an artificial earth
satellite."

Moscow TV viewers watched as Soyuz V crew members Khrunov
and Yeliseyev put on special spacesuits with new regenerative life-
support systems and went out into space through service compartment
hatch. Cosmonauts remained in space for one hour, conducting obser-
vations and experiments, and then entered service compartment of
other spacecraft, Soyuz IV, to join Shatalov. After 4 hrs 35 min of
docked flight in low, nearly circular orbit, spacecraft were uncoupled
and continued their flights separately. Soyuz IV, with three-man crew,
landed Jan. 17 and Soyuz V, Jan. 18. (upi, W Star, 1/14-19/69;
Shub, W Post, 1/15-19/69; Winters, B Sun, 1/15-18/69; Moscow
News, 1/25-2/1/69, 3; 2/1-8/69, Supplement; gsfc SSR, 1/15/69;
1/31/69)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 14

January 14: In his last State of the Union message, President Johnson told
Joint Session of Congress: ". . . if the Nation's problems are continu-
ing, so are this Nation's assets. Our economy, the democratic system,
our sense of exploration, symbolized most recently by the wonderful
flight of the Apollo 8, in which all Americans took great pride, the
good common sense and sound judgment of the American people, and
their essential love of justice." Quest for durable peace "has absorbed
every Administration since the end of World War II. It has required
us to seek a limitation of arms races not only among the superpowers,
but among the smaller nations as well. We have joined in the test ban
treaty of 1963, the outer space treaty of 1967, and the treaty against
the spread of nuclear weapons in 1968." (PD, 1/20/69, 60-8)

• In fourth big city welcome within one week, Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank

Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders received tribute
from estimated 1.5 million persons in Chicago reception at which they
were made honorary citizens of city, (upi, NYT, 1/15/69, 1)

• msfc announced Dr. Arthur Rudolph, special assistant to msfc Director,

Dr. Wernher von Braun, and formerly manager of Saturn V rocket
program, would retire Jan. 31. Dr. Rudolph had been awarded NASA
Distinguished Service Medal Jan. 13 and on Nov. 15, 1968, had re-
ceived NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal "for distinguish-
ing himself by meritorious achievement" as manager of Saturn V
program from August 1963 to May 1968. Starting career in rocketry
in Germany in 1930, he later received patents for liquid-fuel rocket
engines and demonstrated operation of liquid-fuel rocket. He came to
U.S. with more than 100 other rocket experts in "Operation Paperclip"
in December 1945. (msfc Release 69-10)

• Secretary of the Air Force-designate, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.,

thought space activity should be major part of USAF, Christian Science
Monitor said. He had said, "My prime objective will be to develop
equipment for national defense, and my emphasis will be on whatever
kind of equipment will be most suitable for the mission at hand."
(CSM, 1/14/69, 5)

• Senate adopted S.R. 13 establishing numerical size of Senate standing

committees for 91st Congress and adopted S.R. 14 and S.R. 15 elect-
ing majority and minority standing committee membership. Senate
Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was reduced from 16
to 15 members, with Republican Sens. Len B. Jordan (R-Idaho) and
Charles E. Goodell (R-N.Y.) dropping off. Senate also approved ap-
pointment of Sens. Barry Goldwater (R-Ariz.), Charles McC. Mathias,
Jr. (R-Md.), and William B. Saxbe ( R-Ohio ) to committee. Demo-
cratic assignments on committee remained unchanged. (CR, 1/14/69,
S152-87)

• USN announced it had selected Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. as

prime contractor for new F-14A supersonic carrier-based fighter.
F-14A was expected to make maiden flight in early 1971 and to be
operational with fleet in 1973. (dod Release 33-69)

• Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner was undergoing final ground

trials at Toulouse-Blagnac airfield in southwest France in preparation
for inaugural flight expected toward end of January or early February,
Reuters reported. Aircraft was expected to enter commercial service

January 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

in 1972 and to halve London-New York flight time, to 3 hrs 32 min.
It had five-year lead over U.S. SST, which was still in blueprint stage.
(NYT, 1/15/69, 77)

• NASA announced it had signed $2,919,000 supplemental agreement

with Div. of Sponsored Research of mit for fabrication and delivery
of 40 inertial reference integrating gyros (miGs) for Apollo guidance
and navigation system, bringing total contract to $81,000,000. (NASA
Release 69-11)

• McDonnell Douglas Corp. received $1,000,000 initial increment to

$3,900,000 fixed-price usaf contract for development, fabrication, and
testing of Titan IIIC payload fairing subsystem. Contract was managed
by usaf Space and Missile Systems Organization, (dod Release 34—69)
January 15: President Johnson in message transmitting FY 1970 budget to
Congress said major recommended decreases in budget authority from
1969 to 1970 included $235 million for the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, which "will provide for a program level equal
to 1969 when combined with prior year funds." Major increases
included "522 million for airway modernization, highways, and other
activities" in dot. Of estimated $11.6 billion increase in total budget
outlays, $0.5 billion was for national defense, "largely for improve-
ments in our strategic forces, modernization of our tactical air forces,
and other increased research and development efforts needed to assure
sufficient deterrent power in the future. These increases will be sub-
stantially offset by reduced outlays for Vietnam resulting from chang-
ing combat patterns and revised supply requirements. ... In keeping
with national priorities, major social programs account for largest
portion" of increase.

President said: "The record of achievements of the past 5 years is
an impressive one. We have witnessed a period of unprecedented eco-
nomic growth, with expanded production, rising standards of living,
and the lowest rates of unemployment in a decade and a half. Our
military forces today are the strongest in the world. . . . Last month
saw man's first successful flight to the moon. In domestic matters, the
legislative and executive branches, cooperatively, have forged new
tools to open wider the doors of opportunity for a better life for all
Americans.

"This Nation remains firmly committed to a world of peace and
human dignity. In seeking these goals, we have achieved great military
strength with the sole aim of deterring and resisting aggression. We
have continued to assist other nations struggling to provide a better
life for their people. We are successfully pushing forward the frontiers
of knowledge to outer space and promoting scientific and technological
advances of enormous potential for benefit to mankind." {PD,
1/20/69, 70-90; CR, 1/15/69, S195-208)

• President Johnson sent $195.3-billion FY 1970 budget request to Con-

gress, including total space budget of $5,946 billion. Of this sum, NASA
would receive $3,599 billion (plus $7.89 million for aircraft tech-
nology and $117 million in unobligated funds from prior years to be
applied to 1970 program) ; dod would receive $2,219 billion; aec,
$105 million; essa, $10 million; nsf, $4 million; Dept. of Interior, $6
million; and Dept. of Agriculture, $4 million.

Total nasa FY 1970 budget request of $3,878 billion was below $4

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 15

billion for first time since FY 1963 request. Expenditures were budg-
eted to decline nearly $300 million from FY 1969 level of $4,250
billion, to $3,950 billion. Of budget request, $3,168 billion would go
for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and $650.9 million
for program management. Slightly more than 50% of total FY 1970
authority — $2,008 billion — would be in manned space flight, including
Saturn IB Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount. Space science and
applications were allotted $558.8 million; advanced research and tech-
nology, $290.4 million.

Larger proportion of NASA funds would go to research than to de-
velopment in FY 1970 as Apollo costs declined. Increases would go to
Apollo Applications I total $308.8 million in FY 1970), 1971 Mariner-
Mars flight ($45.4 million). Viking project ($40 million), 1973
Mariner-Mercury ($3 million), Planetary Explorers ($8 million), Ap-
plications Technology Satellites ( $44.2 million ) , and Earth Resources
Survey program ($25.1 million). Aeronautical vehicle technology pro-
gram, up from $74.9 million to $78.9 million, included $21.78 million
for advanced research, $500,000 for general aviation, $11.25 million
for v/stol, $16.19 million for subsonic aircraft, $20.9 million for
supersonic aircraft, and $8.28 million for hypersonic aircraft.

DOD space funding would include satellite development, certain por-
tions of missile development and operating costs, mol (increased to
$576 million), Titan III booster, and supporting R&D. In addition, air-
craft R&D funds of $1.4 billion would include $500 million for new
USN F— 14A fighter to replace F— 11 IB, $1 billion for series of advanced
jet aircraft, $75 million for long-range bomber to succeed B— 52, and
funds for usaf F— 15 fighter and usn vsx antisubmarine aircraft.

AEC space funding included amounts for nuclear rocket propulsion
technology and nuclear power sources for space applications, including
production of isotopic fuels and aerospace safety, essa funds would
support Earth Resources Technology Satellite (erts) program re-
search, nsf's total request was up from $400 million in FY 1969 to
$497 million. Of this amount, its $4-million space funds were for
research in astronomy using rockets and satellite-borne observation
instruments. Dept. of Interior would conduct experiments with data
from erts spacecraft.

faa's R&D budget would increase from $49 million in FY 1969 to
$59 million in FY 1970. Principal increases were for research on air
traffic control and noise abatement. President Johnson requested no
additional funds for sst program, (nasa Release, 1/15/69; bob Special
Analysis Q; Dale, NYT, 1/16/69, 1; Schmeck, NYT, 1/16/69, 24;
Lindsey, NYT, 1/16/69, 81; W Post, 1/16/69, A12)
• NASA released transcript of Jan. 14 briefing on NASA FY 1970 budget at
which Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, said $3,878-
billion budget approved by President Johnson had been developed "to
maintain an austere but balanced NASA aeronautics and space program
aimed at major program goals of high national priority."

Goals were continuing advances in space applications, including in-
itiation of experimental earth resources technology satellites and
slightly decelerated research on space environment; achieving manned
lunar landing and additional Apollo moon missions, with limited pro-
vision for studies — not for development — of equipment to achieve

January 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

longer lunar stay-times and mobility for future exploration; proceeding
with Saturn I Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount; proceeding
with Viking Project to land instruments on Mars in 1973; initiating in
FY 1970 Mariner flyby in 1973 of Venus and Mercury; producing
family of small planetary Explorers for orbiting Mars and Venus;
making preliminary observations of Jupiter with previously approved
Pioneer spacecraft; continuing work on unmanned orbiting astro-
nomical observatories; continuing advanced aerospace technology work
at about current levels; emphasizing noise reduction, with construction
of special noise research laboratory; developing full potential of civil
and military aeronautics; and undertaking NEKVA project for develop-
ment of flight-weight nuclear engine.

Dr. Paine noted FY 1970 budget, as approved by President Johnson,
"would halt a four-year downward trend in NASA budget." It was
"austere and does not make full use of the aerospace capabilities that
the nation has developed. . . ." But it permitted "a balanced program
of useful work in critical areas." Budget left "the major new program
decisions, especially in the manned flight area, for the next Administra-
tion," and was " 'holding budget' that provides for progress, but defers
critical program and funding decisions to the new Administration."
(Transcript)

• Apollo Program Director, l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf), addressed

National Space Club luncheon in Washington, D.C., on impact of
Apollo 8: "Many, if not most, of the world's newspapers heralded the
flight as evidence of the greatness of the United States. I'm told jour-
nalists in Germany, England and France speculated on the improved
position that the U.S. would enjoy in the diplomatic arenas in which
it is engaged in very important discussions. I'm told that a French
paper went so far as to say that the lunar flight had vindicated Capi-
talism as the best system of government, and vindicated our free enter-
prise system as the most effective way to make progress. I'm aware
from personal correspondence and discussions as well as reports in the
press that scientists throughout the world have been equally impressed
and that they've applauded the progress that this flight indicates for
us."

Gen. Phillips described Apollo 9 mission as "far less spectacular
than Apollo 8, but . . . more complex." It would be "certainly one of
the most vital missions that we've had in our mission sequence over
the years that leads us to a lunar landing." Risks would be different
but "I personally think they're a little greater than the risks which we
knowingly accepted in committing the Apollo 8 mission."

Apollo 10 would be fifth Saturn V — 505 — with 106 command and
service module and LM— 4. Crew would be Astronauts Thomas P.
Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan. Scheduled for May,
its objectives were "to demonstrate the performance of the crew, the
space vehicle, and the mission support facilities during a manned
lunar mission with the Command and Service Module and Lunar
Module, and to evaluate the performance of the Lunar Module in a
cislunar and lunar environment." (Text)

• Astronomers at Univ. of Arizona detected for first time existence of

rapidly flashing star in Crab Nebula with rhythm coinciding with that
of pulsar observed by radio telescope at same position. Flashing was

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 15

confirmed during week by McDonald Observatory of Univ. of Texas
and by Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Presumably star
and pulsar were identical. Discovery was first unequivocal observation
of pulsar in visible light. (Sullivan, NYT, 1/21/69, 291

• Boeing Co. announced it had made Jan. 15 deadline in submitting to faa

specifications for fixed-wing, 280-ft, titanium SST, weighing 635,000
lbs and having 141%-ft wingspan. General Electric Co. engines
would propel aircraft to 1,800 mph. Boeing said 299-passenger air-
craft's first flight was scheduled for 1972, with commercial operation
possible in 1976. (WSJ, 1/15/69, 7; faa Release 69-6)

• Underwater test program begun at msfc's Neutral Buoyancy Simulator

several years earlier was providing information essential for design of
first U.S. space station, NASA reported. Technicians, design engineers,
and professional divers in spacesuits and scuba gear were conducting
tasks similar to those necessary to activate space orbiting workshop, in
1.4-million-gal water tank containing mockups of aap cluster elements
(Saturn I Workshop, lunar module ascent stage, Apollo Telescope
Mount solar observatory, and airlock and multiple docking adapter),
simulating weightlessness of space. Weightlessness was impossible to
duplicate on earth for longer than fraction of minute. Conclusions from
tests would be reflected in workshop's final design, with decision ex-
pected in May 1969. (nasa Release 69-4)

• Penn Central Railroad began electric-powered Metroliner service thai

would cut traveling time of 226-mi New York-Washington trip to 2
hrs 59 min — 36 min faster than swiftest previous trains and, according
to Penn Central Chairman Stuart T. Saunders, comparable to airplane
journey which took 45 min in sky but added airport-access and airway
delays. (Aug, W Star, 1/15/69, Al; Eisen, W Post, 1/16/69, Bl >

January 15—17: Space Science Education Conference, to inform educational
TV directors and teachers of ways NASA could assist in explaining space
program to students and educational TV audiences, was held at msfc
and attended by educators and TV representatives from six states.
(msfc Release 69-11)

January 16: Secretary of Defense would exercise option to buy 57 addi-
tional C— 5A aircraft from Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and General Electric
Co., DOD announced. Expenditures and commitments would be limited
to first 23 aircraft; decision on whether to authorize expenditures for
remaining aircraft would be made later. Predicted cost for total 120
C— 5As (six squadrons) was 14.343 billion, (dod Release 43—69)

January 17: President Johnson submitted to Congress report on U.S. Aero-
nautics and Space Activities for 1968. In transmittal message he wrote:
"Our astronauts have now flown 18 manned space missions, during
which they experienced 3,215 man hours in space flight. Together
with the activities of the Soviet Union, this makes a total to date of 28
manned flights and 3,846 man hours in space. Through this investment
we have obtained new products, services, and knowledge; we have
enhanced our national security ; we have improved our international
relations; and we have stimulated our educational system. Our Nation
is richer and stronger because of our space effort. I recommend that
America continue to pursue the challenge of space exploration."
{Pres Rpt 68; CR, 1/17/69, H405, S524)

• Christian Science Monitor reported interview with Dr. Lee A. DuBridge,

January 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

President-elect Richard M. Nixon's Science Adviser-designate: "The
balance between manned and unmanned [space] exploration has to
be studied. But there comes a time, place, and activity where the judg-
ment and quick reaction of men are needed to do the job or make
emergency repairs. There may even be situations in which it is cheaper
to have men do this than to have automated instruments. That time
has not yet arrived. Manned flight is still very expensive. But I foresee
the time when you will run beyond the ability of automatic instru-
ments to do a job either adequately or economically in space explora-
tion." (Cowen, csm, 1/17/69)

• NASA terminated Nimbus II flight operations. Spacecraft, launched May

15, 1966, to flight-test instrumentation and observe region of electro-
magnetic spectrum not previously studied, had accomplished all pri-
mary and secondary objectives and had operated on three-axis
stabilization 32 mos, greatly exceeding design lifetime. Automatic pic-
ture transmission had operated 7,900 hrs over nearly 23 mos. (nasa
Proj Off)

• NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was successfully launched from Kiruna,

Sweden, to study sudden upper-atmosphere warming conditions by
detonating grenades between 24.9- and 55.9-mi (40- and 90-km) alti-
tudes. Launch was first in series of four scheduled under agreement
between Swedish Space Research Committee (ssrc), British Science
Research Council (SRC), and NASA, ssrc provided ground equipment,
instrumentation, and grenade payloads and was responsible for launch
operations. NASA supplied Nike-Cajun rockets and dovap transponders.
Second launch would be conducted Jan. 19. (NASA Release 69—16;

NASA Rpt SRL)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by nasa from Wallops Station

carried gsfc payload to 69.6-mi (112-km) altitude to collect data on
wind, temperature, pressure, and density in 21.7- to 59.0-mi (35- to
95-km) range during atmospheric warming by exploding grenades.
All 19 grenades exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were
recorded. Launch was first in series of four to obtain upper-atmosphere
data. ( NASA Rpt SRL)

• Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on

Science and Astronautics, introduced H.R. 4046, FY 1970 NASA authori-
zation bill, totaling $3,760 billion, in House. {CR, 1/17/69, H403)

• Areas sounding rocket was launched by nasa from Andoya, Norway,

carrying Swedish payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instru-
ments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj Off)

• ComSatCorp announced TV coverage of Presidential inauguration of

Richard M. Nixon would be transmitted via comsals across Atlantic
and Pacific to viewers in Europe, Latin America, Caribbean, and
Pacific areas during more than 13 hrs of overseas transmissions.
(ComSatCorp Release 69-4)

• NAS— nrc Space Science Board released Physiology in the Space En-

vironment, Vol. 1, Circulation, prepared at NASA request. Report found
systematic program of ground-based and inflight biomedical experi-
mentation was essential for planning of long-duration manned space
missions, such as to Mars. Knowledge of circulatory system and effects
of space flight must be greatly expanded. It recommended experimenta-
tion with animals, man, simulations, laboratory investigations, com-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 17

prehensive literature studies, and physiological measurement before,
after, and during flight to obtain all possible data from ground-based
work. Flight experiments should be limited to those requiring weight-
lessness and other conditions not reproducible on ground. (Text;
N \s Release)

• Xeu York Times commented on Soviet linking of Soyuz spacecraft: "It is

probably not too soon to begin planning for standardization of space
vehicles — a move that would permit joining these vehicles regardless
of their national origin. It would be tragic, for example, if a group
of Soviet spacemen needed rescue and could not be saved because the
onlv available vehicle was an American space ship impossible to link
with the Soviet ship. Here is an area in which international cooperation
could not onlv save lives but help pave the way for the joint operation
of stations in space for the benefit of all mankind." (AIT, 1/17 69,
46)

• National Transportation Safety Board recommended to fa a new flight

regulations to reduce aircraft landing and approach accidents respon-
sible for 56% of fatal crashes since jet-age inception in 1957. During
the 60 days before release, 10 airliners had crashed in U.S., Latin
America, and Europe on landing or approach. Board called for review
of policies, practices, and training to increase crew efficiency. It urged
development of audible and visual warning devices to alert pilot when
fl\ ing below safe altitude. I ntsb Release SB69-5 I

• faa announced it was considering amendment of flight recorder rules

to require increase in instrument's capability so as to provide 14 addi-
tional kinds of information in accident investigation, including data
on altitude, response to aerodynamic forces, flight-control surface posi-
tions, and engine performance. Underwater locator device also was
proposed, to go into operation upon submersion. Proposal would re-
quire installation of new equipment on newly manufactured aircraft
within three years of effective date of final rule and within five years
on aircraft already in service. ( faa Release 69—9 1

• NASA announced appointment of Charles G. Haynes, Director of Inspec-

tions since 1961, as Director of Hq. Administration effective Jan 19.
He would succeed Alfred S. Hodgson, who retired after 35 yrs of
Government service. Ralph F. Winte would serve as Acting Director
of Inspections until permanent appointment was made. (NASA Ann I

° National Academy of Sciences announced Dr. Philip Handler. Chairman
of Dept. of Biochemistry at Duke Univ., had been declared President-
elect of nas after tally of mail ballots. There had been no other nomi-
nee. Dr. Handler would begin six-year term July 1, succeeding Dr.
Frederick Seitz, President of Rockefeller Univ. Dr. Handler, with
career in enzyme research, had been National Science Board member
since 1962 and its Chairman since 1966. From 1964 to 1967 he had
been member of President's Science Advisorv Committee. ( nas Re-
lease; W Post, 1/19/69, A5l

January 18: Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Point
Barrow, Alaska, carrying gsfc payload to obtain data on wind, tem-
perature, pressure, and density during period of atmospheric warming
by detonating grenades and recording sound arrivals on ground. All
grenades were ejected and exploded as programmed. Launch was first
in series of four to be launched from Point Barrow. (NASA Rpt SRLI

January 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Areas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Andoya, Norway,

carrying Swedish payload to study ionosphere. Rocket and instru-
ments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off)

• Washington Daily News editorial commented on Condon Report on UFOs:

"Dedicated disciples of the little green men from Mars school no
doubt will find the Condon report represents another diabolical plot
to suppress truth. But most Americans will find the report something
less than a surprise. Apart from wasting time, continuing study would
waste taxpayer money." ( W News, 1/18/69)
January 19: NASA Nike-Cajun sounding rocket, second in series of four
[see Jan. 17] in NASA— SSRC— src cooperative program, was successfully
launched from Kiruna, Sweden, to study sudden upper-atmosphere
warming conditions by detonating grenades between 24.9- and 55.9-mi
1 40- and 90-km ) altitudes. Vehicle underperformed but satisfactory
scientific data were expected. (NASA Release, 69—16; NASA Rpt srli

• nasa announced appointment of Robert W. Kamm, Assistant to Director

of Space Institute of Univ. of Tennessee, as consultant to Harold B.
Finger, nasa Associate Administrator for Organization and Manage-
ment. Kamm had been director of NASA's Western Support Office, Santa
Monica, Calif., for nearly nine years, (nasa Special Release)
January 20: Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson ended as
President Richard M. Nixon was sworn in as President of U.S. John-
son had served U.S. space program continuously since Sputnik I in
October 1957, first on Capitol Hill as Chairman of Select and then
permanent Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. As
Vice President under late President Kennedy, he had served as Chair-
man of National Aeronautics and Space Council, post held by Vice
President Hubert H. Humphrey during Johnson Administration. ( EH I

• In inaugural address following his taking oath of office as President of

U.S., Richard M. Nixon said: "Those who would be our adversaries,
we invite to a peaceful competition — not in conquering territory or
extending dominion, but in enriching the life of man. As we explore
the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together — not as new
worlds to be conquered but as a new adventure to be shared. . . . Only
a few short weeks ago, we shared the glory of man's first sight of
the world as God sees it, as a single sphere reflecting light in the dark-
ness. As the Apollo astronauts flew over the moon's gray surface on
Christmas Eve, they spoke to us of the beauty of Earth — and in that
voice so clear across the lunar distance, we heard them invoke God's
blessing on its goodness. In that moment, their view from the moon
moved poet Archibald MacLeish to write:

' 'To see the Earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that
eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the
Earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold —
brothers who know now they are truly brothers.'

"In that moment of surpassing technological triumph, men turned
their thoughts toward home and humanity — seeing in that far per-
spective that man's destiny on earth is not divisible; telling us that
however far we reach into the cosmos, our destiny lies not in the
stars but on Earth itself, in our hands, in our own hearts." (PD,
1/21/69, 150-154; CR, 1/20/69, S561)
• Inaugural parade following President Nixon's address included nasa

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 20

float carrying mockup of lunar module to be used for moon landing
and Apollo 7 capsule. Apollo 7 Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr.,
Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham rode in convertible auto-
mobile in front of NASA float. (NASA PIO)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carrying gsfc grenade payload to obtain data on atmos-
pheric parameters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily.
(NASA Proj Off)

• "The ability to rescue a stranded astronaut is something the U.S. does

not have," John Lannan said in Washington Evening Star. "And —
despite claims by both the Soviet Union and the foreign press — neither
does the Soviet Union." NASA Deputy Director of Manned Space Flight
Safety Philip H. Bolger had said NASA was not likely to have real
space rescue capability before "second generation" of manned space
stations. Agency was now funding rescue studies at cost of $600,000
yearly. Amount would probably rise to $1 million within two years.
Immediate goal was to examine method that would fit into existing
systems and bring it to hardware stage. Bolger had said "bail-out"
mechanism seemed likelier than earth-based rescue system. ( W Star,
1/20/69, A8)

• At Moscow news conference, U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry spokesmen

Leonid Zamayatin and Kirill Novikov released statement reaffirming
U.S.S.R.'s readiness to discuss missile control proposals contained in
July memorandum to other governments. (Shub, W Post, 1/21/69;
NYT, 1/21/69)
January 21: At annual aiaa dinner, in New York, Dr. Robert C. Seamans,
Jr., Secretary-designate of the Air Force and former NASA Deputy
Administrator, was installed as President of aiaa for 1969, succeeding
Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, who continued as a director. In interview
following dinner, Dr. Seamans said NASA should maintain its open
space program and its freedom for international exchange of informa-
tion. USAF, with current MOL program, "has special problems which
can be resolved by the Department of Defense." Value of dual space
program, he said, was that one element could learn from another.
Of U.S.S.R. space program, Dr. Seamans said, "They're awfully good
at doubling in brass . . . getting the most out of their program," but
"our program has more breadth and depth and if we're imaginative
about what we're doing, we're not going to take second place."

aiaa presented its Goddard Award to Dr. Stanley Hooker, Technical
Director of Bristol-Siddeley Engine Div. of Rolls-Royce, Ltd., and
Perry W. Pratt, Vice President and Chief Scientist of United Aircraft
Corp., for work on turbine engines.

Dr. Charles P. Sonnett, Chief of Space Sciences Div. at ARC, received
annual Space Science Award of $500 for "his personal contribution
as a planner, leader, and individual experimenter in major space
science vehicle programs which have contributed to the field of space
physics."

LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright and Charles W. Harper, NASA
Deputy Associate Administrator, Aeronautics, OART, were elected aiaa
directors. (Lannan, W Star, 1/22/69, A13; NYT, 1/22/69, 33; aia
Releases)

• Look published interview in which former astronaut M. Scott Carpenter

January 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

announced that infarcts in lower thigh bones, indicating calcification,
would terminate his career as active deep-sea diver. He would remain
senior aquanaut on Sealab III project as deputy on-scene commander
of Sealab III command ship Elk River. (Look, 1/21/69, 68-74)

• Sen. Claiborne Pell (D-R.I.) introduced on Senate floor S.R. 33 calling
on U.S. representatives to U.N. to place before U.N. Committee on
the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor set of detailed prin-
ciples to govern activities in ocean space of all nations of world. Reso-
lution was referred to Committee on Foreign Relations. (CR, 1/21/69,
S597)

January 21—28: Harris survey of 1,544 U.S. households showed widespread
disenchantment with Federal commitments on space and Vietnam.
Greatest number, 39%, selected space as program they would cut first,
while 2% voted to keep or increase space program. Second favorite
for funding cut was Vietnam war financing, with 18% of votes. Anti-
crime and law enforcement programs received greatest number of
"keep or increase" votes — 22%. (Harris, Federal Times, 3/5/69, 9)

January 22—29: NASA's Oso V (oso-f) Orbiting Solar Observatory was
successfully launched from etr by three-stage Thor-Delta ( DSV— 3C)
booster to study the sun and its influence on earth's atmosphere. Or-
bital parameters: apogee, 353.1 mi (568.2 km) ; perigee, 337.8 mi
(543.6 km) ; period, 95.8 min; and inclination, 32.96°. Primary mis-
sion objective was to obtain high-resolution spectral data from pointed
experiments in 1 A— 1,250 A range during one solar rotation and con-
duct raster scans of solar disc in selected wavelengths. Secondary ob-
jective was to obtain useful data from nonpointed and pointed experi-
ments for more than one solar rotation with extended observations of
single lines and solar flares.

Fifth of eight spacecraft launched in NASA's oso program to provide
direct observation of sun during most of 11-yr solar cycle, Oso V
weighed 636 lbs, carried eight experiments, was designed with six-
month lifetime, and had two main sections — wheel (lower) section,
which provided stability by gyroscope spinning and housed telemetry-
command equipment, batteries, gas-spin control arms, and five experi-
ment packages; and sail (upper) section, which contained solar cells
and solar pointing experiments and was oriented toward sun. Experi-
ments, designed to continue and extend work of preceding oso space-
craft, were provided by University College (London) and Univ. of
Leicester, Univ. of Paris, Univ. of Colorado, Univ. of Minnesota,
Naval Research Laboratory, and GSFC.

Both tape recorders were turned on and were operating satisfactorily
and all spacecraft subsystems were operating nominally, nrl wheel
x-ray experiment was turned on during 11th orbit and was obtaining
good data. By Jan. 29 Oso V had received 707 commands and had
completed 102 orbits. All eight experiments had been turned on and
obtained good scientific data. All spacecraft systems — including raster
scan and both tape recorders — had operated satisfactorily. Data from
gsfc x-ray experiment were being used to plot spectrum of sun. Data
from nrl uv pointed experiment had been used to obtain Oso Vs first
Lyman-alpha spectroheliograph.

Oso I (launched March 7, 1962) and Oso II (launched Feb. 3,
1965) had surpassed their six-month design lifetimes and, together,

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 22-29

provided 6,000 hrs of scientific information. Oso III (launched March
8, 1967) and Oso IV (launched Oct. 18, 1967) continued operating
satisfactorily, each providing ll/> hrs of real-time data daily, oso pro-
gram was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction, (nasa Proj Off;
nasa Release 69-13)
January 22: usaf launched unidentified satellite on Titan IIIB-Agena D
booster from Vandenberg afb into orbit with 672.5-mi ( 1,082-km)
apogee, 92.0-mi (148-km) perigee, 96.9-min period, and 106.1° in-
clination. Satellite reentered Feb. 3. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/69; 2/15/69;
Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• nasa announced it would conduct 26 major launches from etr and WTR

during 1969. First launch was Oso V Jan. 22. Launches from ETR
would include five manned missions: Apollo 9, scheduled for Feb. 28,
would place three-man crew in earth orbit for 11 days to flight-test
lunar module; Apollo 10 would place three astronauts in lunar orbit
and two would fly LM to within 50,000 ft of lunar surface; and
Apollo 11 would land two members of three-man crew on lunar sur-
face. Two additional lunar landings would be conducted if first landing
was successful. Unmanned launches from etr would include two
Intelsat III comsats, two Mariner-Mars missions, Tiros weather satel-
lite, Biosatellite carrying monkey, Pioneer E interplanetary spacecraft,
Applications Technology Satellite (ats), Orbiting Solar Observatory
(oso), Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (oao), and two U.K. com-
sats. WTR launches would include three Tiros weather satellites, Ex-
plorer (imp— g), Canadian International Satellite for Ionospheric
Studies (isis), Nimbus weather satellite, and Thor-Agena (ogo— f)
mission to test experimental ion-thruster. ( ksc Release 19—69; NASA
ossa)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carrying GSFC grenade experiment to obtain data on
atmospheric parameters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfac-
torily. (NASA Proj Off)

• Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev told Soviet

gathering in honor of four Soyuz IV and Soyuz V cosmonauts U.S.S.R.
was "fully justified in saying that the successful flight . . . [see Jan.
14—18] is a great achievement of Soviet science and engineering, and
a new triumph of the courage, boldness, intellect and labour of the
Soviet people. The recent outstanding flight made by the American
astronauts round the Moon, the confident start made by the Soviet
automatic interplanetary stations 'Venus-5' and 'Venus-6' towards
their distant target, and the successful flight made by the . . . [Soyuz]
spaceships — all this constitutes man's new, major steps along the road
to conquering the mysterious world of outer space. . . ." {Moscow
News, 2/8-15/69, Supplement, 3-5)

• During day climaxed by shots from what U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry

called "schizophrenic" gunman, Soyuz IV and V Cosmonauts Vladimir
Shatalov, Boris Volynov, Yevgeny Khrunov, and Aleksey Yeliseyev flew
from Baikonur Space Center, Kazakhstan, to Moscow for Kremlin
ceremony honoring success of Soyuz missions. Attack occurred as
motorcade escorting cosmonauts approached Kremlin's Borovitsky
Gate. Reports said driver of cosmonauts' limousine and security guard
had been injured by bullets and that Cosmonaut Beregovoy had been

January 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

slightly injured by flying glass. Communist Party General Secretary
Leonid I. Brezhnev and Soviet President Nikolai V. Podgorny, riding
several cars behind cosmonauts, were not injured. Western newsmen
had already been admitted to Congress Hall for ceremony at which
cosmonauts received Medal of the Order of Lenin. Reports said gun-
man had been apprehended, (upi, W Star, 1/22/69, A13; AP, W Star,
1/23/69, Al; NYT, 1/23/69, 10; Shabad, NYT, 1/24/69, 1; Shub,
W Post, 1/24/69, Al)

• State Dept. announced U.S.S.R. had accepted U.S. invitation to partici-

pate in international conference on communications satellites scheduled
Feb. 24 in Washington, D.C. U.S. had notified all U.N. members it
would extend "observer" invitations to any nation having "serious
interest" in possibility of becoming Intelsat member. Bulgaria and
Yugoslavia also would attend. At least 80 nations were expected to
participate. (Finney, NYT, 1/23/69, 1; AP, W Post, 1/24/69, A5)

• Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Aeronautical

and Space Sciences Committee, introduced S. 539, FY 1970 NASA
authorization bill totaling $3,760 billion. {CR, 1/22/69, S659-60)

• Saturn V 2nd stage (S— II— 7) was successfully captive fired for full

flight duration, 369 sees, by North American Rockwell Corp. personnel
at Mississippi Test Facility. Stage developed thrust equivalent to 1
million lbs at operating altitude, (msfc Release 69—25)

• aec announced it had completed and successfully tested world's largest

superconducting magnet at Argonne National Laboratory near Chi-
cago. Consisting of 110-ton circular-coil assembly in 1,600-ton steel
yoke, magnet formed part of world's largest bubble chamber facility
for high-energy physics research. Chamber, holding 6,400 gals of
liquid hydrogen, would be placed inside magnet, which was expected
to operate at approximately 1/10 cost of equivalent conventional
magnet, (aec Release M-19)

• Washington Post editorial said: "The fact that the Russians may be able

to complete a floating [space] station substantially before the United
States is ready to attempt it should be of no great concern. Although
the psychological impact of knowing that men are up there looking
down on us constantly is bound to be great, this should be more than
offset by the successes of the Apollo program. The important things are
for the American space effort to proceed in a logical fashion designed
to reap the largest possible scientific benefits and to remain largely
under civilian control." {W Post, 1/22/69, A26)
January 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXIV into orbit with 295-km
(183.3-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.3-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period,
and 69.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 5. (gsfc SSR, 1/31/69;
2/15/69)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, Sweden,

carried Swedish Space Research Committee (ssrc) and British Science
Research Council (src) payload to 72.1-mi (1164un) altitude.
Launch, third in series of four [see Jan. 19], was made to obtain data
on atmospheric parameters of wind, temperature, pressure, and density
during atmospheric warming by detonating grenades and recording
their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket and instruments performed
satisfactorily; 17 of 25 grenades detonated and were recorded, (nasa
Rpt srl)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 23

• msfc announced it had signed $2,022,500 supplemental agreement to

basic contract with International Business Machines Corp. for assurance
and reliability testing on Saturn IB and Saturn V instrument units.
MSFC also announced modifications totaling $2,093,760 to contract
with Bendix Corp. for 26 ST-124 "stable platforms," related equip-
ment, and support in Saturn programs. ( msfc Releases 69—23, 69-2 1 i

• FAA announced it had awarded $665,241 contract to Pratt & Whitney

Div. of United Aircraft Corp. for two-year study to develop compres-
sor/fan noise-prediction methods for design of quieter jet aircraft
engines. Contract represented Government's 55% share of total
$1,209,530 cost-sharing contract. Pratt & Whitney would fund remain-
ing 45%. (faa Release 69-11)

• Australia announced it had asked U.S. to use nuclear explosives to blast

out harbor on Australia's northwest coast at Cape Keraudren, on In-
dian Ocean. U.S. State Department officials confirmed aec had been
authorized to begin talks with Australian officials on feasibility of using
nuclear explosion to develop port. I Unna, W Post, 1/24/69, Al;
Reuters, A IT, 1/24/69, 10)
January 24: NASA released Annual Procurement Report FY 1968. NASA pro-
curements during FY 1968 totaled $4,133 million — 11% less than in
FY 1967. Approximately 83% of net dollar value was placed directly
with business firms, 4% with educational and other nonprofit institu-
tions, 5% with Cal Tech for JPL operation, and 7% with or through
other Government agencies. Of latter, 90% resulted in contracts with
industry. About 72% of NASA funds placed under JPL contracts re-
sulted in subcontracts or purchases with business firms. Thus about
93% of NASA procurement dollars went to private industry. During FY
1968, 49 states and D.C. participated in NASA prime contract awards
of $25,000 and over. They went to 1,299 business firms, 165 univer-
sities, and 68 other nonprofit organizations. ( Text)

• NASA launched Nike-Cajun sounding rocket from Wallops Station carry-

ing GSFC grenade experiment to collect data on atmospheric param-
eters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj
Off)

• Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, said dur-

ing Moscow interview with Soyuz cosmonauts there were "some ad-
vantages" to joint space experiments with U.S. "We have no objection
in principle," he said, "and the setting of this type of goal has some
merit. Even now the two countries participate in a number of inter-
national programs." He added, "One would have to think, and choose
this kind of joint program carefully. Maybe one of the flights to a
planet in the future, or maybe around the earth also could be interest-
ing. It is difficult to say exactly what I would like to see." Keldysh said
Soviet scientists had not received special technical data on Apollo 8
flight from U.S. However, "Certainly the success of such an outstand-
ing flight, even if it does not produce any concrete new data, still gives
something to all mankind." (Winters, B Sun, 1/25/69, A2; Shabad,
NYT, 1 25 69, 6)

• msfc announced it had awarded $173,000, 11 -mo contract to Boeing Co.

for study of cost-reduction methods in future space vehicle logistics
systems, including expendable and reusable systems. Major emphasis
of study would be on space station logistics missions in 100- to 300-mi

January 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

orbits, with 5,000- to 50,000-lb payloads, and capable of holding 12
passengers and 3,000- to 12,500-lb cargo, (msfc Release 69-26)

• Sen. James B. Pearson (R-Kan.) introduced S. 608, bill to create National

Aviation Planning Commission responsible for planning development
of national air travel system and establishment of air transportation
policy. Commission would consist of Assistant Secretary of Transporta-
tion for Policy Development, faa Administrator, cab Chairman, NASA
Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, Assistant Secretary
of Housing and Urban Development for Metropolitan Development,
and not more than 10 others to be appointed by Secretary of Trans-
portation. (CR, 1/24/69, S869-70)

• In Science, Karl D. Kryter, Director of Sensory Sciences Research Center

of Stanford Research Institute, Calif., concluded that sonic booms from
sst and Anglo-French Concorde — operating during daytime after 1975
at frequencies projected for long-distance supersonic transport of pas-
sengers over U.S. — would result in extensive social, political, and legal
reactions against such flights at start, during, and after years of ex-
posure to sonic boom from flights. (Science, 1/24/69, 359—67)

• New York Times commented on Soviet decision to participate in Febru-

ary INTELSAT conference [see Jan. 22] and on Soviet coverage of
Apollo 8 which was "treated more generously in the Soviet press than
any earlier American space accomplishment." Editorial said: "These
indications of a positive shift in Kremlin thinking seem to enhance
hopes that President Nixon will have an opportunity for creative diplo-
macy and action of the kind he envisaged in his Inaugural Address.
Thought might be given, for example, to inviting Moscow to designate
a Soviet astronaut to participate in an Apollo flight late this year or
early next year. Or Washington might suggest that the United States
and the Soviet Union coordinate their programs of planetary explora-
tion with one nation, say, having primary responsibility for studying
Venus and the other Mars. With the landing of men on the moon now
probably only months away it is certainly not too early for the two
nations that have pioneered most actively in space to discuss concrete
means for involving the United Nations directly in the future explora-
tion and exploitation of the moon, as well as of the planets when men
reach them." {NYT, 1/24/69, 46)
January 25: Apollo 9 prime crew — Astronauts James A. McDivitt (com-
mander), David R. Scott (cm pilot), and Russell L. Schweickart (lm
pilot) — held press briefing at Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.'s
Bethpage, N.Y., plant. Describing 10-day mission scheduled to begin
Feb. 28 as primarily engineering evaluation of lunar module, McDivitt
said: ". . . we will be giving the . . . LM hardware a very close scrutiny.
We don't expect to find anything, but our job is to go up there and
look for it. Now after we have discovered that the LM is a good vehicle,
we have ... to prove the joint operations techniques that we've tried
to develop on the ground over the last 3 years. It's one thing to fly one
spacecraft in orbit, and have it controlled by the ground, but when
you get 2 of them up there, they are trying to look at 2 vehicles simul-
taneously so that . . . you find the ground talking to 2 spacecraft and
2 spacecraft talking back to each other and also to the ground, and it
becomes a rather unwieldly communications effort." He added re-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 25

minder that "only one of these vehicles has the capability to land —
safely, I guess I should add. They both have the capability of landing.
We only have one set of parachutes and one heat shield."' He described
lm as "a tissue paper spacecraft," explaining it did not have to reenter
earth's atmosphere and there was no atmosphere on moon.

Scott said they now had "a new vehicle ... a command module LM
combination ... a particularly unique situation, in that . . . we have
to do the lunar orbit insertion [in lunar mission] with the two vehicles
joined together with a very large mass on the end of the command
module, so it's a completely new guidance task" to be checked out.

McDivitt explained separation of lm from CM on rendezvous day,
with two vehicles pulling away from each other and performing ma-
neuvers, moving up to 100 mi apart: "The object ... is to evaluate our
systems from a propulsion standpoint, electrical standpoint, the staging
sequence, all of the components that we can and still get back safely to
the command module."

In response to question on relation of Apollo program to life on
earth, McDivitt replied: ". . . if you're not moving forward ... the
rest of the world is and they're going to pass you by. We're gaining
something and we're gaining knowledge. . . . We're going to move for-
ward on all fronts, we're not moving forward on just the space front.
. . . Any organized system of intelligence moves forward in all direc-
tions, and . . . that is what we are doing." (Transcript)
0 \ike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Kiruna, Sweden,
carried Swedish Space Research Committee (SSRC) and British Science
Research Council payload to 73.3-mi (118-km) altitude to obtain at-
mospheric data by detonating grenades and recording their sound ar-
rivals on ground. Flight, last in series of four [see Jan. 23], was
successful; 24 of 25 grenades detonated and were recorded. (NASA Rpt

SRL)

• Dedication ceremonies were held at site of new earth station for comsats

near Cayey, Puerto Rico. ( ComSatCorp Release 69-5; ComSatCorp

PRO)

• NR— 1, world's first nuclear-powered deep submergence research and

ocean engineering vehicle, was launched at Groton, Conn. Developed
jointly by USN and AEC, 140-ft-long submarine would carry five crew
members and two scientists over ocean bottom to study and map ocean
floor, temperature, currents, and other oceanographic parameters for
military, commercial, and scientific uses. ( dod Release 64—69; UPI,
P Inq, 1/26/69)
January 26: NASA launched two sounding rockets from Wallops Station.
Aerobee 350 carried MSC experiment to 168.4-mi (271-km) altitude
to produce artificial aurora with electron accelerator. An 85-ft-dia
aluminum mylar foil, deployed as planned at 60-mi ( 96.5-km ) alti-
tude, acted as current selector for ionospheric electrons and electrically
neutralized experiment. Series of 100 beam pulses aimed downward
toward Wallops ground station by accelerator were recorded on film
by very sensitive TV camera and observations of artificial aurora were
observed visually by scientists on ground. Analvses were under way to
determine if auroral intensity, location, and shapes were as predicted.
Nike-Tomahawk, launched 148 sees later to study acceleration beam

January 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

from Aerobee 350, carried DeHavilland antenna and Langmuir probe
to 11.8-mi (19-km) altitude. Second stage failed to ignite; no useful
data were obtained. (WS Release 69-2; nasa Rpts srl)

• NASA launched Nike-Cajun sounding rocket from Point Barrow, Alaska,

carrying GSFC grenade experiment to collect data on atmospheric param-
eters. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj
Off)

• In New York Times, Walter Sullivan said data returned by Oso V and

other oso satellites had begun to deepen understanding of sun. "It has
become sufficient so that, from information gathered in space, as well
as by a globe-encircling network of stations, those in charge of the
Apollo 8 flight to the moon and back last month were able to ignore
a variety of ominous manifestations on the sun during the flight." He
said enough radiation measurements had been made during previous
"space storms" to indicate Apollo astronauts were reasonably safe as
long as they remained inside their spacecraft. {NYT, 1/26/69, E6)

• Observers in Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois reported sighting

large meteorite or space debris flashing across sky and burning itself
out as it entered earth's atmosphere. Several airline pilots had seen it
at O'Hare International Airport, Chicago. Northwestern Univ. astron-
omer James Wray said it probably was large meteor breaking up in
atmosphere. UFO expert Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Chairman of North-
western's Astronomy Dept., said flash could also have been reentering
debris of U.S. or Soviet space rocket, (upi, W News, 1/27/69, 30; AP,
W Star, 1/27/69, B4)

• In Washington Evening Star, William Hines said, "If a successful farmer

suddenly started economizing on seed, his neighbors and family would
begin to doubt his judgment, if not his sanity. Yet this is precisely
what Uncle Sam is doing in cutting back the financing of scientific
research. Despite denials from budget officials in the past weeks,
federal support of science in fiscal 1970 continues on an alarming
down-trend that has been apparent for several years. It has been said
that in an advanced economy like ours, research expenditures are 'seed
money' and the analogy is apt. Like individual seeds in a field, not
every research dollar germinates, and not all those that do mature. But
total return is vastly greater than outlay — and that is the story of
science as well as of agriculture." (W Star, 1/26/69, C4)
January 27: Boosted Areas II sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wal-
lops Station carried GSFC experiment to 63.5-mi (102-km) altitude to
evaluate rocket performance for possible use at Resolute Bay, Canada.
Vehicle underperformed according to predicted trajectory; peak alti-
tude was below predicted and tone ranging appeared too weak for
Resolute Bay. (nasa Rpt srl)

• aec announced that S8DR nuclear reactor system developed in its SNAP

(Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) Program was producing 600
thermal kw at 1,300°F during tests in underground vacuum chamber
at Santa Susana, Calif. Electrical power ranging from 20 to 75 kw
could be generated by such a reactor to provide power for manned
orbiting laboratories and bases on moon's surface. It was being con-
sidered for these uses because of its potentially high reliability, small
size, and long life (two to five years) without refueling or maintenance.
(aec Release M-22)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 28

January 28: In New York news conference, NASA Associate Administrator
for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said U.S. was in
danger of going "out of the manned spaceflight business" unless more
funds were provided in Federal budget for projects beyond Apollo. He
said U.S.S.R. probably would surpass U.S. in space exploration in
1970s. Current Soviet space expenditure was "about 50 percent greater
than ours." (Wilford, NYT, 1/29/69, 11; AT News, 1/30/69)

• In speech before New York Society of Security Analysts, NASA Associate

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said:
"I believe that if we wanted to we could have our space shuttle in oper-
ation by 1976. ... To achieve the desired economy, it will be necessary
to operate this transportation system in the successful jet transport
mode. Our space shuttle will probably take off from major airports
with little or no noise. It will not create a sonic boom along the route.
It will go into orbit, deposit and take on crew and cargo, and return
for a horizontal airport landing." He foresaw an international demand
for reusable space vehicles. (Text)

• Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

carried Univ. of Wisconsin experiment to 139.2-mi (224-km) altitude
to examine isotropic component of cosmic x-rays in wavelength region
of X> 5 A, using collimated, thin-window gas proportional counters.
Peak altitude was 3.5% over predicted but x-ray counters failed to
reach design pressure. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• M2-F2 lifting-body vehicle damaged in accident May 10, 1967, would

be repaired, modified, and returned to service as M2— F3, NASA an-
nounced. Modifications would include center-stabilizing fin, special
equipment for use as test bed for lateral control systems research, jet
reaction roll control system, and improved internal components for
precise maneuvering by pilot. M2— F3 would rejoin HL— 10 and X— 24
in NASA— usaf flight research program to evaluate wingless vehicles for
manned horizontal landings at airfields after return from space, (nasa
Release 69-15)

• Eastern Airlines, Inc., Vice President A. Scott Crossfield told Aero Club

in Washington, D.C., that seven-week experiment with STOL aircraft
at Boston, Washington, and New York airports begun Sept. 1968 had
been "unqualified success." Airline's engineers were drafting specifica-
tions for stol aircraft to carry 125 passengers at 250 mph, capable of
maneuvering at speeds of 70 mph. It could double landing capacity of
airports by using taxiways and ends of unused runways. McDonnell
Douglas version of French-designed Breguet 941 aircraft used by
Eastern in experiments had used onboard computer-controlled system,
"heart" of which was manufactured by Decca in England. It used
existing navaids and was accurate within 25-ft altitude and 100-ft
latitude. (Koprowski, W Post, 1/29/69, A8)

• S. 705 was introduced in Senate by Smithsonian Institution regent Sen.

Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), for himself and regents Sens. J.
William Fulbright (D-Ark.) and Hugh D. Scott (R-Pa.) to authorize
S2 million for planning and land acquisition for world's largest radio-
radar astronomical telescope. Proposed 440-ft "big dish" antenna
would be enclosed in 550-ft geodesic dome and cost about $37 million.
It would be made available to appropriate scientists everywhere. (CR,
1/28/69, S967-8; W Star, 4/1/69, Bl)

January 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Following conference with President Nixon, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, aec

Chairman since 1961, announced he would continue in that position in
Nixon Administration. Current term would expire June 30, 1970. (W
Star, 1/29/69, A2)
January 29: ComSatCorp announced it had applied to FCC for permission
to reduce rates for TV transmissions through Atlantic satellites by
about 40% and to eliminate extra charge for color TV through these
satellites. Reductions were possible because of availability of Intelsat
III F-2 (launched Dec. 19, 1968) over Atlantic. (ComSatCorp
Release)

• NASA selected Electro Mechanical Research Aerospace Sciences Div.

of Weston Instruments, Inc. for contract negotiations on $1.37-million
cost-plus-award-fee contract for spacecraft integration and ground
support services for Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (imp) mis-
sions H, I, and J. (nasa Release 69-19)

• President Nixon announced selection of Gerard C. Smith, former Assist-

ant Secretary of State for Policy Planning, as Director of Arms Con-
trol and Disarmament Agency. Adrian S. Fisher had been acting
director since resignation of William C. Foster. (PD, 2/3/69, 188)
January 30: Canadian Isis I (isis— a) International Satellite for Ionospheric
Studies was successfully launched by NASA from wtr by three-stage
Thrust- Augmented Improved Thor-Delta ( DSV— 3E) booster. Satellite
entered orbit with 2,188.5-mi (3,522-km) apogee, 356.7-mi
(574-km) perigee, 128.3-min period, and 88.4° inclination. Primary
NASA objectives were to place Isis I into elliptical earth orbit that
would permit study of topside of ionosphere above electron peak of F
region and to extend cooperative Canadian-U.S. program of iono-
spheric studies initiated by Alouette I (launched Sept. 28, 1962) by
combining sounder data with correlative direct measurements for time
sufficient to cover latitudinal and diurnal variations during high solar
activity.

Third in series of five satellites to improve understanding of iono-
spheric physics, Isis I weighed 520 lbs and carried six Canadian and
four American experiments. First launch in series (isis x project, Nov.
28, 1965) orbited Canada's Alouette II and U.S. Explorer XXXI. ISIS
program was joint undertaking of NASA and Canadian Defence Re-
search Board (drb) under December 1963 Memorandum of Under-
standing. DRB was responsible for spacecraft design, fabrication,
electrical testing, experiment integration, and satellite control. NASA
provided launch vehicles, launch facilities. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Re-
leases 69-14, 69-22)

• nasa launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Point Barrow,

Alaska, carrying gsfc experiments. First rocket was launched to obtain
data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by deto-
nating grenades at prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on
ground. All 19 grenades ejected and detonated and sound arrivals were
recorded. Launch was third in series of four launches from Point Bar-
row during stratospheric warming [see Jan. 26].

Second rocket was launched in conjunction with Jan. 11 launch to
develop experimental techniques for determining atmospheric compo-
sition profiles in mesosphere and to measure ozone and water vapor
distribution in 12.4- to 40.4-mi (20- to 65-km) region by separating

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

January 30

January 30: Canadian Isis I International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies, launched
by nasa from wtr, carried six Canadian and four U.S. experiments into orbit to study
the topside of the ionosphere during a period of high solar activity. Isis I, photo-
graphed before mating to its Thor-Delta launch vehicle, combined the capability for
direct and indirect ionospheric measurements in one spacecraft for the first time.

payload from 2nd stage and deploying parachute near apogee. Ozone
was measured by chemiluminescent technique and water vapor by
aluminum-oxide hydrometer. All major events occurred as planned and
good data were obtained, (nasa Rpts srl)

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research
Range carried gsfc payload to 77.1-mi (124-km) altitude to obtain
data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by deto-
nating grenades at prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on
ground. All 19 grenades were detonated and sound arrivals were re-
corded. Launch was third in series of four rockets to be launched from
Churchill during stratospheric warming period [see Jan. 22]. (nasa
Rpt srl)

Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from wsmr with
VAM-20 booster to 111.2-mi (179-km) altitude. Objectives were to

January 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

obtain stellar spectra with 1 A resolution in 1,000-1,600 A far uv
wavelength range and to obtain photometric data on stellar fluxes in
1,050-1,180 A, 1,230-1,350 A, and 1,350-1,470 A wavelength ranges.
All experimental objectives were achieved and pay load was recovered
promptly, (nasa Rpt srl)

• faa Government-industry conference in Washington, D.C., discussed faa

role in STOL development, stol noise sources, stol operational con-
siderations related to noise abatement, noise source reduction tech-
niques, and review of existing aircraft certification concepts and
considerations for STOL noise certification, (faa Release 69—5)

• At White House press briefing President Nixon introduced Apollo 8

astronauts and announced that Astronaut Frank Borman would make
eight-nation goodwill trip to Western Europe. Tour would point out
"what is the fact: that we in America do not consider that this is a
monopoly, these great new discoveries that we are making; that we
recognize the great contributions that others have made and will make
in the future; and that we do want to work together with all peoples
on this earth in the high adventure of exploring the new areas of
space." Later, Press Secretary Ronald Ziegler announced Borman
family would visit England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, West
Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. (PD, 2/3/69, 189-90; AP, W
Post, 1/31/69, A2)

• President and Mrs. Nixon watched Apollo 8 films at White House show-

ing attended by Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and
William A. Anders. Borman narrated. (Shelton, W Star, 1/31/69, Bl;
PD, 2/3/69, 194)

• Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, presented Public Serv-

ice Group Achievement Award Certificates to 12 representatives of
communications organizations which had supported Apollo 8 mission.
Award to Apollo 8 Communications Network cited "the dedication and
skill of the leaders and all personnel in these organizations in main-
taining reliable communications which insured the success of the first
manned lunar orbit mission." British External Telecommunication
Executive and Hawaiian Telephone Co. had received same award.
(nasa Release 69-20)

• President Nixon issued directives to cabinet officers and agency heads.

He directed dot to establish committee to investigate all aspects of SST
program and some aspects of airport development, air traffic control,
and FAA regulations.

Bureau of Budget was informed that President was disturbed by re-
ports that Government was not fulfilling obligations to colleges and
universities whose grants had been abrogated by NSF because of FY
1969 expenditure ceiling, bob was directed to check facts, estimate cost
required to eliminate inequities, and adyise President on need for con-
tingency reserve for FY 1969 and desirability of thorough budget
revision for FY 1970. (PD, 2/3/69, 192-3)

• NASA awarded United Aircraft Corp.'s Pratt & Whitney Div. and General

Electric Co. separate fixed-price contracts to design, fabricate, and test
experimental quiet jet engines. Each contract would have two phases.
Six-month first phase would include detailed engine design and pro-
curement of selected engine components. NASA would have option of
authorizing construction of two engines and test program of at least

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 January 30

250 hrs of engine operation. In second phase, expected to take 30 mos,
each contractor would refurbish and deliver one engine to LeRC for
additional testing. Program was expected to cost $50 million over
three-year period. (NASA Release 69—21)

• Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space

Flight, told meeting of National Security Industrial Assn. at KSC, "It is
very clear that just as we have had substantial payoffs from communi-
cations, navigation, geodetic, and weather satellites in the first decade
of the space age, earth resources satellites will represent extremely
promising investment opportunities in the second decade." They would
require "close cooperation among many agencies in Washington, and
in the long run with new commercial and international institutions that
can bring the benefits of the space age to many people around the
world." (Text)

• At his first news conference, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird said

he would prefer to deal from strength — including Sentinel ABM system
— in future missile talks with U.S.S.R. "I think it's most important, as
we go into these talks, to have defensive as well as offensive missile
systems up for discussion and debate and negotiation." (Maffre, W
Post, 1/31/69, Al)

• Moscow sources reported "Lt. Ilyin" of U.S.S.R. Army Engineers had

been identified as attempted assassin who fired on Moscow motorcade
carrying cosmonauts and high Soviet officials into Kremlin Jan. 22,
Anatole Shub said in Washington Post. He reportedly had died almost
immediately after taking poison and being slugged by Kremlin guards
at scene [see Feb. 4]. {W Post, 1/31/69, Al)
January 31: Eleventh anniversary of Explorer I, first U.S. satellite. Since
its launch Jan. 31, 1958, the 30.8-lb stovepipe-shaped satellite had
completed nearly 60,000 revolutions around earth and on Dec. 31,
1968, was in orbit with 632-mi (10,170.8-km) apogee, 199.9-mi
(321.7-km) perigee, and 98.1-min period, (msfc Release 69-26)

• Apollo 9 press briefing was held at NASA Hq. Countdown would begin

Feb. 22, for launch from etr at 11 am est Feb. 28. Ten-day earth-
orbital mission would demonstrate LM manned crew performance for
first time and carry out intervehicular activities between spacecraft,
through-docking-tunnel activities, and EVA. Number of small aluminum-
alloy brackets and fittings had been replaced or reinforced in LM— 3
and LM— 4 because they were sensitive to stress or corrosion. Both
vehicles were ready for flight.

Apollo Program Director George H. Hage said number of activities
would be performed on Apollo 9 that had not been done before "in
the sense of wringing out the spacecraft." NASA was "working the
hardware launch readiness of Apollo 10 to a late April date" so that
"if we have difficulty on Apollo 9 and need to repeat some element or
all of the D mission, we can get that mission off as early as possible."
If Apollo 9 was successful Apollo 10 could be launched as early as
May 17 on lunar landing mission. (Transcript)

• NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun, one Areas, and three Nike-

Apache sounding rockets from Wallops Station, carrying experiments
to measure meteorological, ionospheric, and composition characteristics
of upper atmosphere during "winter anomaly" — unusual absorption of
radio waves — which occurred during January or early February.

January 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Launches would contribute to specimen day program, coordinated in-
vestigation of winter variability of D region of ionosphere above
Wallops.

Nike-Cajuns carried gsfc payloads to 75.2-mi (121-km) and
12.4-mi (20-km) altitudes. All 19 grenades on each rocket detonated
as planned and sound arrivals were recorded, but poor vehicle per-
formance of second rocket prevented acquisition of useful data.

Areas carried Naval Weapons Center payload to 33.2-mi (53.4-km)
altitude to measure ozone concentration in 18.6- to 37.3-mi (30- to
60-km) region during parachute descent, but parachute did not deploy
satisfactorily and payload descended too rapidly for recovery.

First Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois-GCA Corp. payload to
141.1-mi (227-km) altitude to investigate winter variability of D
region of ionosphere and measure differential absorption, Faraday
rotation, and probe current to determine electron density, collision
frequency, and temperature. Second Nike-Apache carried Univ. of
Colorado payload to 71.5-mi (115-km) altitude to obtain vertical
profile of nitric oxide density, using scanning monochromoter. Third
Nike-Apache carried GSFC payload to 72.1-mi (116-km) altitude to
measure degree of polarization and intensity of nitric oxide emission
at 2,147 A to determine whether resonance scattering of sunlight was
responsible for emission in D and E regions. Secondary objective was
to determine altitude profile in 46.6- to 65.2-mi (75- to 105-km)
region. Desired spectrum was not observed, apparently because of
mechanical failure in payload. (NASA Rpts SRL; WS Release 69—3)

• President Nixon, accompanied by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird,

visited DOD employees at Pentagon. President recalled reference made
by Astronaut Frank Borman at White House Apollo 8 briefing Jan. 30
to "400,000 men and women in the Nation who at one time or another
had played a part in making this great, spectacular feat possible."
President said, "I was glad to see Colonel Borman bring it home that
way. Four hundred thousand made it possible for this magnificent
achievement to occur. I trust that all of you can convey that kind of
spirit to those who work in the Defense Department." (PD, 2/3/69,
194)

• Sen. Kenneth McC. Anderson, Australian Minister for Supply, accepted

NASA Group Achievement Award for Dept. of Supply at NASA Hq.
luncheon for "outstanding contributions in the establishment and oper-
ation of the stations and associated facilities in Australia which as-
sured the success of the Apollo 8 mission. . . ." Sen. Anderson also
received awards for Apollo 8 support by msfc stations at Canberra
and Carnarvon and dsn station at Canberra, (nasa Release 69-23)

• faa said preliminary figures showed its 27 air route traffic control centers

handled 19.5 million aircraft in 1968, an increase of 17% over 1967.
Chicago, New York, and Cleveland each logged 1.5 million operations
— first time any center had reached this mark, (faa Release 69-15)
During January: jpl Senior Staff Scientist Albert R. Hibbs summarized
results of NASA's Surveyor program in Astronautics and Aeronautics.
Experiments on five Surveyor spacecraft which successfully landed on
moon between May 30, 1966, and Jan. 7, 1968, indicated surface
material was granular and very fine with 10 3 dynes/cm 2 cohesion.
Slightly deeper material had lower normal albedo than undisturbed

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During January

surface. Chemical composition of surface material was similar to ba-
saltic rocks on earth; mare material contained more iron elements
than highland material; and highland material had higher albedo than
mare material. Chemical analyses indicated material did not resemble
chondritic meteorites. From observed data scientists concluded that
moon had undergone significant chemical differentiation during its
history and had been subjected to basaltic lava flows; surface was con-
tinually being "churned and pulverized" by meteoroid impacts; some
undefined process lightened optical surface and darkened buried
material; and mare areas were "surprisingly similar and offer numer-
ous safe-landing zones for future lunar missions." {A&A, 1/69, 50—63)

• U.S.S.R. was testing 150-ton, 250-passenger "compound" helicopter,

American Broadcasting Co. reported. Largest helicopter in Western
world was 19-ton Sikorsky CH-54H Flying Crane. Soviet 47-ton
Mi-10 was world's largest. New compound helicopter had wings that
assumed lifting function from rotors at cruising speed; it obtained
most of its thrust from conventional propulsion when it converted from
vertical to cruising flight. Sikorsky had proposed 32.5-ton compound
helicopter to dod and U.S. civilian transportation authorities. I NYT,
1/12/69, S23)

• MIT scientist Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner in Technology Review said reorgan-

ization and strengthening of Federal mechanisms for planning and
supporting r&d was only solution to "present antagonisms and . . .
skepticism" about the value of a continued high level of R&D support.
He proposed new agency with NSF at core for planning R&D and to
"indicate resource allocation for all public endeavors, including foreign
aid and national security." {Technology Review, 1/69, 15—17)

• Systems approach was needed in applying "human and technological

resources to domestic problems," Space /Aeronautics said. Growth
areas for aerospace industry spinoff included urban, environmental,
surface-transportation, medical, and ocean systems. Lessons to be
learned in dealing with these systems were: (1) massive problems
required efforts on massive scale; (2) R&D cycle for civil system was
always longer than political cycle being counted on to support it; and
(3) even when system was built jurisdictional prerogatives could "make
a mess of the implementation." Aerospace companies should employ
their capabilities "to assess their experience in high technology and
their managerial skills" and apply experience "to new systems chal-
lenges." (S/A, 1/69, 106-7)

February 1969

February 2: Development of laser tracking techniques permitting accurate
24-hour tracking of orbiting spacecraft was announced by NASA. New
technique — particularly important in geodetic studies, which required
precise angle and distance measurements between satellite and ground
stations — offered greater measuring accuracy than RF methods, re-
quired only lightweight reflectors on satellite, and was less affected by
transmission-impeding environmental disturbances. First operational
daylight tracking with laser had been accomplished by GSFC team Oct.
21, 1968. (nasa Release 69-18; A&A 68)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family departed on USAF jet for

18-day Presidential goodwill mission to Europe. Itinerary: London,
Feb. 2-5; Paris, Feb. 5-7; Brussels, Feb. 7-10; The Hague, Feb.
10-11; Bonn, Feb. 11-12; West Berlin, Feb. 12-13; Rome, Feb.
13-17; Madrid, Feb. 17-19; and Lisbon, Feb. 19-21. (nasa Int Aff;
W Star, 2/2/69, A3)

• NASA's Apollo 8 mission and USN navigation satellite system developed by

Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory had been named
two of top four engineering achievements of 1968 by National Society
of Professional Engineers. (W Star, 2/2/69, B2)

• In New York Times Magazine, Dr. Ralph E. Lapp, physicist, wrote:

"... I would urge that we alter the U.S. space program as follows:
First, make a firm decision to terminate the manned space program
soon after the initial lunar landing. ... I would reserve the remaining
Apollo craft for future unmanned missions to the planets and I would
mothball the single-purpose manned space flight facilities. At the same
time, I would continue a n.a.S.a. program of long-range space develop-
ment aimed at advanced modes of propulsion, compact energy sources
and improved long-distance communication. High priority would be
assigned to the development of nuclear energy both for propulsion and
for on-board power.

"Second, greatly expand n.a.S.a.'s present program for exploiting
applications of space science and technology. The potential of satellites
for communications . . . needs to be enhanced by the development of
new techniques. It should not be too difficult to develop orbital systems
for the control of intercontinental air traffic. Perhaps the greatest bene-
fits from satellites are to be expected in the survey and evaluation of
earth resources, such as underground water, mineral deposits and
plant-forest cover. . . .

"Third, establish a high priority within N.A.S.A. for fundamental re-
search using unmanned space vehicles ... 10 to 20 years in duration
and . . . aimed at finding out more about our planet, the sun and the
rest of the solar system. The most expensive — and probably the most
dramatic — of these projects would be the planetary probes designed to
fly by, orbit or land on the nearby planets." (NYT, 2/2/69, 32-40)

February 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

February 3: NASA announced it had extended $69,692,000 contract with
Bellcomm, Inc., to provide systems analysis, study, planning, and tech-
nical support of manned space flight. Value of one-year cost-plus-fixed-
fee contract extension was $11,483,000. (nasa Release 69-25)

February 3—5: London accorded Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and
family full celebrity status, including frontpage newspaper coverage,
taped TV interviews, and cheers from schoolchildren. Borman lectured
before Royal Society of Scientists Feb. 3 and on Feb. 4 was presented
to Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace and visited Prime Min-
ister Harold Wilson and House of Commons. Borman at U.S. Embassy
presented nasa's Manned Spaceflight Group Achievement Award to
Station Manager James McDowell of NASA Communications Switching
Station in London and Public Service Group Achievement Award to
C. James Gill, director of U.K.'s postoffice telecommunications system.
(Lee, NYT, 2/4/69, 4; W Post, 2/5/69, A18; C Trib, 2/5/69; nasa
Int AfT)

February 4: President Nixon sent directive to Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Science
Adviser to the President, asking assessment of proposal to appoint in-
teragency committee to advise President on post-Apollo space program.
Directive also asked report on "possibility of significant cost reduc-
tions in the launching and boosting operations of the space program,"
with judgment on "how best to assess future developments in this
area." White House announcement from Key Biscayne, Fla., Feb. 8
said directive had asked assessment of recommendations that dod and
NASA be directed to coordinate activities in this area. (PD, 2/17/69,
249; 3/10/69, 349-51)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carried Univ. of Minnesota Institute of Technology
payload to 115.6-mi (186-km) altitude to study neutral composition
of polar atmosphere with neutral mass spectrometers. Rocket and in-
struments performed satisfactorily and experimental data showed
"some extremely interesting results." (nasa Rpt SRL)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Point Bar-

row, Alaska, carrying gsfc experiment to obtain data on variation of
temperature, pressure, and wind profile by detonating grenades at
prescribed times and recording sound arrivals on ground. Rocket, last
in series of four launched during period of atmospheric warming [see
Jan. 30], performed satisfactorily. All 19 grenades ejected and deto-
nated as planned and sound arrivals were recorded. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• President Nixon accepted pro forma resignation of Dr. Edward C. Welsh,

Executive Secretary of National Aeronautics and Space Council. Ap-
pointed by President Kennedy in 1961, Dr. Welsh had been Council's
first and only appointed executive secretary. (W Post, 2/5/69, A7; AP,
W Star, 2/5/69, 1)

• XB-70 supersonic research aircraft was flown from Edwards afb, Calif.,

to Wright-Patterson afb, Ohio, to be placed on exhibit at Air Force
Museum. Flight had been delayed until turbulent air conditions pre-
vailed so testing could continue until end of aircraft's service. During
final flight, crew collected data on aircraft handling and structural
response to air turbulence at subsonic flight. NASA had announced end
of XB-70 flight research program Jan. 13. (nasa Proj Off; UPI, NYT,
2/5/69, 73; AP, W Star, 2/5/69, A19)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 4

• In Look, science writer Arthur C. Clarke, Nobel Prize nuclear physicist

Dr. Isidor I. Rabi, novelist C. P. Snow, and Catholic theologian Prof.
Leslie Dewart wrote personal reactions to Apollo 8 mission. Clarke
said: "The Apollo 8 mission marks one of those rare turning points in
human history after which nothing will ever be the same again. The
immense technical achievement is already obvious to every one and
has been universally praised; yet the psychological impact may be
even more important and will take some time to make itself fully felt.
We no longer live in the world which existed before Christmas 1968.
It has passed away as irrevocably as the earth-centered universe of the
Middle Ages."

Dr. Rabi said: "It would be misleading to talk of the events that led
to the journey of Apollo 8 in terms of the vast sums of money that are
involved, even though it cost several times as much as the development
of the first atomic bomb. What is more important and more impressive
is that Apollo 8 represents the cooperation of hundreds of thousands
of people over a period of years in a gigantic effort with no clearly set
practical goals, except perhaps the profound desire of mankind to
prove to itself that it had the knowledge and the ability to overcome
its earthbound limitations."

Prof. Dewart said: "Man has taken his first, halting steps into the
cosmos beyond that earthly world in which he was born and within
which he had always lived. The impact of Apollo 8 in other areas of
human experience is obvious; in religion, it is much less immediately
evident. And yet, in the end, it may be more significant for the de-
velopment of man's religious consciousness." ( Look, 2/4/69, 72—8 1

• In letter to Astronaut Frank Borman, Board of Education of Glendale

Union High School District No. 205, Glendale, Ariz., said it had
named planned high school "Apollo" in "honor and appreciation of the
accomplishments of the participating astronauts." It invited Apollo 8
crew to participate in 1970 dedication ceremony. {CR, 2/21/69,
E1216)

• USN announced award of $40,000,000 contract to Grumman Aircraft En-

gineering Corp. for engineering development phase of F— 14A super-
sonic fighter (formerly vfx), replacement for F— 111B. Funding during
four-year development was expected to total $388,000,000. Idod Re-
lease 92-69)

• In letter from Chairman L. Mendel Rivers (D-S.C.) to Secretary of De-

fense Melvin R. Laird, House Armed Services Committee informed
DOD that, because of uncertainty over ABM, Committee would take no
action to approve Sentinel antiballistic missile sites until Nixon Ad-
ministration positively expressed interest in project. (Sell, W Post,
2/6/69, Al)

• In New York Times, Theodere Shabad said Moscow sources indicated

Soviet investigators had ruled out possibility of political conspiracy in
Jan. 22 shooting during Kremlin ceremonies for Soyuz cosmonauts
because of amateurish behavior of gunman identified as "Lt. Ilyin" of
Soviet Army. Sources denied earlier reports that gunman had taken
poison after shooting and was dead. They said he was undergoing
medical and psychological testing to determine his sanity and motives.
( NYT, 2/5/69, 2 1
February 5-16: Intelsat-III F-3 was successfully launched by NASA for

February 5-16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

ComSatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite
Consortium. The 632-lb cylindrical satellite, launched from etr by
Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor (lttat) -Delta (DSV-3M)
booster, entered elliptical transfer orbit with 23,496.9-mi (37,-
814.6-km) apogee, 157.3-mi (253.1-km) perigee, 671.9-min period,
and 29.8° inclination. All systems were functioning normally. On Feb.
7 apogee motor was fired to kick satellite into planned near-synchro-
nous orbit over Pacific at 173.8° east longitude with 22,000-mi
(35,719.84cm) apogee, 22,190-mi (35,703.7-km) perigee, 23-hr 56-
min period, and 1.3° inclination.

Intelsat-Ill F—3 was second successful launch in Intelsat III series.
Intelsat-III F-2 had been launched Dec. 18, 1968, as backup to Intelsat-
III F-l, which had been destroyed minutes after launch Sept. 18, 1968.
Satellite began commercial service Feb. 16, handling up to 1,200 voice
circuits or 4 TV channels, (nasa Proj Off; ComSatCorp Releases 69-7,
69-27; AP, B Sun, 2/6/69, A3; Pres Rpt. 70 [69]; ComSatCorp pio)

• February 5: DOD launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg

afb by Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 171.0-mi
(275-km) apogee, 91.7-mi (147.6-km) perigee, 88.7-min period,
and 81.6° inclination and reentered Feb. 24. Second satellite entered
orbit with 894.9-mi (1,439.9-km) apogee, 866.4-mi (1,394.0-km)
perigee, 114.1-min period, and 80.4° inclination. (Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• President Nixon authorized immediate SlO-million increase in expendi-

ture ceiling placed on National Science Foundation by Johnson Ad-
ministration in 1968. He said: "The colleges and universities of this
Nation provide a critical resource which needs to be fostered and
strengthened. Our higher educational system provides the advanced
training needed for tomorrow's leaders in science and technology, in-
dustry and government, and also conducts the basic research which
uncovers the new knowledge so essential to the future welfare of the
country. It is essential that these programs of education and research
be sustained at a level of high excellence." (PD, 2/10/69, 224-5)

• New tempest was brewing in national scientific community over whether

defense establishment absorbed exorbitant portion of U.S. scientific
and technological energies, John Lannan said in Washington Evening
Star. In New York, younger physicists had called for political activism
at annual meeting of American Physical Society Feb. 3. MIT group,
Union of Concerned Scientists, had scheduled day-long "research stop-
page" March 4 and initiated letter campaign to spread its views to
other institutions. Union's proposals included "a critical and continu-
ing examination of government policy in areas where science and
technology are of actual or potential significance"; redirection of re-
search from defense-oriented to environment-oriented projects; oppo-
sition to antiballistic missile system; and organization of scientists into
effective and vocal political action group. (W Star, 2/5/69, A7;
Sullivan, NYT, 2/9/69, E7)

• Report on aviation safety for 1968 was submitted to House Committee on

Interstate and Foreign Commerce by Joseph J. O'Connell, Jr., Chair-
man of National Transportation Safety Board. For all scheduled air
carrier services there had been one fatal accident for about every
500,000 hrs, or for every 100,000 transcontinental flights. One pas-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 5

senger had been lost for every 370 million passenger miles flown.
Number of fatalities in scheduled domestic and international passenger
service had been second worst of decade; but accident rates, fatal and
nonfatal, continued downward for total scheduled air carriers. In
general aviation, rate for fatal accidents per hours flown had increased
but remained below rates of 1965 and before and was third best in
decade. Total number of fatal accidents — 692, killing 1,374 persons —
was highest in history. (Text; NYT, 2/9/69, 94)

• In message to Senate, President Nixon urged prompt ratification of

nuclear nonproliferation treaty: "I believe that ratification of the
Treaty at this time would advance this Administration's policy of
negotiation rather than confrontation with the USSR. I believe the
Treaty can be an important step in our endeavor to curb the spread of
nuclear weapons and that it advances the purposes of our Atoms for
Peace program." (PD, 2/10/69, 219)
February 5-7: During two-day Paris visit Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Bor-
man met with President Charles de Gaulle. At dinner given by Ambas-
sador R. Sargent Shriver, Jr., on Eiffel Tower, Borman received offer
of racing car from French manufacturer who had presented similar
gift to Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in 1965. During Paris news confer-
ences and on TV interview, Borman stressed international character of
space exploration. He said, "I don't know why we aren't going to
Russia. I would like to visit Russia. ... I think we have some fair
means of cooperation in space and I would hope to see more." (Garri-
son, NYT, 2/6/69, 2; 2/7/69, 3)
February 6: NASA launched four sounding rockets from Wallops Station to
obtain upper-atmosphere data on normal winter day. Areas carried
Naval Weapons Center payload to 34.9-mi (56.1-km) altitude to
measure ozone concentration at altitudes between 18.6 and 37.3 mi
(30 and 60 km), using photometer and optical filter wheel. Failure of
recovery parachute to open satisfactorily caused fast descent and pre-
vented payload recovery. Obtaining useful information was expected
to be difficult, but good data were expected.

Nike-Cajun carried GSFC payload to 79.4-mi (127.7-kml altitude
to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind data in upper at-
mosphere by detonating grenades and recording sound arrivals on
ground. All 19 grenades were ejected and detonated as planned and
sound arrivals were recorded.

Nike-Apache carrying Univ. of Colorado payload reached 72.7-mi
(117-km) altitude on flight to obtain vertical profile of nitric oxide
density in 15.5- to 65.3-mi (25- to 105-km) region. Rocket and in-
struments functioned satisfactorily.

Second Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Illinois payload to collect data
on ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA
Rpts srl; NASA Proj Off)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research

Range carried GSFC payload to 80.2-mi (129-km) altitude to obtain
data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind profile by deto-
nating grenades at prescribed times and recording their sound arrivals
on ground. Rocket, last in series of four launched from Churchill dur-
ing stratospheric warming [see Jan. 30], performed satisfactorily. All

February 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

19 grenades ejected and detonated as planned. Sound arrivals were
recorded for 14—15 grenades because of power failure at receiving
station. (NASA Rpt SRJ.)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carried Univ. of Minnesota Institute of Technology pay-
load to 83.2-mi (133.8-km) altitude to study neutral composition of
polar atmosphere with neutral mass spectrometers. Rocket underper-
formed; burnout occurred at 42 sees. All instruments worked perfectly.
Useful data were obtained in 68.4- to 87.0-mi (110- to 140-km)
region. (NASA Rpt srl)

• At confirmation hearing on his appointment as Director of Office of

Science and Technology before Senate Labor and Public Welfare Com-
mittee, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge said he would place his energies on analy-
sis of weapon systems, environment and effect of technology and
pollution on environment, and utilization of science and technology by
Government departments. He planned to concern himself with social
problems and hoped to increase social scientists on President's Science
Advisory Committee from one to two. He hoped for increased funding
for hud and DOT, and regretted allocations for basic research were
declining in DOD, NASA, and aec because such agencies "will profit by
good relations with universities." (Nelson, Science, 2/14/69, 657)

• U.S.S.R.'s Venus V (launched Jan. 5) and Venus VI (launched Jan. 10)

were on course and functioning normally, Tass announced. Spacecraft
were expected to reach Venus in late May. Venus V was 4,785,000 mi
from earth; Venus VI, 4,050,000 mi. (Reuters, NYT, 2/7/69, 14)

• NASA sponsored one-day meeting to review progress in its five-year re-

search program on fog-shrouded airports. In one test during NASA-
sponsored work by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in Project Fog
Drops, small aircraft carrying 700 lbs of salt had opened wide path in
dense warm fog in five minutes. (NASA Release 69—17; Transcript)

• Sperry Rand Corp. announced election of former nasa Administrator

James E. Webb to Board of Directors. He had been vice president of
company's Sperry Gyroscope Div. in 1943. (Sperry Rand Release
2/6/69; sbd, 2/11/69, 140)

• Univ. of California astronomers Dr. E. Joseph Wampler and Dr. Joseph

S. Miller reported they had photographed winking of pulsar in Crab
Nebula — first of pulsars to be unequivocally associated with observable
star — by spinning disc before star's image projected by 120-in tele-
scope at Lick Observatory, Calif. Hole in disc, spun slower than flash
rate of pulsar, permitted light from star to penetrate once each revo-
lution. For first time star was shown photographically to be flashing
on and off. Rate of light pulses was identical to that of previously
observed radio pulses. {NYT, 2/7/69, 22; upi, W Post, 2/7/69, A6)

• Cambridge Univ. announced radioastronomy team under Sir Martin

Ryle, professor and astronomer, would build world's largest, most
sensitive radiotelescope, to cost $4.8 million. It would be operational
in two years and capable of picking up signals which started to earth
8,000 million yrs ago. Cambridge team had discovered pulsars, (upi,
W Post, 2/7/69, A20)

• NASA awarded Grumann Aircraft Engineering Corp. $3,438,400 supple-

mental agreement for changes in Apollo lunar module contract. Modi-
fications— to documentation and reporting procedures for LM test and

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 6

checkout, to flight and ground test hardware, to test and effect analyses,
and to crew safety hardware — brought total value of contract to $1.6
billion since January 1963. (msc Release 69-14)

• Washington Evening Star said: "As man's horizon of space expands, the

costs of maintaining an effective program expand in direct proportion.
Already, the first limited steps have resulted in an economic burden
that the richest nation in the world finds almost intolerable. If the ad-
venture is to continue much longer, it will have to be as an inter-
national effort. Nixon's inaugural statement raises the possibility that
some international body, a sort of United Nations for space explora-
tion, could be established to pool the talents and the resources of all
nations. It is an idea well worth pursuing. (W Star, 2/6/69, A10)

• DOD announced month delay in site acquisition and construction work on

Sentinel ABM system. Action had been taken previous week to permit
review of program. At White House news conference President Nixon
said, "I do not buy the assumption that the ABM system, the thin Senti-
nel system, as it has been described, was simply for the purpose of
protecting ourselves against attack from Communist China." System,
like those U.S.S.R. already deployed, "adds to our overall defense
capability." (PD, 2/10/69, 228; WSJ, 2/7/69, 6)

• State Dept. announced aec would join Australia in exploring economic,

technical, and safety aspects of producing deep-water harbor at Cape
Keraudren in northwestern Australia using atomic explosives. (W Post,
2/7/69, A5)
February 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXV into orbit with 457-km
(284-mi) apogee, 272-km (169-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period, and
71° inclination. Satellite reentered May 1. (GSFC SSR, 2/15/69;
5/15/69)

• Aerobee 150 MI launched by NASA from WSMR carried Johns Hopkins

Univ. payload to 101.7-mi (163.6-km) altitude to measure vacuum
uv spectral emission lines from Venusian atmosphere. Experiment
worked satisfactorily except for one second near end. No fine-mode
acquisition was received and Vernier star-tracker could not track. No
data on Venus were obtained. Terrestrial airglow data were obtained.

(NASA Rpt SRL)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research

Range carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to
826-mi (133-km) altitude to investigate auroral disturbances. Rocket
and instruments performed satisfactorily and payload was recovered
successfully, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Senate confirmed appointment of Dr. Lee A. DuBridge as Director of

Office of Science and Technology. (CR, S1536— 7)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said in Washington, D.C.,

that committee of academicians, committee within DOT, and committee
representing other agency executives had begun extensive review for
Nixon Administration to determine whether Government should con-
tinue subsidizing sst development. (Herbers, NYT, 2/8/69, 1; Reuters,
W Post, 2/8/69, A2)

• Royal Crown Cola International announced former Astronaut John H.

Glenn, Jr., had become its president. He had been chairman since
January 1967. (NYT, 2/8/69)

• Committee of air traffic controllers said it had evolved program which

February 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

would enable FAA to postpone restrictions scheduled to go into effect
April 27 at five major airports. Professional Air Traffic Controllers
Organization would petition Secretary of Transportation John A.
Volpe to substitute "revamped procedures which would make opera-
tions safer and more efficient," said F. Lee Bailey, counsel. Restrictions
would curtail services into New York, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.
(NYT, 2/8/69)

• In Science, Walter Orr Roberts, President of University Corp. for At-

mospheric Research, wrote: "Manned exploration of the moon will
provide answers to age-long speculation about its nature. Perhaps even
more important than what we find will be the fact that we have done
it. The event will mark the successful attainment of a goal that de-
manded technological attainments of unprecedented complexity and
difficulty. Our sights were set upon this goal nearly a decade ago by
President Kennedy. I was, I confess, one who feared he had asked the
impossible."

Weather forecasting — one example of earth-oriented use of space
science — would require space satellites of new and sophisticated
character. "We will not solve this problem unless we can somehow
inspire atmospheric scientists of all the world to commit themselves to
the goal. . . . Space technology is perhaps the most important single
component of the technology development needed for success. What
better use could be found for our incredible talents in space? After the
moon, the earth!" {Science, 2/7/69)
February 9: dod's Tacsat I Tactical Communications Satellite was success-
fully launched from ETR at 4:09 pm EST by Titan IIIC booster into
synchronous equatorial orbit over Pacific. Orbital parameters: apogee,
22,387 mi (36,020.7 km) ; perigee, 22,332 mi (35,932.2 km) ; period,
1,446.6 min; and inclination, 0.6°. The $30-million, 1,600-lb, cylin-
drical satellite would test feasibility of using satellite system to com-
municate over great distances with small military units such as aircraft,
ships, and small ground stations. Tacsat I was powerful enough for
ground forces to use portable receiving antennas as small as one foot
in diameter. It also would test new gyrostat stabilization system. (W
Star, 2/9-10/70; AP, W Post, 2/10/69, Al; gsfc SSR, 2/15/69; dod
Release 64-68; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• Supercritical wing would be flight-tested on USN F— 8 fighter at FRC, NASA

announced. Airfoil shape had been developed in four-year wind-tunnel
studies at LaRC by Dr. Richafd T. Whitcomb. If wind-tunnel perform-
ance was achieved in flight, wing could improve performance and
efficiency of future aircraft, particularly jet transports. It would allow
efficient cruise flight near speed of sound at 45,000-ft altitude and
reduce operational cost of subsonic flights by increasing operational
range or permitting less fuel and more payload on faster schedules.

Supercritical wing shape was developed to delay rise of drag force
and onset of buffeting at high speeds. Flattened top was designed to
reduce intensity of airflow disturbances; downward curve at rear of
wing supplied lift lost by flattening. Flight program would evaluate
behavior of wing in actual flight with both high-lift maneuvering and
off-design performance, and determine sensitivity of supercritical wing
to wing-contour variations associated with manufacturing processes
and deformations due to flight loads, (nasa Release 69-27)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

February 9

February 9: nasa announced the supercritical wing, a new airfoil shape developed in
four years of wind-tunnel studies at Langley Research Center, would be flight-tested
on a usn F-8 fighter at the Flight Research Center. Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, inventor
of the design expected to improve performance of subsonic jet transports, stood with
his model in the test section of the wind tunnel at LaRC.

• Meteorite broke into fragments in air and fell near Pueblito de Allende,

Chihuahua, Mexico. Scientists at msc Lunar Receiving Laboratory and
Oak Ridge National Laboratory later reported from tests of fragments
that meteorite was chondrite (C3 and C4) with opaque and micro-
crystalline matrices. Gamma rays from short-lived isotopes were ob-
served in specimens brought to low-background gamma counter less
than 4V2 days after fall. (Science, 2/28/69, 928-9)

• Boeing Co. test pilot Jack Waddell flew 355-ton, $20-million prototype

of 490-passenger Boeing 747 jet transport from Paine Field, near
Seattle, Wash., for 1 hr 15 min of scheduled 21/2-hr maiden flight.
Waddell returned aircraft to field after encountering "minor malfunc-
tion" of wing surface control while lowering wing flaps to 30° angle.
Later he said aircraft was "a pilot's dream" which could be "flown
with two fingers" and indicated flap misalignment would not delay

February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

further testing. The 210-ft-long 747 used only 4,500 ft of runway to
become airborne at 170 mph. Spectators were impressed with quietness
of its engines. (W Post, 2/10/69, 1; AP, W Star, 2/10/69, A5)

• Lunar module was "first manned spacecraft ever built that's not tough

enough to survive a return to earth," said Thomas O'Toole in Wash-
ington Post. Vehicle from which two astronauts would descend to
moon's surface in summer 1969 was 23 ft high, weighed 8,000 lbs, and
carried 12 tons of propellant. It contained 25 mi of electrical wiring
and more than a million parts, most of which had been designed "from
scratch," held together by 216,000 "pins." Pin bent more than five
degrees out of shape would have to be replaced. NASA had contracted
for 15 LMs at total cost of $1.9 billion from Grumman Aircraft En-
gineering Corp., which had taken six years to get it from drawing
board to launch pad. [W Post, 2/9/69, B2)

• In Brussels, Astronaut Frank Borman and family attended dinner given

in his honor at palace by King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola. Borman
showed Apollo 8 film, (nasa Int Aff; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69)

• Hungary and Romania had issued souvenir stamps commemorating

Apollo 8 mission and astronauts, U.S. newspaper philatelic columns
announced. Photograph taken from Gemini IV of Arabian coast pro-
vided design for new stamp in sultanate of Muscat and Oman. (Faries,
W Star, 2/9/69, D10; AP, W Post, 2/9/69, K8)

• Johns Hopkins Univ. associate professor of mechanics, Dr. Robert L.

Green, had designed and perfected "visualization apparatus for X-ray
crystallography," device which permitted continuous observations of
changes in structure of atoms in metal under stress. Device could lead
to discovery of hitherto unknown properties of metals, nonmetallic
crystals, and living molecules; enable scientists to study changes in
internal structure of metals during deformation caused by air and
water pressure; enable scientists to project image of atomic structure
on closed-circuit TV screen; and result in development of stronger
submarine hulls, aircraft wings, and spacecraft. (Reuters, NYT,
2/9/69, 92)

• faa had awarded United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. $665,241

contract for two-year study to develop design for quieter jet aircraft
engines. {NYT, 2/9/69, 94)

• Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and his first-grade school teacher, Mrs.

Peggy Crowley, would receive 1969 Golden Key Awards from six
national school organizations at annual convention of American Assn.
of School Administrators, Atlantic City, N.J., Feb. 15, Parade re-
ported. Awards had been founded to dramatize teacher's role in U.S.
life. (Parade, 2/9/69, 4)

• In Washington Post, Thomas O'Toole said nasa Administrator was "the

last big Federal post President Nixon has left unfilled." He asked, "Is
it because he can't find the man he wants? Is it because no man he wants
wants the job? Or is Mr. Nixon playing with the possibility of appoint-
ing [Acting Administrator Thomas O.] Paine to the post of Adminis-
trator?" Washington "space watchers" felt job could not be kept
vacant much longer, "if only because the program to land American
astronauts on the moon is rapidly nearing its goal." (W Post, 2/9/69,
All)

• New York Times editorial: "The Congressional pressure that spurred the

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 9

Nixon Administration to halt deployment of the Sentinel antiballistic
missile system signals a healthy new disposition on Capitol Hill to
challenge the military-industrial complex, against which President
Eisenhower warned eight years ago." {NYT, 2/9/69, 12)
February 10: NAS published nrc Div. of Engineering's Useful Applications
of Earth-Oriented Satellites, Report of the Central Review Committee
of nrc Summer Study on Space Applications, prepared for NASA. Study
concluded that space applications program was "too small by a factor
of two or three." Benefits from program were expected to be large,
"certainly larger than the costs of achieving them." However, "an ex-
tensive, coherent, and selective program" would be required to achieve
benefits.

Committee recommended that nasa give greater emphasis to earth-
satellite programs with promise of beneficial applications, commit ad-
ditional funds to expanded R&D and prototype operations for certain
applications, and commit $200 million to $300 million yearly to space
applications program. Manned space programs should be justified in
their own right, not in terms of space applications; near-term benefits
for mankind would be achieved "more effectively and economically
with automated devices and vehicles."

Noting that in meteorology and communications "satellites have al-
ready entered solidly into the area of economic usefulness," report
recommended that NASA grant high priority to development of multi-
channel distribution system for public and private network TV; multi-
channel system for educational broadcasts in developing countries and
for special interest groups such as physicians, lawyers, and educators;
and North Atlantic satellite navigation system for traffic control of
transoceanic aircraft and ships. Satellite earth-sensing was dependent
on R&D in sensor signatures — form of information provided by instru-
ments. Report recommended immediate pilot program for providing
information in familiar and immediately usable form, exploration into
use of side-looking radar, and start of 10- to 12-yr development plan
for more sophisticated sensors. (Text; NRC Release)

• Apollo 8 mission (Dec. 21—27, 1968) was adjudged successful by nasa.

All objectives of manned circumlunar mission were attained, as well
as four detailed test objectives not originally planned, (nasa Proj Off)

• msfc announced it would manage two recently awarded $300,000 six-

month contracts, one to Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. and one to
General Dynamics Corp., for conceptual study of low-cost, manned
logistics (space shuttle) system. Similar study contracts awarded to
North American Rockwell Corp. and to McDonnell Douglas Astro-
nautics Co. would be managed by MSC and LaRC Integral Launch and
Reentry Vehicle ( ilrv ) studies would investigate aspects of reusable
transportation system for post-1974 use in support of proposed space
stations.

msfc also announced $3,288,914 modification to contract with Boe-
ing Co. for continued configuration management support on Saturn V
launch vehicle program, including processing of vehicle and ground
support equipment configuration changes, configuration accounting,
and change integration and tracking, (msfc Releases 69-34, 69-35)

• General Accounting Office released report to Congress, Need for Im-

proved Guidelines in Contracting for Research with Government-Spon-

February 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

sored Nonprofit Contractors. It called for Government-wide guidelines
on amounts and use of fees or management allowances given by DOD,
NASA, and AEC Federal contract research centers. GAO found allowances
paid to nonprofit organizations varied significantly, were not much
used for research, and had been spent by some centers to acquire ex-
tensive capital facilities. (Text)

• usaf contract awards: $4,305,295 fixed-price contract to Computer

Sciences Corp. for services and supplies to develop, install, operate,
test, and maintain hardware to improve capabilities of space tracking
equipment; and $1,600,000 initial increment to $4,200,000 fixed-price
contract to United Technology Center for KSC launch and support serv-
ices, (dod Release 102-69; WSJ, 2/11/69, 17)
February 11: Initial thermal and vacuum testing of flight model of SERT II
(Space Electric Rocket Test) in preparation for fall 1969 launch had
been completed, LeRC announced. SERT II, second flight test in develop-
ment of ion propulsion for space use and first LeRC orbital spacecraft,
would be launched from wtr by Thorad-Agena booster into 621-mi
(999.4-km) circular orbit to evaluate inflight performance of electron-
bombardment engines for six months or more. SERT I had carried first
ion thruster to operate in space on suborbital mission July 20, 1964.
(LeRC Release 69-2)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research

Range carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to
85.1-mi (137-km) altitude for comprehensive investigation of auroral
disturbances during active auroral event. Rocket and instruments func-
tioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered as planned, (nasa Rpt
srl)

• In Bonn during European tour, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman ad-

dressed enthusiastic crowd of 1,500 students and government officials
after film showing on lunar mission in Beethoven Hall: "I believe this
research will teach us that we are first and foremost not Germans or
Russians or Americans but earthmen." Borman met West German
Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger at lunch and later discussed space
research with Scientific Affairs Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. He at-
tended evening reception given by West German Air and Space Re-
search Institute. (Falbe, B Sun, 2/12/69)

• U.S.S.R. had ordered 100 space pens developed for U.S. astronauts and

1,000 special pressurized ink cartridges which enabled pen to write in
weightlessness according to pen's inventor, Paul C. Fisher. When he
presented models of pen to Soviet Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov at Ger-
man trade fair in 1968, Leonov said Soviet cosmonauts were writing
with grease pencils during space flights and incurring difficulty with
their flaking, (upi, W Post, 2/13/69, D24)
February 12: Pentagon sources estimated U.S.S.R. was spending equivalent
of $60 billion in 1969 on national defense and space efforts, while U.S.
was spending $85.2 billion, of which $29 billion was for Vietnam war.
Figures left U.S.S.R. $4 billion ahead of U.S. in spending on weapon
and space technology. Between 1965 and 1969, Soviet spending on
offensive and defensive strategic forces increased by 40% but amount
spent on intercontinental missiles and surface-to-air missile defense
systems rose by 75%. (Kelly, W Star, 2/12/69, D4)

• Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Naval

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 12

Research Lab. payload to 116.8-mi (187.9-km) altitude to record
photographically 18 euv spectra of solar photosphere, chromosphere,
and corona, using sparcs and flight-design verification unit of high-
resolution spectrograph planned for atm-a and atm-b. Rocket and
instruments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRLI

• NASA launched Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from Churchill Research

Range carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. payload to collect data on air-
glow. Mission did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (NASA
Proj Off)

• During visit to West Berlin, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman drove

past U.S.S.R.'s war memorial near Berlin wall and looked across wall
into East Berlin. At Tempelhof airport Borman told press, "I was here
before [during 1949 Berlin airlift] amid many bags of coal. There
have been many space advances in the last two decades, yet we have
so many troubles here on earth." {C Trib, 2/13/69)

• MSFC announced it had issued $1,182,155 contract modification to Chrys-

ler Corp. Space Div. for continued systems engineering and integration
on Saturn IB launch vehicles. (MSFC Release 69-37)

• USAF F-111A piloted by Capt. Robert Earl Jobe (usaf) and instructor

pilot Capt. William D. Fuchlow (usaf) failed to return to Nellis afb,
Nev., after 750-mi training mission. USAF and Civil Air Patrol were
searching area between Las Vegas, Nev., and Great Salt Lake. I UPI,
W Star, 2/13/69, 1; AP, W Post, 2/14/69, A4)

February 13—14: NASA successfully launched one Nike-Tomahawk and six
Nike-Apache sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments
from NASA Wallops Station between 6:11 pm and 6:13 am EST. Rockets
ejected vapor trails between 50- and 186-mi (80.5- and 299.3-km)
altitudes to measure wind velocities and directions. Nike-Tomahawk
launched at dusk and Nike-Apache launched at dawn carried sodium
experiments which created reddish-orange trails. Other five payloads
consisted of trimethylaluminum (tma) experiments which formed pale
white clouds. Data were obtained by photographing continuously mo-
tions of trails from five ground-based camera sites. Launches were
conducted for gca Corp. under gsfc contract.

In conjunction with vapor series USA Ballistics Laboratory at Aber-
deen, Md., fired six projectiles containing cesium experiments to
330,000-ft altitude between 8:07 pm and 6:23 am EST for comparative
study of winds. Three experiments failed to eject chemical; dispersion
of cesium from remaining three projectiles was recorded by ground-
based radar and ionospheric sounding stations. (WS Release 69—5;
nasa Release 69-28; A' YT, 2/14/69, 41)

February 13: President Nixon's Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, an-
nounced at his first Washington press conference that overall plan for
next decade of U.S. space program would be drafted at President's
request by his office, nasa, nasc, and dod for submission to President
about Sept. 1. Charting "new directions, new goals and new programs
for the entire United States Space program" was necessary. "Bringing
to the benefit of people the marvelous space technologies that have
been developed in the last decade and certainly orbiting satellites for
the purpose of learning more about the earth must be an important
element in our future space program," Dr. DuBridge said. "Whole
problem" was balance between that enterprise and planetary and lunar

February 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

exploration and "this is the problem which our group will seek ... to
bring into perspective as we project ahead and consider the budget
problems that also lie ahead."

In answer to question on White House appointments, Dr. DuBridge
said, "We have not yet located the right man" for either Administrator
of NASA or Executive Secretary for Space Council. (Transcript; White
House Memo)

• Arthur S. Flemming Awards for 1969 were presented to 10 outstanding

young men in Federal Government in Mayflower Hotel ceremony in
Washington, D.C. Winners included James J. Kramer, Chief of LeRC
Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, who kept solid rocket program
"on schedule and within budgeted costs," and Dr. Norman F. Ness,
head of Extraterrestrial Physics Branch, gsfc, who made "significant
contributions" to understanding space through Explorer satellite pro-
gram. Dr. Richard E. Hallgren, Director of Commerce Dept.'s world
weather systems, was named for "imaginative leadership" in recogniz-
ing and integrating requirements of oceanographers and meteorologists.
(W Star, 2/13/69, B6; LeRC Release 69-3)

• Washington Post reported Washington Airlines President Robert Rich-

ardson had said first scheduled STOL air shuttle in U.S. had lost more
than $100,000, cut back operations 44%, and operated at less than
half break-even load factor during first four months of service. He
attributed most difficulties to start-up problems, including minor equip-
ment shortcomings which had been corrected. Airline was lowering
fares and could, said Richardson, break even in 12—18 mos. ( Koprow-
ski, W Post, 2/13/69, C9)

• At gsfc, satellite mapping authority Dr. John A. O'Keefe was preparing

first precise maps of Tibet using photographs taken from 100-mi alti-
tude by U.S. astronauts and data obtained between 1890s and 1935 by
Swedish explorer Sven Hedin during only extensive survey of area by
outsider. Expedition's survey sightings on mountain peaks were being
applied to numerous photographs from space. Revised maps would be
published in Sweden. (Sullivan, NYT, 2/13/69, 14)

• Intelligence briefings to high DOD officials had indicated U.S.S.R. missile

defense was three-quarters complete and had been slowed in recent
months to improve its radar system, said William Beecher in New York
Times. Briefings also indicated that antimissile system around Moscow,
even when finished, would not alter balance of power between U.S.S.R.
and U.S. or undermine U.S. retaliatory power. (NYT, 2/13/69, 1)
February 14: ComSatCorp announced broadcasters had booked 40 hrs of
satellite time for TV coverage of President Nixon's European trip Feb.
23-March 3. More than 17 hrs had been requested from abroad to
date for coverage of Apollo 9 Feb. 28-March 3. (ComSatCorp Release
69-8; W Star, 2/16/69, C6)

• In Science Hudson Hoagland, President Emeritus of Worcester Founda-

tion for Experimental Biology, commented on Condon Report on UFOs
released Jan. 9, 1968: "The basic difficulty inherent in any investiga-
tion of phenomena such as those of psychic research or of ufo's is that
it is impossible for science ever to prove a universal negative. There
will be cases which remain unexplained because of lack of data, lack
of repeatability, false reporting, wishful thinking, deluded observers,
rumors, lies, and fraud. A residue of unexplained cases is not a justifi-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 14

cation for continuing an investigation after overwhelming evidence
has disposed of hypotheses of supernormality, such as beings from
outer space or communications from the dead. . . . Science deals with
probabilities, and the Condon investigation adds massive additional
weight to the already overwhelming improbability of visits by UFo's
guided by intelligent beings." (Science, 2/14/69, 625)

• Leonard Mandelbaum in Science briefly examined history of U.S. de-

cision to adopt Apollo program. "Cautious approach" to manned space
flight gave way after impact of April 12, 1961, "Russian spectacular"
— flight of Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin — and U.S. Cuban foreign
policy fiasco, Bay of Pigs. "Congress acted without hearing testimony
of compelling military need. The Apollo decision was made without
reference to any comprehensive and integrated national policy designed
to maximize the use of scientific and technological resources for social
objectives. ... It was a typical Cold War reaction." (Science,
2/14/69, 649)
February 15: Project Tektite, multiagency-industry program to determine
ability of men to perform scientific research mission while living iso-
lated on ocean floor under saturated diving conditions for long period,
began at St. John, Virgin Islands. Four U.S. aquanauts, Richard A.
Waller, H. Edward Clifton, John G. Van Derwalker, and Conrad V. W.
Mahnken jumped into sea at Beehive Cove and swam to "habitat,"
underwater capsule moored 42 ft below sea level for 60-day experi-
ments. Tektite program was jointly sponsored by USN, NASA, and Dept.
of the Interior, with participation by U.S. Coast Guard. Prime con-
tractor, General Electric Co., furnished undersea habitat. NASA and
USN behavioral and biomedical teams would observe aquanauts con-
tinuously to identify psychological and physiological reactions to
long-term mission performed in hostile and isolated environment
common to undersea and space missions. (NASA OMSF pao; Lannan,
W Star, 2/16/69, A3; 2/17/69, A6)

• Pope Paul VI received Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family for

17-min audience in Papal library. Pope said in English, "Man's reach-
ing out to unravel the mysteries of the universe reveals more and more
the wonders of God's work and shows forth His glory." Pope Paul
sent personal greetings to Astronaut James W. McDivitt who had audi-
ence in 1967. (upi, W Star, 2/16/69, C5)

February 16: usn's Sealab III project, in which five aquanaut teams were
to spend 12 days each in 60-day test of man's ability to work under
water for long periods, started early when four of first team of nine
men were dispatched to repair helium leak in 57 X 12-ft habitat, 600
ft beneath Pacific Ocean off San Clemente Island, Calif. Remaining
five aquanauts were scheduled to descend in pressurized personnel-
transfer capsules 12 hrs later to join colleagues in performing experi-
ments in marine biology, geology, acoustics, and ecology. ( B Sun,
2/17/69, A7)

February 17: Tenth anniversary of Vanguard II, fifth U.S.— IGY satellite,
launched by nasa to produce cloud-cover images using two photocells.
Wobbling had prevented interpretation of data. Satellite was still in
orbit. (A&A 1915-60; gsfc SSR, 2/28/69)

• \ike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carrying Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload

February 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

to investigate auroral disturbances. Rocket and instruments functioned
satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off)

• USN suspended Sealab III project when veteran Aquanaut Berry L. Can-

non was stricken while he and Aquanaut Robert A. Barth, Jr., were
attempting to open habitat's hatch after Cannon's second dive to check
gas leaks. He was pronounced dead of "cardiac arrest" in decompres-
sion chamber of mother ship U.S.S. Elk River and body was flown to
San Diego for autopsy. First finding of autopsy was that Cannon did
not die of heart attack. USN on Feb. 18 canceled project. (Stevens,
NYT, 2/18/69, 1; 2/20/69, 93; O'Toole, W Post, 2/18-20/69; AP,
W Star, 2/18/69, Al)

• President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of former NASA Associ-

ate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology James M.
Beggs as Under Secretary of Transportation. (PD, 2/24/69, 293)

• In Madrid during European goodwill tour, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank

Borman placed wreath at statue of Columbus and met Cristobal Colon
de Carvajal y Maroto, 17th duke of Veragua and hereditary "admiral
of the ocean sea," title created in 1537 for explorer's son, Diego
Columbus. (AP, C Trib, 2/18/69)

• USAF said ground test of F— 111 A had revealed large crack in test version

of aircraft belly section to which movable wings were attached. No
F— 111 As would be grounded, as test did not indicate safety hazard to
aircraft in service. Crack was not related to one detected Aug. 25, 1968.
(upi, W Post, 2/18/69, A4; AP, W Star, 2/18/69, A6)
February 18: Secretary of State William P. Rogers told Senate Foreign
Relations Committee during hearings on nonproliferation treaty that
he hoped U.S.— U.S.S. R. missile talks would be under way before it
became necessary for U.S. to start deployment of proposed Sentinel
ABM system. He said U.S. would have obligation under treaty to enter
into strategic arms talks with U.S.S.R. and expressed hope such talks
could begin within six months. (Transcript, 377—8)

• Rep. Charles H. Wilson (D-Calif.) introduced H.R. 7030, bill to en-

courage worldwide interest in U.S. developments and accomplishments
in military and related aviation and equipment by authorizing Federal
sponsorship of International Aeronautical Exposition in U.S., to be
held not later than 1970. (Text)

• In Washington Post review of Contact! The Story of the Early Birds by

Henry Serrano Villard, John Osgood said: "Despite the technical com-
plexities of the recent translunar injection, the mystique of flight re-
mains undiminished 65 years after Orville Wright managed his mere
120 feet of powered flight. Mystique or no, it is still difficult to com-
prehend what drove the early aeronauts to attempt feats which most
often won them the contempt and ridicule of their countrymen."
{W Post, 2/18/69, B4)
February 19: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, told Sub-
committee on Science, Research, and Development of House Committee
on Science and Astronautics, "Our intellectual resources— not our ma-
terial resources — are the limits to what we can now achieve." During
hearings on H.R. 35, bill to promote advancement of science and edu-
cation of scientists through institutional grants to U.S. colleges and
universities, he said: "We hear it said that if we only spent as much

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 19

money on urban programs as we did, say, on the atomic bomb project
or on our space program, we could quickly solve the crisis in our
cities. But let us not forget that we launched the Manhattan project and
the space program only after, and not before . . . efforts in basic re-
search over the previous 30 or 40 years had uncovered the knowledge
which showed us how we could build atomic bombs or launch payloads
into space. Neither the Manhattan project nor the space program could
have been dreamed of 10 years before they started, because we did not
even know enough to even formulate a development program. Now, in
many ... of our present crises we are in the same position as far as
technology is concerned. We do not know enough about certain tech-
nologies and . . . many social phenomena to justify mounting a con-
centrated, technically based attack on these problems now. We must
. . . greatly enhance . . . measures to relieve immediate suffering and
injustice. But at the same time we must encourage and support new
efforts to learn more, to extend our base of fundamental knowledge in
science, technology, social science, so that we can move sure footedly
toward long-range solutions." (Transcript)

• Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), introduced H.R. 465 "providing for the

establishment of the Astronauts Memorial Commission to construct
and erect with funds a memorial in the John F. Kennedy Space Center,
Florida, or the immediate vicinity, to honor and commemorate the
men who serve as astronauts in the U.S. space program." [CR,
2/19/69, H1087)

• House passed and returned to Senate S. 17, bill to amend Communica-

tions Satellite Act of 1962 to provide for apportionment of ComSatCorp
directors according to percentages of stock held by public and com-
munications corporations. (CR, 2/19/69, H1037-40)
February 20: NASA announced appointment of Dr. Hans M. Mark, Chairman
of Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Univ. of California at Berkeley, as
Director of Ames Research Center. He would succeed H. Julian Allen,
who had announced retirement Oct. 25, 1968, but had remained as
Acting Director. Dr. Mark, expert in nuclear and atomic physics, was
also Reactor Administrator of Univ.'s Berkeley Research Reactor, re-
search physicist at Univ.'s Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and con-
sultant to USA and nsf. Clarence A. Syvertson, Director of Astronautics
at ARC, was appointed to newly created position of arc Deputy Director.
Both appointments were effective Feb. 28. Because of prior commit-
ments, Dr. Mark would spend one-fifth of his time at arc until July
1969. (NASA Release 69-32; arc Astrogram, 2/24/69, 1)

• Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told Senate Foreign Relations Com-

mittee during hearings on nuclear nonproliferation treaty that U.S.
should go forward with Sentinel system if DOD review found it "prac-
tical" and "effective," since U.S.S.R. was working on "sophisticated
new abm system." Curtailment in Soviet missile construction during
past few months, Laird said, was due to R&D testing on more sophisti-
cated system. U.S.S.R. had been outspending U.S. three to one in
missile defense and "substantial" network around Moscow was halfway
complete. (Transcript, 419—20)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family ended official goodwill

tour of Western Europe with lecture and luncheon in Lisbon. During

February 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

final European news conference previous day, he had predicted U.S.
would put man on moon in summer 1969 "if everything goes well."
(upi, W Star, 2/20/69, A8)

• nasa launched Nike-Apache sounding rocket from Churchill Research

Range carrying Southwest Center for Advanced Studies payload to
investigate auroral disturbances. Mission was unsuccessful. (NASA
Proj Off)

• At annual dinner of Washington Academy of Sciences, GSFC engineer

Charles R. Gunn received Academy's award for "noteworthy discovery,
accomplishment, or publication" in engineering field for his work as
technical director of Thor-Delta launch vehicle, (gsfc Delta Proj Mgr;
AP, W Star, 2/21/69, CIO)

• First International Aviation Service Award, financed by contributions

from faa employees and established in June 1968 by retiring faa exec-
utive Alfred Hand, was presented in Washington to Theodore C. Uebel,
International Liaison Officer for faa, for "outstanding accomplish-
ments in furthering the interests of the United States in international
aviation." (faa Release 69-17)

• Eugene Luther Vidal, who as Director of Air Commerce of Dept. of Com-

merce (1933—1937) promoted growth of U.S. civil aviation, died at
age 73 in Palos Verdes, Calif. He had furthered construction of air-
ports and beacons, encouraged private flying and manufacture of small
aircraft, advanced commercial aviation, and reorganized Government
control of commercial flights. After leaving Commerce Dept. he had
established research laboratory near Camden, N.J., where he developed
process for making airframe parts from molded plywood. (NYT,
2/21/69, 43)
February 21: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family returned from
European goodwill tour made on behalf of President Nixon. At An-
drews afb, Md., Borman told press on arrival that Europeans found
it hard to believe U.S. "could spend all that money on its space pro-
gram and still make public everything we learned." He said reception
had been uniformly friendly, "but they would hesitate to ask us ques-
tions, because they assumed . . . information about the Apollo 8 flight
must be classified." Borman and family reported at Capitol to Vice
President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of nasc. Borman told press con-
ference he had found "extreme identification of people in all walks of
life in Europe with our flight. They were very well informed about it
and looked on us as representatives of Earth. I hope that feeling of
comradeship can continue." (AP, W Post, 2/22/69, A2)

• ComSatCorp reported $6,841 million 1968 net income (68 cents per

share), up from 1967 net income of $4,638 million (46 cents per
share). Improvement had resulted primarily from net operating in-
come of $988,000, which contrasted with 1967 net operating loss of
$642,000. (ComSatCorp Release 69-10)

• President Nixon approved "Policy on Expanded Use of Federal Research

Facilities by University Investigators" which directed Federal agencies
to make equipment in Federal laboratories more readily available to
qualified university scientists. He directed Dr. Lee A. DuBridge to
monitor execution of policy with help of Federal Council for Science
and Technology, which had recommended adoption. {PD, 3/3/69,
304)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February21

• faa announced award of $35,426,283 contract to univac Federal Systems
Div. of Sperry Rand Corp. for automated radar tracking systems (arts
III) to be installed at more than 60 major U.S. airports, (faa Release
69-22)

February 23: President Nixon arrived in Belgium at start of eight-day
goodwill visit to heads of state in Brussels, London, Bonn, West Ber-
lin, Rome, Paris, and the Vatican. In welcoming speech at Brussels
National Airport, King Baudouin said: "During this year, which will
perhaps be that of man's first landing on the moon, we are more than
ever conscious of the gulf between the wonderful possibilities open to
us and the obligations which burden the world because of war, want,
injustice, and inequality. May your journey and your interviews pro-
vide an opportunity for friendly nations better to combine their efforts
to solve their problems on which the very future of mankind depends."
( PD, 3/3/69, 310)

February 24-28: NASA's Mariner VI (Mariner F) spacecraft was successfully
launched from etr by Atlas-Centaur (SLV-3C) booster on five-month,
226-million-mi, direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars — NASA's first of
two attempts to conduct Mars flyby missions during 1969 launch win-
dow. Launch vehicle performance and spacecraft injection were nom-
inal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur, deployed its four solar panels,
locked its sensors on sun and star Canopus, and entered cruise mode,
where it remained with all subsystems performing satisfactorily while
trajectorv was refined. Midcourse maneuver was successfully conducted
Feb. 28 to ensure that spacecraft would fly within 2,200 mi (3,540.5
km) of Mars July 31.

Primary mission objective was equatorial flyby mission for explora-
tory investigations of Mars to set basis for future experiments, particu-
larly those relevant to search for extraterrestrial life. As secondary
objective spacecraft would develop technology needed for succeeding
Mars missions. The 840-lb spacecraft carried six complementary ex-
periments to provide information about Martian surface and atmos-
phere. Mission offered first opportunity to make scientific measurements
on night side of Mars. Two onboard TV cameras would take pictures
of Mars disc during approach with 15-mi optimum resolution and of
surface during flyby with 900-ft optimum resolution. Infrared spec-
trometer and uv spectrometer would probe Mars atmosphere, and oc-
cupation experiment would obtain data on atmospheric pressures and
densities. Infrared radiometer would measure surface temperatures on
both light and dark sides of Mars; celestial mechanics experiment
would use tracking information to refine astronomical data. Sharp
increase in data returns would be achieved over 1964 Mariner missions.
Mariner VI TV pictures would contain 3.9-million bits of information;
Mariner IV contained 240,000 bits in 1965. Mariner VI would trans-
mit science data at basic rate of 270 bps and high rate of 16,200 bps
before flyby; Mariner IV transmitted at 8 ]/3 bps.

Mariner VI was follow-on to 1964 Mariner/Mars missions and pre-
cursor to 1971 orbital and 1973 landing missions. First Mars probe,
Mariner III (launched Nov. 4, 1964), had failed to achieve desired
orbit when shroud remained attached to spacecraft. Mariner IV
(launched Nov. 28, 1964) had transmitted first close-up photos of
Mars in July 1965. Mariner VII (Mariner G) would be launched

February 24-28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

March 24. Mariner program was directed by ossa Lunar and Planetary
Programs Div. Project management and responsibility for spacecraft,
mission operations, and tracking and data acquisition were assigned
to jpl. Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle was managed by LeRC. (nasa
Proj Off; nasa Release 69-26)
February 24: At State Dept. meeting of more than 60 INTELSAT member
nations, U.S. delegation chairman Leonard H. Marks said, "I can
think of no more important step we can take towards reducing world
tensions than that of broadening communications links between power
nations representing different political systems" — as U.S.S.R. and 13
other observer nations listened. In written memorandum, France had
questioned whether strong centralized system desired by U.S. could or
should be established and urged that any new agreement leave partici-
pating countries free to join other satellite systems. (Samuelson, W
Post, 2/5/69, D5)

• Federal Council for Science and Technology transmitted to NASA "Policy

on Expanded Use of Federal Research Facilities by University Investi-
gators" approved by President Nixon Feb. 21. (nasa Off of Policy
Memo, 3/14/69)

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew told American Management Assn.
briefing on oceanography in Washington, D.C., that Nixon Adminis-
tration was not yet ready to endorse concept of "a wet nasa"- — marine-
oriented Government agency. As Chairman of National Council on
Marine Resources and Engineering Development he was studying
opinions of advocates of such an agency, as well as [Jan. 11] report
by Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources.
(Smith, NYT, 2/25/69, 53)

February 24— March 3: First documented pulsar acceleration was discovered
in Pulsar PSR 0833-45 in Vela constellation in southern sky by JPL
radio-astronomers Paul Reichley and Dr. George S. Downs, using 85-
foot dish antenna at Goldstone, Calif. While pulsars normally showed
moderate but steady slowing in pulse rate, Vela's rate accelerated, then
slowed at slightly faster rate than before, during week's observation.
Findings in NASA-sponsored research were confirmed by Parkes Ob-
servatory astronomers in Australia, (jpl Release BB-513, 4/16/69)

February 25: Cosmos CCLXVI was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with
336-km (208.8-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 89.8-min
period, and 72° inclination. Satellite reentered March 5. (gsfc SSR,
2/28/69; 3/15/69; AP, W Post, 2/26/69)

• NASA's Oso V (launched Jan. 22) had successfully completed more than

496 earth orbits and had satisfactorily operated all spacecraft systems,
including raster scan and both tape records. Torque coil had been
turned on Jan. 25 to help minimize spacecraft pitch motions and re-
duce gas consumption. Primary objectives had been achieved and
Oso V had acquired scientific data from eight onboard experiments.
(nasa Proj Off)

• President Nixon addressed U.S. Embassy staff in London during eight-

day goodwill visit to European heads of state: "You have had a very
distinguished visitor to this country, Frank Borman, a few days ago. . . .
I recall when I was at the White House I was congratulating him in a
toast for what he and his fellow astronauts had done. ... He said, 'We
appreciate the remarks you have made about us.' But, he said, 'I

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 25

want to point out that there are 400,000 Americans who, in one way
or another, contributed to the building of the Apollo spacecraft and
to this program.' He said, 'I want to point out that there are 2 million
parts in an Apollo spacecraft. So, if something went wrong with
one of those parts, which had been created by these 400,000 Ameri-
cans, that tremendous, exciting journey around the moon could not
have been possible.' That, of course, is what government is about."
(PD, 3/10/69, 341-2)

• NASA announced selection of 38 scientists organized into eight teams

to assist in design and development of Martian softlander for 1973
Viking missions. Teams would participate in early instrument de-
velopment, designing softlander, and planning missions. Final selec-
tion of investigations and participating scientists for both landers and
orbiters making up 1973 Viking missions would be made December
1969, when initial results of Mariner flybys of Mars in summer 1969
would be available. Planetary Programs Directorate would have man-
agement responsibility for Viking Mars 1973 mission; LaRC had been
assigned overall project management and direct responsibility for
managing planetary lander portion; JPL had management responsi-
bility for orbiter spacecraft, (nasa Release 69-31)

• County Coroner Robert L. Creason in San Diego, Calif., gave official

cause of Feb. 17 death of Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon in Sealab III
as "acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema and congestion due to acute
cardiorespiratory failure due to carbon dioxide poisoning." Earlier
USN spokesman had acknowledged that one of rigs used by Cannon
and colleagues on fatal dive contained canister empty of chemical
used to absorb carbon dioxide from aquanauts' air supply. USN opened
formal inquiry Feb. 26. (upi, NYT, 2/25/69, 28; AP, W Star,
2/25/69, A7)

• USAF and Lockheed Georgia Co. jointly announced six-month delay in

C-5A production schedule attributed to labor strikes and material
shortages caused by Vietnam war. First aircraft would be delivered
to usaf in December rather than June. Announcement followed suc-
cessful test flight during which 250-ton aircraft reached complete
stop on 1,500 ft of runway — ^4 distance required by conventional
85-ton airliners. (Lindsay, NYT, 2/26/69; AP, W Post, 2/27/69,
A18)

• faa announced it had amended its Dec. 3 rule intended to ease conges-

tion at five of Nation's busiest airports. Amendments provided for
extra sections of scheduled air carrier flights without regard to estab-
lished quotas at all airports except John F. Kennedy, increase in
flight quotas at Kennedy between 5:00 pm and 8:00 pm, effective
date June 1 instead of April 27, and termination date of Dec. 31.
(faa Release 69-23)

• Senate Foreign Relations Committee recommended U.S. ratification of

nuclear nonproliferation treaty and said it would send treatv to Senate
floor for action by March 6. (W Post, 2/26/69, A5)
February 26: NASA successfully launched Essa IX (tos-G) ninth meteoro-
logical satellite in ESSa's Tiros Operational Satellite (tos) system from
etr by three-stage Thrust- Augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3E) booster.
Primary nasa mission objective was to place and operate spacecraft in
sun-synchronous orbit with local equator crossing time between 2:15

February 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

pm and 2:35 pm so that daily advanced-vidicon-camera-system (avcs)
pictures of entire globe could be obtained regularly and dependably.
Satellite achieved nearly polar, sun-synchronous, circular orbit with
934.6-mi (1,503.8-km) apogee, 884.4-mi (1,423.9-km) perigee, 115.2-
min period, and 101.8° inclination.

An advanced version of cartwheel configuration, 320-lb cylindrical
Essa IX carried flat plate radiometer to measure atmosphere's heat
balance and two avcs cameras for daily global weather coverage.
Photos would be stored on board satellite on magnetic tape until
readout by essa's Command and Data Acquisition (cda) stations at
Fairbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Va. Satellite was backup to
ensure full coverage after failure of one avcs camera on Essa VII
(launched Aug. 16, 1968) and would be primary stored-data satellite
in tos system.

Spacecraft was placed in wheel mode and spin rate was adjusted.
Only anomaly was 20 rpm spin rate (rather than expected 10 rpm)
after spacecraft spin-down.

ESSA financed and managed tos system and would operate spacecraft
after NASA completed checkout in month. GSFC was responsible for
procurement, launch, and initial checkout of spacecraft in orbit.
(nasa Proj Off; essa Release ES-69-9)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXVII from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Or-

bital parameters: apogee, 331 km (205.7 mi) ; perigee, 202 km (125.5
mi) ; period, 89.8 min; and inclination, 65°. Satellite reentered March
6. (gsfc 557?, 2/28/69; 3/15/69; SBD, 2/27/69, 212; C Trib,
2/27/69)

• LeRC announced it had completed assembly of Brayton Cycle space power

generating system, which appeared promising as source of electrical
power for space flights up to five years long. Self-supporting, closed-
loop system operated when mixture of helium and xenon was heated
to 1,600°F and circulated to drive turbine. Turbine operated alternator
providing electric power and also compressor that helped circulate
gas through system. Cycle would undergo tests in simulated space en-
vironment in summer. (LeRC Release 68—9)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced President Nixon

had nominated John H. Shaffer, Vice President of trw Inc., as Federal
Aviation Administrator. Shaffer would replace Acting faa Administra-
tor, David D. Thomas, who would remain as Deputy Administrator.
(dot Release 2469)

• MSFC announced it had extended contract with Mason-Rust for continued

support services at Michoud Assembly Facility for six months. Con-
tract modification amounted to $3,786,203. (msfc Release 69-46)
February 27: NASA postponed Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission, scheduled for
launch Feb. 28, after intensive medical examinations of prime crew
revealed viral infections. (W Star, 2/27/69, Al)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill

Research Range carrying Rice Univ. payload to conduct auroral
studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj
Off)

• White House announced President Nixon had established interdepart-

mental ad hoc committee to review SST program's technology, commer-
cial potential, schedule and costs, and environmental side-effects, par-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 February 27

ticularly sonic boom phenomenon. Under Secretary of Transportation
James M. Beggs was designated chairman of 11-member committee,
which also included Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. Du-
Bridge; Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.; and
NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Charles W. Harper. (PD,
3/3/69, 329-30)

• Commemorative stamp to be issued May 5 in honor of Dec. 21—27, 1968,

Apollo 8 mission would include phrase "In the beginning God . . ."
on photo of earth as seen from moon, taken by Apollo 8 crew. Post-
master General Winton M. Blount said phrase, read from Genesis by
Astronaut William A. Anders during lunar orbit Christmas Eve 1968,
would be included in response to many requests. Stamp would be first
U.S. stamp with religious wording since 1961. (upi, W Post, 2/28/69)

• fkc announced award to Serv-Air Inc. of one-year, cost-plus-award-fee

contract for administrative technical support services. Contract, esti-
mated at $750,000 per year, included provision for two one-year ex-
tensions, (frc Release 7-69)
February 28: NASA and British Science Research Council (src) had agreed
to conduct cooperative project to launch fourth Ariel satellite, NASA
announced. Ariel IV would be launched by Scout booster from WTR
in late 1971 or early 1972 carrying one U.S. and four U.K. experiments
to explore interactions among plasma-charged particle streams and
electromagnetic waves in upper atmosphere. SRC would be responsible
for spacecraft design, fabrication, and testing; NASA would provide
Scout launch vehicle. Both agencies would participate in tracking, data
acquisition, and data reduction. (NASA Release 69—35)

• Tenth anniversary of dod's 1,450-lb Discoverer I satellite successfully

launched into polar orbit by Thor-Agena booster. Tracking acquisition
was hampered by stabilization difficulties and satellite reentered in early
March 1959.

Agena launch vehicle — most widely used booster in U.S. — had com-
pleted more than 250 successful flights in DOD and NASA operations since
its first mission Feb. 28, 1958, and had carried first spacecraft to achieve
circular orbit, first to be controlled in orbit by ground command, and
first propelled from one orbit to another. It had been continually up-
dated and used as versatile, multipurpose vehicle. (A&A 1915—60;
Space Propulsion, 2/28/69, 199)

• Canadian Black Brant IIIB sounding rocket launched by NASA from

Wallops Station reached 134-mi (215.6-km) altitude on first of two
flights to evaluate improved Black Brant IIIB single-stage rocket and
to provide data for payload environmental test specification [see
May 1]. (nasa Rpt srl)

• LaRC issued RFPs for design and financial proposals for planetary lander

and project integration portions of NASA's Viking project. Viking space-
craft— consisting of lander and orbiter — were to be procured for two
planned flights to Mars to search for scientific data in 1973. (nasa
Release 69-36)

• nasa announced it would negotiate with North American Rockwell Corp.

for modifications to four Apollo spacecraft for Apollo Applications
program. Combined value of spacecraft and modifications was esti-
mated at $340 million, (nasa Release 69-34)

• In Science, Bryce Nelson reviewed Science Policy in the USSR, study

February 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

sponsored by Directorate for Scientific Affairs of Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd). It indicated, he
said, that Soviet scientists and political leaders "need to spend con-
siderable time thinking about how to correct imbalances in their R&D
system." U.S.S.R. had succeeded outstandingly in aviation rocketry,
space exploration, atomic energy, machine tools, and iron and steel
technology but its R&D system seemed sluggish. Main bottleneck was
relative unavailability of testing facilities. Central planning system in
U.S.S.R. reinforced separation between R&D establishments and in-
dustry and contributed to reluctance of factories to innovate. Increas-
ing use of contract system, with industries placing growing number
of R&D contracts with institutions of higher learning, was helping bridge
gap between research centers and industry. (Science, 2/28/69, 917—8)
During February: In Astronautics & Aeronautics editorial written just
before his appointment as Secretary of Air Force, incoming aiaa Presi-
dent, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., said: "I believe that to understand
adequately the challenges that confront those of us in aeronautical and
aerospace activities, we must take as our perspective the commitments
that challenge the nation as a whole. President Eisenhower, President
Kennedy, and President Johnson, each in his own way, had a major
impact on aeronautics and astronautics. And for each, his support of
aerospace was a function of his belief that such efforts were instru-
mental in the accomplishment of national goals. In the future, as in
the past, governmental support of aerospace will be based largely on
its demonstrated relevance to the needs of the nation." (A&A, 2/69,
26-7)

March 1969

March 1: Terminal countdown for Apollo 9 mission, scheduled for launch
March 3, began at 10:00 pm est. (nasa Proj Off)

• ComSatCorp submitted Report to the President and the Congress for the

Calendar Year 1968. Highlights included completion of three new-
ground stations in U.S. and seven in foreign countries, successful
launch and operation of lntelsat-lll F-2 (Dec. 18, 1968), increase
in INTELSAT membership to 63 nations, award of $72-million contract
to Hughes Aircraft Co. for four Intelsat IV satellites, and phasing out
of regular service of Intelsat I (Early Bird) after 42 mos of com-
mercial service with 100% reliability.

In 1968 ComSatCorp realized net income of $6,841,000 (68 cents
per share), 47% increase over $4,638,000 (46 cents per share) earned
in 1967. Revenues for 1968 totaled $30,495,000; they were $18,464,000
in 1967. Utilization of comsat system continued to increase, with
ComSatCorp leasing 941 full-time circuits at end of 1968, up from
717 at end of 1967 and 73 at end of 1966. Demand for TV coverage
of world news events increased, with 666 hrs of TV transmitted via
satellite during 1968 — nearly three times as many hours as in 1967.
(Text; Annual Rpt to Shareholders)
March 2: Sud- Aviation chief test pilot Andre Turcat flew Anglo-French
supersonic Concorde 001 prototype airliner in successful 27-min
maiden flight from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France. Inclement
weather, which had delayed event originally scheduled for Feb. 28,
forced holding 193-ft-long, 200,000-lb aircraft to altitudes below 3,000
ft and maximum speed of 350 mph. Concorde was designed to fly at
1,400 mph at 12,000-ft altitude. Turcat pronounced flight "very satis-
factory" and said aircraft "behaved perfectly" in 90° sweep around
area. U.K. prototype would fly in six weeks and air worthiness cer-
tificates were hoped for by manufacturers Sud-Aviation and British
Aircraft Corp. by end of 1972, so aircraft could enter service in 1973.
(bac pio; AP, W Star, 3/3/69, A7; Wentworth, W Post, 3/3/69, A3)

• Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at

MSC, told preflight press conference Apollo 9 astronauts were "in a
real fine state of health" for March 3 launch. Although two astronauts
still had some minor throat infection, it would not interfere with
planned launch time. Three-day postponement of launch from original
Feb. 28 date had made possibility of inflight illness "exceedingly
slim." Only addition to spacecraft's standard medical kit — which al-
ready included nasal emolient — might be throat lozenges. (Transcript)

• President Nixon addressed U.S. Embassy staff in Paris before departure

for visit with Pope Paul VI at Vatican and return to U.S. after good-
will tour: ". . . the success of a policy depends upon thousands of
people around, in an embassy like this and an establishment like this,
and millions around this world," in same way that success of Apollo 8

March 2

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

March 2: Concorde 001, Anglo-French supersonic prototype airliner, lifted off on its
maiden flight, from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France. (British Aircraft Corp. photo)

had depended on 400,000 Americans working on project. (PD,
3/10/69, 355)

• U.S. authorities reported U.S.S.R. had conducted mid-February test-

firing of defense rocket that could intercept attacking missiles at 100
to 450 mi from its launch site. Rocket appeared comparable to U.S.
Spartan interceptor planned for U.S. ABM system. U.S.S.R. also was
reported making progress on phased-array radar judged essential for
swift detection and handling of several attacking missiles at once.
(Corddry, B Sun, 3/3/69, Al)

• Thomas O'Toole in Washington Post observed similarities among astro-

nauts. Of 23 who already had flown in space, 21 were either only sons
or eldest sons. Pattern tied in, he said, with psychologists' beliefs that
only and eldest children tended to achieve more in life because they
were disciplined more and trained and treated better by parents. Astro-
nauts also were athletic, showed academic excellence, and had intense
love of flying, O'Toole said. (W Post, 3/2/69)
March 3-13: NASA's Apollo 9 (AS-504), first manned flight of Apollo lunar
module, was successfully launched from ksc Launch Complex 39,
Pad A, at 11:00 am EST by Saturn V booster — for extensive LM tests,
extravehicular activity, and csm— LM separation, rendezvous, and dock-
ing to simulate activities after lunar landing. Flight carried LM— 3
and CSM— 104. Launch had been postponed three days because crew
had virus respiratory infections.

Primary objectives were to demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and
mission support facilities performance during manned Saturn V mis-
sion with CSM and LM; demonstrate LM and crew performance, dem-
onstrate performance of nominal and selected backup lunar orbit
rendezvous (LOR) mission activities; and assess CSm/lm consum-
ables. Multispectral photography experiment was carried for first time

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

March 3-13

March 3—13: Apollo 9, first manned flight of the Apollo lunar module, successfully
tested in space csm-lm separation, rendezvous and docking, and extravehicular ac-
tivities to simulate actions after a manned lunar landing. David R. Scott, pilot of
the CM, stood in the open hatch of the docked CM with the earth as a backdrop,
photographed by lm pilot Russell L. Schweickart from the porch of the lm.

to provide photos of earth resources using several different film-filter
combinations.

Launch events occurred as planned and spacecraft, carrying Astro-
nauts James A. McDivitt (commander), David R. Scott (CM pilot),
and Russell L. Schweickart (lm pilot), entered initial orbit with
119.5-mi (192.3-km) apogee and 117.6-mi (189.3-km) perigee. After

March 3-13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

post-insertion checkout csm, code-named "Gumdrop," separated from
Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) and lm, code-named "Spider." Crew
successfully transposed CSM and docked with LM, and docked space-
craft was separated from 3rd stage with RCS burn. Two S— IVB burns
placed stage on earth-escape trajectory. Crew conducted first docked
sps burn.

On second day crew tracked landmarks, conducted pitch and yaw
roll maneuvers, and increased apogee by firing sps engine three times.
On third day, McDivitt and Schweickart entered lm through docking
tunnel, evaluated lm systems, transmitted first telecast, and conducted
first manned firing of LM descent propulsion system (dps). They then
returned to csm and conducted fifth sps burn to circularize orbit.
McDivitt and Schweickart reentered LM on fourth day and trans-
mitted second telecast. Schweickart, recovered from earlier nausea,
spent 37 min outside spacecraft, walking between lm and csm hatches,
maneuvering on handrails, and standing in "golden slipper" foot
restraints. He commented on sun's brightness, photographed spacecraft
and earth, and described rain squalls over ksc before he and McDivitt
returned to CSM. Scott opened CM hatch and retrieved thermal samples
from CSM exterior.

McDivitt and Schweickart reentered LM on fifth day to perform
CSM— LM rendezvous. Scott separated CSM from lm and fired CSM
reaction control system thrusters to place spacecraft about 3.4 mi
(5.5 km) apart. LM dps was ignited twice to set up rendezvous. LM
descent stage was jettisoned and lm ascent propulsion system (aps)
was fired to set up conditions for circularization. Although problems
were encountered with crewman optical alignment sight (coas) be-
cause of extremely bright reflections, radar and optical sightings
backed up by earth tracking enabled spacecraft to dock successfully
after being up to 114 mi (183.5 km) apart during 6V2"hr separation.
After McDivitt and Schweickart returned to CSM, crew jettisoned LM
ascent stage and maneuvered to safe distance while stage burned to
propellant depletion and entered orbit with 4,309-mi (6,934.5-km)
apogee and 142.2-mi (228.8-km) perigee. By end of fifth day 97%
of Apollo 9 objectives had been successfully accomplished.

On sixth through ninth days crew conducted sixth and seventh SPS
burns to alter apogee, tracked NASA's Pegasus III meteoroid detection
satellite (launched July 30, 1965), took multispectral photos of earth,
tracked landmarks, exercised spacecraft systems, and prepared for
reentry.

Final SPS burn for deorbit on 10th day was delayed one revolution
because of unfavorable weather in planned landing area. CM— SM sepa-
ration, parachute deployment, and other reentry events were nominal;
spacecraft reentered during 152nd revolution and splashed down in
Atlantic 180 mi east of Bahamas at 12:53 pm EST March 13, 241 hrs
53 sees after launch, within sight of recovery ship U.S.S. Guadalcanal.
Crew was picked up by helicopter and flown to recovery ship within
one hour after splashdown.

Astronauts were welcomed by Guadalcanal crew and received con-
gratulatory telegram message from President Nixon which said: "The
epic flight of Apollo Nine will be recorded in history as ten days that
thrilled the world. You have by your courage and your skill helped to

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 3-13

shape the future of man in space. The three of you and the great team
which enabled you to complete your successful mission have shown the
world that the spirit of man and his technological genius are eager to
begin an age of adventure, an age which will benefit all the people on
this good earth."

All primary Apollo 9 objectives were achieved and anomalies were
not serious enough to alter mission operations or flight plan signifi-
cantly. First manned flight of LM qualified last major component for
lunar landing mission.

Apollo 9 was sixth Apollo mission to date and third manned Apollo
mission. Earlier unmanned Apollo flights had yielded all spacecraft
information possible without crew on board. Apollo 4 (launched Nov.
9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been highly
successful, completing inflight tests of all major pieces of Apollo hard-
ware. Apollo 6 (launched April 4, 1968), despite launch vehicle prob-
lems, had attained four of five primary objectives with spacecraft
recovered in excellent condition. First manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7
(Oct. 11-22, 1968), had achieved all primary objectives and verified
operation of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. Second manned
mission, Apollo 8 (Dec. 21-27, 1968), proved capability of Apollo
hardware and systems to operate out to lunar distances and return
through earth's atmosphere.

Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space
Flight; msc was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC
for Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking
and data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of
NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA
Releases 69-29, 69-33; PD, 3/17/69, 400)
March 3: Following successful Apollo 9 launching, President Nixon issued
statement: "The successful launching of the Apollo 9 spacecraft marks
another milestone in the journey of man into space. The hopes and
prayers of mankind go with Col. James A. McDivitt, Col. David R.
Scott, and Mr. Russell Schweickart on their courageous mission. The
genius of the American scientist and technological community, which
created and designed the Saturn V, the command ship, and the lunar
module, once again stirs the imagination and gratitude of the world.
We are proud of this American adventure; but this is more than an
American adventure. It is an adventure of man, bringing the accumu-
lated wisdom of his past to the task of shaping his future. The 10-day
flight of Apollo 9 will, we hope, do something more than bring
America close to the moon; it can serve to bring humanity closer by
dramatically showing what men can do when they bring to any task
the best of man's mind and heart." (PD, 3/10/69, 356)

• After watching Apollo 9 launch at KSC, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew

■ — NASC Chairman — told press he would be special advocate for space
program. "I will lend whatever thrust I can to nudge the President
into an awareness of what I consider of overriding importance." His
interest in space was heightened by "the wonderful experience of
visiting with astronauts, preparing for future missions," and seeing
dedication of workers in all jobs connected with program. (B Sun,
3/4/69, A6)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from wsmr with

March 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

VAM-20 booster carried gsfc experiment to 101.5-mi (163-km) alti-
tude to search for cosmic x-ray radiation near Scorpius and north pole
of galaxy. Rocket and experiments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt
srl)

• usaf announced it had selected TRW Inc. for initial increment of $14

million to estimated $37,653,090 contract to design new, synchronous
comsats for Phase II of Defense Satellite Communications System
(dscs). New satellites would be used with small surface terminals.
Steerable, narrow-beam antennas would focus portion of satellite
energy to areas of 1,000- or 2,000-mi dia and could be steered to
different locations on earth's surface in minutes. Satellites could be
moved to new position in days as needed, (dod Release 148—69)
March 4: usaf launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afb by
Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 279.6-mi (449.9-km) apogee,
96.3-mi (155.0-km) perigee, 90.2-min period, and 92.0° inclination.
Satellite reentered March 18. (gsfc SSR, 3/15/69; 3/31/69; SBD,
3/7/69, 30; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• NASA Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas O. Paine, testifying before House

Committee on Science and Astronautics on NASA FY 1970 authoriza-
tion request, outlined goals in space and aeronautics toward which
U.S. should move in next decade:

"First — We should do all we can to understand and put into early
use the promise of space for people here on earth. We should increase
our scientific knowledge of the vital earth-sun relationship and study
the earth itself from space. We should develop and experiment with
new and improved practical applications of satellites, particularly in
earth resources. We should continue to foster prompt introduction into
the economy of space applications and technology.

"Second — We should follow up the first Apollo landing with a sound
program of manned lunar exploration.

"Third — We should proceed with the development and experimental
operation of a permanent U.S. space station in earth orbit.

"Fourth — We should move out steadily in the exploration of deeper
space, exploring the planets with unmanned probes and the sun, stars,
and galaxies from orbital observatories outside the atmosphere.

"Fifth — We should provide the technology for developing the full
potential of U.S. civil and military aeronautics.

"Sixth — We should maintain a strong momentum of broad techno-
logical advance in all aerospace disciplines."

Although NASA's 1970 budget was " 'holding' budget," Dr. Paine
said request did include funds for starting three principal new pro-
grams: Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program, with start of
erts A and B development; nerva flight-weight engine development,
postponed from 1969; and series of planetary explorers for future
flights to Venus and Mars.

In period of "retrenchment and declining resources," FY 1969
operating budget was $762 million below FY 1968 budget and over
$1 billion below FY 1967. Nationwide employment on nasa work had
decreased from earlier peak of 420,000 to 270,000 at end of FY 1968,
to about 215,000 at end of FY 1969, and under FY 1970 budget to
about 190,000. (Testimony)
• Apollo program after lunar landing was discussed by NASA Associate

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 4

Administrator for Manned Space Fight, Dr. George E. Mueller, before
House Committee on Science and Astronautics hearing on NASA FY
1970 appropriations: "A thorough exploration plan has been evolved
by the scientific community which will be initiated with the remainder
of the fifteen Saturn V launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft available
under the Apollo program. Three initial phases of lunar exploration
have been defined. The first phase will consist of landings that sample
and observe the major classes of regions on the moon. To establish
these norms, it will be necessary to land, carry out geological pros-
pecting, and obtain rock and soil samples for return to earth from
four separate sites. . . .

"The second phase would include the investigation of the major
classes of lunar anomalies . . . volcanic types, sinuous riverlike channel-
ways, fracture zones and impact craters. Six additional sites have been
identified as the minimum ... to provide answers to basic questions
about the moon and to evaluate locations of potential resources, build-
ing materials or underground shelter openings. The third phase would
be to tie together this information from 10 or more sites by making a
remote sensing survey of the moon from lunar orbit."

Apollo Applications FY 1970 budget provided for "continuation of
flight hardware development and for integration of modified subsys-
tems into hardware for a set of five earth-orbital flights." Their com-
pletion in 1972 "terminates the manned flight activity until other
manned flight programs are established." (Testimony)

• Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial on Apollo 9 mission: "In the

first Apollo launchings, it was the taming of sheer, brute power that
awed the on-looker.

"At the moment of ignition, it was not what lay beyond the astro-
nauts that gripped the millions watching TV. It was the question
whether the huge Saturn V booster would respond to command,
whether it would hurl the astronauts into orbit or collapse, toppling
slowly into a furnace of its own making.

"But with yesterday's flawless Apollo 9 launch, the Saturn V booster
seemed to emerge as a proven piece of space hardware. The preoccu-
pation now is with the complexity, sophistication, the intricate work-
ings of the most complicated of the several machines the United States
has put together for the conquest of the moon. ... In its sophistication
and vulnerability, [the lm] is ... an extension of man himself." (P
Bull, 3/4/69)

• A number of MIT scientists, in day-long work stoppage, gathered to

discuss uses and misuses of scientific knowledge, including military
research, university-Government relations, disarmament, and responsi-
bilities of intellectuals. Similar programs were held on 30 campuses
across country, and Univ. of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia canceled all
undergraduate classes for day. ( Reinhold, NYT, 3/5/69, 1)
March 5: U.S.S.R. successfully launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos
CCLXV1U, launched from Kapustin Yar, entered orbit with 2,161-km
(1,342.8-mi) apogee, 211-km (131.1-mi) perigee, 109.1-min period, and
48.4° inclination and reentered May 9, 1970. Cosmos CCLXIX,
launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 542-km (336.8-mi) apogee,
525-km (326.2-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 74° inclination.
(gsfc SSR, 3/15/69; 5/31/70; SBD, 3/7/69, 30)

March 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• President Nixon, at White House ceremony, presented National Space

Club's Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy to Apollo 8 astronauts
and announced nomination of Acting Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0.
Paine, to be NASA Administrator.

Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., accepted award for himself and
Astronauts Frank Borman and William A. Anders. Citation: "In an
epic journey man for the first time in December 1968 soared out of
the earth gravitational field, flew unerringly into a close orbit of the
moon, then back to a precise and safe landing. This historic voyage
performed at times before the largest television audience in history,
and open for coverage by the world's press, reflects the utmost credit
on the United States Space Program, Congress, nasa, and thousands
of companies and employees in industry representing all these, the
courageous, competent crew of Apollo 8."

Following award presentation, President announced Dr. Paine's
appointment: "There has been a great deal of interest as to who would
be the new head of NASA. ... we have searched the country to find a
man who could take this program and give it the leadership that it
needs, as we move from one phase to another. This is an exciting
period, and it requires the new leadership that a new man can pro-
vide. But after searching the whole country for somebody, perhaps
outside of the program, we found . . . that the best man in the
country was in the program." Dr. Paine in his response said: "I
believe in the space program. I believe in this country, and I think
that this country should indeed be the preeminent nation in space-
faring, and ... I am sure that we can go ahead to . . . see that the
NASA program in the second decade of space will even out-perform
the accomplishments in the first." (PD, 3/10/69, 369-71)

• At 12th annual Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C., spon-

sored by National Space Club, Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A.
DuBridge, said: ". . . we are witnessing another spectacular example
of the utilization of scientific knowledge, accumulated by many genera-
tions of scientists, some famous and some obscure, who worked away
in their laboratories trying to probe the secrets of nature. We have
seen how once these secrets . . . have been revealed, engineering skills
could be put to work. We see in our space program also an example
of the reverse process. . . . New technological developments lead to
new techniques and new instruments which . . . speed up our basic
work in science and lead to new ways of uncovering new secrets of
nature. Thus, during these past ten years the advance of science has
been enormously aided by the advance of space technology." {CR,
3/12/69, S2755)

Astronautics Engineer Award was presented to nasa's l/g Samuel
C. Phillips (usaf) in absentia since Apollo 9 mission was still under
way. Citation read: "For his personal direction of the Apollo program
throughout development and into the final phases of flight to the Moon
dramatically illustrated by the two successful all-up flights of the
Saturn V and the error-free flights of Apollo 7 and the extraordinary
flight of Apollo 8 to the Moon and back. His engineering skill and
leadership throughout the development and execution of this complex
program have made possible an outstanding American success."

Richard J. Allen of nasa Apollo Program Office Test Div. was

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 5

awarded Hugh L. Dryden Memorial Fellowship presented to NASA em-
ployee adjudged "a deserving individual in disciplines applicable to
science, astronautics and space administration."

Mitchell R. Sharpe of Systems Safety and Manned Flight Awareness
Office, msfc, received certificate, trophy, and $500 award for winning
entry in 1969 Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay competition. (His
Development of the Lifesaving Rocket: A Study in 19th Century Tech-
nological Fallout was released by NASA June 10 as msfc Historical
Note 4.)

National Space Club Press Award "for penetrating, consistently in-
formed and lucid writing on all phases of the national space program"
was awarded Evert Clark, Washington science correspondent, News-
week. North American Rockwell Corp. received Nelson P. Jackson
Award "for its major contribution to the success of Apollo during
1968." (Program; msfc Historical Note 4)

• Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and

Applications, told House Committee on Science and Astronautics in
testimony on NASA FY 1970 budget request: "We are moving toward
a number of important milestones in the Space Applications Program,
the most important of which is the Earth resources survey area, where
we are requesting funds for the design and construction of a research
satellite, Earth Resources Technology Satellite (erts). We think the
erts Program will be a very valuable addition to mankind's tools
for handling the natural and cultural resources of the world."

FY 1970 ossa program required $559 million in new obligational
authority. Although increased over FY 1969, program was well below
FY 1963 through 1967. Increases were in planetary and space appli-
cations program, with planetary increases primarily due to costs in
FY 1970 of program authorized in FY 1969. In addition, NASA was
proposing Planetary Explorer program and dual planet mission to
Venus and Mercury for 1973. Space applications increase was for ex-
perimental ERTS satellite and prototype of operational Synchronous
Meteorological Satellite (sms). (Testimony)

• Harold B. Finger, NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and

Management, testifying on budget request before House Committee
on Science and Astronautics, described employment restrictions under
FY 1970 operating plan: In May 1968, NASA had restricted employ-
ment to avoid "large and disruptive" personnel reduction in FY 1969.
"As a result . . . the on-board manpower complement is being reduced
by 1,285 in Fiscal Year 1969 and 559 new positions are being estab-
lished ... [at GSFC] for support service operations. From our highest
civil service employment level of 34,126 in July 1967, the number of
nasa's permanent employees will have decreased by 2,526 to 31,600
at the end of Fiscal Year 1970. During this same period, 965 positions
will have been established specifically to convert certain support serv-
ice functions carried out under contract with industry to civil service
operations. This results in an effective decrease in manpower of 3,491,
with a reduction from our planned manpower of 4,374. We are plan-
ning all of these reductions in personnel by attrition. . . . This is
becoming increasingly difficult since the rate of separation has slowed
appreciably. . . . The overall separation rate during the current year
is only about two-thirds of the rate for Fiscal Year 1968." (Testimony)

March 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Tech-

nology Bruce T. Lundin, testifying on FY 1970 budget request, told
House Committee on Science and Astronautics there was "a large op-
portunity to transfer the electronics technology developed for the space
program to the problems of aeronautics, such as for collision avoidance
and the development of all-weather capabilities." erc was studying
use of proximity-warning devices to avoid midair collisions and "pos-
sibilities of an aircraft-satellite link as a means of communication and
precise navigation over water areas where present capabilities are
limited. In the future, this method of navigation could provide precise
position fixing in crowded domestic operations."

Increased FY 1970 request for aeronautics research, $187 million,
would fund program strengthening base of aeronautical advanced re-
search, increasing technology base of short-haul transports, and in-
creasing research and technology for aircraft noise abatement and
safety. I Testimony )

• faa released forecast of aviation growth through 1980. Airline passenger

traffic would more than triple by 1980, with 470 million passengers
compared with 152.6 million in 1968. Average annual growth would be
10%, less than in recent years. Revenue passenger-miles flown would
reach 379 billion, from 106.5 billion in 1968. More than 90% of
3,600 airline aircraft in use would be jets; in 1968, 50% of 2,452
airline aircraft were jets.

General-aviation fleet would total 214,000 by 1980, up from 114,186
in FY 1968. Civil aircraft production would more than double FY
1968 total of 15,044, reaching 33,950. Air carrier transport aircraft
production would decrease gradually from FY 1968 record of 625
to 250. (faa Release 69-29)

• Dr. James G. Harlow, President of West Virginia Univ., was sworn in

as consultant to NASA Administrator-designate, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine.
He would serve on Management Advisory Council and had held simi-
lar position in 1961 and 1962. (nasa Release 69-39)

• msfc announced it had signed agreement with North American Rockwell

Corp.'s Rocketdyne Div. for extension of J— 2 engine production
through April 30, 1970, at reduced rate of one engine per month
instead of three. Engines would not be used as rapidly as originally
planned because of overall extension of launch vehicle production
schedule. Modifications amounted to $8,423,454. (msfc Release
69-70)

• North American Rockwell Corp.'s Space Div. had earned incentive

award fees of $1,100,000 and $270,000 under nasa contracts for
Apollo command and service modules and 2nd stage ( S— II ) for Saturn
V launch vehicle, NASA announced. Awards were determined by Per-
formance Evaluation Board on basis of nar's achievement of manage-
ment objectives specified in contracts from Sept. 1, 1967, through Dec.
31, 1968, which encompassed S— II contract activities from Aug. 4,
1968, through Dec. 28, 1968 — first of three time increments extending
through completion of Apollo program, (nasa Release 69-38)
March 6: Cosmos CCLXX was launched from Plesetsk by U.S.S.R. into
orbit with 330-km (205.01-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee,
89.8-min period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered March 14.
(gsfc SSR, 3/15/69; SBD, 3/7/69, 30; upi, W Star, 3/6/69)

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 6

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried

Columbia Univ. payload to 99.6-mi (160-km) altitude to study polari-
zation of x-rays from Crab Nebula in 10- to 25-kev energy region,
using x-ray polarimeter with lithium scattering blocks and gas pro-
portional counters. All systems were perfect; good data were obtained.
(NASA Rpt srl)

• Members of Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight of House Committee

on Science and Astronautics visited msfc for inspection tour and
hearings. Chairman Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) was ranking Representa-
tive, (msfc Release 69-72)

• msfc announced it had awarded $1,954,999 cost-plus-incentive-fee con-

tract to IBM Federal Systems Div. for designing, developing, and
building five general-purpose digital computers for Apollo Telescope
Mount project, (msfc Release 69-71)
March 7: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by nasa from wsmr
carrying Columbia Radiation Laboratories payload to conduct stellar
spectra studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily.
(NASA Proj Off)

• Time magazine said Astronaut Frank Borman had amused audiences

during February 1969 European tour by claiming Apollo 8 astronauts
deserved overtime pay because they had aged about 300 microseconds
more than people on earth during moon mission. At NASA's request,
Univ. of Maryland physicist Carroll Alley had calculated effects on
astronauts of phenomena described in Einstein's relativity equations —
time ran slower for object as its speed increased, and time accelerated
for object as it moved away from body exerting gravitational force.
Alley found Apollo 8 spacecraft speed was predominant factor when
it was within 4,000 mi of earth; time slowed and astronauts actually
aged more slowly. Beyond 4,000 mi, effects of earth's gravity lessened
as Apollo's time passed 300 microseconds faster than earth's.

Despite Alley's calculations, said Time, Borman's claim was valid
only for Astronaut William A. Anders, who made his first space flight
on Apollo 8. Astronauts Borman and James A. Lovell had been crew-
mates on Dec. 4—18, 1965, Gemini VII, when time dilation effect was
dominant for entire two weeks. They had aged less than those on
earth by 400 microseconds. Lovell's time also had been slowed during
four-day Gemini XII mission Nov. 11—15, 1966, by about 100 micro-
seconds. "Thus," said Time, "during all their missions in space, Lovell
and Borman respectively spent 200 and 100 microseconds less time
than was recorded on earth — which means they were paid for more
time than they actually worked." {Time, 3/7/69, 42)

March 7—8: nasa launched series of three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets
from Dew Line station Pin Main, Cape Parry, Canada, carrying gsfc
payloads to analyze electric fields from observed motions of neutral
and ionized barium clouds during disturbed magnetic conditions. Four
barium clouds on each rocket were released during disturbed magnetic
conditions as planned. Good photographic coverage was obtained from
all sites. ( nasa Rpts srl)

March 8: Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner made successful sec-
ond flight at altitudes to 15,840 ft and speeds to 345 mph with droop
nose lifted in flight. Sud-Aviation test pilot Andre Turcat termed flight
"very satisfactory." (upi, NYT, 3/10/69, 91)

March 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Christian Science Monitor congratulated "Gumdrop, Spider, and their

gallant crew" for successful Apollo 9 mission to date: "In a series
of smoothly executed maneuvers, they have opened the way for land-
ing on the moon. They have removed any doubt that the machinery
and tactics designed to set men down and recover them safely can
indeed do the job." Spectacular view from space symbolized "men's
ability to surmount human and natural obstacles to reach the most
difficult goals when they want to. It bespeaks a spirit running counter
to the rivalries, hatreds, and selfishness that often seem to prevent a
similar attack on tough human problems on earth. The spirit now
has brought the moon within mankind's grasp. It could bring a better
life on earth within their grasp, too." (csm, 3/8-10/69)

March 9: While spaceborne, Apollo 9 Astronaut James A. McDivitt was
selected to receive Ancient Order of Hibernians' John F. Kennedy
Medal for National Civic Service. Award would be presented by Irish-
descent society in Newark, N.J., May 10. (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 3/10/69,
Al; W Post, 3/10/69, A5)

March 10: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from
Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Colorado payload to
measure Vegard-Kaplan (1,500-1,700 A and 2,300-3,000 A) and
Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (1,300—1,500 A) bands of nitrogen in uv
auroral emissions. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily.
Payload penetrated aurora, and data were excellent, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• "Man has three sets of capabilities that make him extremely hard to

replace by any machine," NASA Associate Administrator for Manned
Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, said in address before NRC En-
gineering Div.'s annual meeting in Washington, D.C.: "1) he has a
very wide-band set of sensors for acquiring information; 2) he has
in his head a built-in memory and computer that cannot yet be matched
by our largest and fastest machines; and finally he has a remarkably
versatile capability for action, and physical operations with his body,
hands, and tools. These three capabilities make man such a valuable
element in space science and applications that we need to take ad-
vantage of him at the site of operations whenever this is feasible. . . .
With the prominence that manned flight has gained, it is surprising to
realize that while 589 unmanned satellites have been launched, there
have been only 29 manned flights, eleven by the USSR and eighteen
by the USA. These few experiments have shown that we have the
capability to extend man's genius into the new dimension of space,
as far out as the moon. In the years ahead I expect that man will
exploit his bridgehead into space and use this new territory for his
own good on earth." (Text)

• NASA released Space Resources for Teachers: Biology, Including Sugges-

tions for Classroom Activities and Laboratory Experiments. Curriculum
project was prepared by Univ. of California at Berkeley to introduce
high school teachers and students to scientific advances in space bi-
ology. (Text)
March 10-12: During aiaa 3rd Flight Test, Simulation and Support Con-
ference in Houston, Tex., Apollo 7 Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr.,
Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham received Haley Astro-
nautics Award for "exceptionally meritorious service and outstanding
contributions to the advancement of manned space flight during the

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 10-12

11-day flight of Apollo 7." Award — $500 honorarium, medal, and cer-
tificate— was presented annually for "an outstanding contribution by
test personnel who undergo personal risk in the advancement of space
flight."

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. test pilot William C. Park received Octave
Chanute Award for "flight test development of Mach 3+ aircraft."
He was first test pilot to fly SR-71 and YF-12A at design speed, (aiaa
Release 3/5/69)

March 11: Apollo 10 spacecraft, atop Saturn V launch vehicle, rolled out
of Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC to Launch Complex 39, Pad B,
for May liftoff to lunar orbit. (AP, NYT, 3/12/69, 14; upi, Huntsville
News, 3/12/69)

• Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space
Flight, testified on Apollo program, space flight operations, and ad-
vanced manned missions before House Committee on Science and
Astronautics' Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight. He explained
importance of lunar exploration and outlined plans for new space
station.

President's Science Advisory Committee had said answers to ques-
tions about moon "may profoundly affect our views of the evolution
of the solar system and its place, as well as man's in the larger scheme
of things." Fact that earth's moon was largest in relation to its planet,
Dr. Mueller said, "implies that the two bodies may have been formed in
the same manner at the same time. If true, the moon may be a book
containing the secret of the earth's first billion years of life. This record
is lost on the earth which is subjected to . . . erosion by atmosphere
and water. ... By comparing similarities and contrasting differences,
man may be able to arrive at a greater understanding of the funda-
mental processes that affect the earth; for example, the mechanisms
that cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and the processes re-
sponsible for concentrating ore deposits. The orbits of Apollo 8 and
the Lunar Orbiters were disturbed by mass concentrations beneath the
circular lunar seas. These may be huge meteors that struck the moon
with such force that they melted and sank into the interior, or they
may be iron deposits.

"Another objective of lunar exploration is to learn about man as a
space explorer — his capabilities and limitations. Some day man will
move on to other planets; the moon is a training ground. . . . We don't
have the basic information which early lunar landings will furnish
and we can only speculate today about the feasibility of the moon as a
base for an observatory or a permanent science station — about exploit-
ing its environment of low gravity and high vacuum — about its poten-
tial for natural resources. ... A long-range goal like the lunar base
would direct technological advances, stimulate public interest, and
attain subsidiary objectives with earth application such as food syn-
thesis, environmental control, and recovery of useful elements from
rock."

Within new program category, Space Flight Operations, NASA was
bypassing intermediate space station, launch vehicles, and logistic craft
and proposing to move directly to new, semipennanent space station
and low-cost earth-to-orbit transportation system. Space station "should
be in being by the mid-1970s." With FY 1969 funds, contractor defi-

March 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

nition efforts were being initiated. FY 1970 funds would continue
definition, preliminary design, and supporting work.

Dr. Mueller described space complex 200 to 300 mi above earth
planned for 10 yrs' continuous operation and adaptable for crew size,
additional laboratory facilities, or other special-purpose equipment
through selection, design, and arrangement of component modules.
Crew would rotate at three- to six-month intervals, ferried between sta-
tion and earth by reusable shuttles. Station's electric power would come
from solar panels or small nuclear generator. (Testimony; nasa Re-
lease 69-49)

• Lee R. Scherer, Director of nasa's Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, testi-

fying on FY 1970 budget request before Subcommittee on Space
Science and Applications of House Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics, described extravehicular activity (eva) planned for first lunar
landing.

Emerging on lunar surface, astronaut would acquire and seal bag-
ful of surface material and place it in spacesuit pocket, inspect LM,
and with geological tools, fill large sample container. Location would
be photographed before and after sampling. Passive seismometer would
be emplaced to measure "moonquakes" and permit estimates of moon's
internal structure for comparison with that of earth. Instrument,
operated on solar power, would record and transmit lunar data to
earth for about one year. Laser retroreflector would be emplaced to
permit measurement of earth-to-moon distance and monitoring of
distance variation. Measurements would be repeated several times daily
for year or more and precise times determined by atomic clock. From
data on relative motion of moon and earth and of each about own
center of gravity, scientists could refine "knowledge of size and shape
of the Moon, detect small movements that may occur between the
Earth's continents, and perhaps even test gravitational theories." If
time permitted, second sample return container would be filled more
selectively, with greater effort to document and to pack samples indi-
vidually. (Testimony)

• Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Administrator-designate, discussed possibility

of integrated European space program alongside that of U.S. and
U.S.S.R. in Thomas A. Edison Memorial Lecture at Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington, D.C. "The space-age challenge to Europe in
my view is to find new ways of organizing and managing the great
wealth of that continent lo overtake, if you like, major American and
Soviet space and other programs. This is the space-age challenge to
Europe: not the 'technology gap' but the 'management gap.'"

Dr. Paine also said, if 1969, 1971, and 1973 space probes should find
"very exciting things about Mars, it is possible that we or the Russians
might want to move a manned interplanetary expedition to a higher
order of national priority. At the present time, the best guess is that
this would not take place until the mid 1980's but new priorities might
lengthen or shorten this period."

In reply to question on man-in-space justification, he said: "For
almost any simple specific experiment ... an automated probe can
be developed to do it at lower cost. The basic question here is the
difference between short-range research projects to achieve simple
specific objectives, and complex research aimed at developing general

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March II

exploratory capability and broad technological positions which will let
you do things in the future which you can't yet fully foresee. For the
latter you will need men."

Dr. Paine expected U.S.S.R. "very likely" would put space station
into orbit before U.S. In lunar exploration, he expected U.S. to stay
ahead a while. In planetary probes, he expected U.S.S.R. to stay ahead.
In earth applications, he expected U.S. to stay ahead. (Text)

• Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former NASA

Associate and Deputy Administrator, delivered 1969 Minta Martin
Lecture at mit as 1968—69 Jerome Hunsaker Professor of Aeronau-
tical Engineering. Describing origins and development of U.S. space
program as well as decision-making and implementation in commit-
ment to manned lunar landing, paper would be presented also at Univ.
of Maryland March 20 and at LeRC April 24.

Citing need for set of national goals, Dr. Seamans defined national
agenda for allocation of R&D that might be acceptable to man in street:
understanding, forecasting, and controlling environment; supplying
basic resources of food, fuel, minerals, and water; improving quality
of life; improving transportation; improving communications; encour-
aging economic growth; and assisting international development and
providing national security.

Space program contributed to all categories. Studies of sun's trans-
missions, of Mars and Venus atmospheres, of moon's origin, and of
earth itself contributed to understanding of environment for practical
use of man. Space R&D might aid search for alternative basic resources;
it could establish facilities for detecting available resources and speed
communications to meet problems. Biological and medical investiga-
tions in space program held greatest promise in study of reactions of
biological specimens, animals, and man. Impact on education had been
cited by some as greatest value of space exploration. Program had re-
quired in-depth investigation of waste management, fire prevention,
materials development, and microminiaturization. Space technology
influenced new vehicles being tested for transportation — hydrofoil
ships, surface-effect and air-cushion vehicles, high-speed trains, electric
cars, vtol and v/sTOL aircraft, jumbo subsonic aircraft, and super-
sonic aircraft.

Communications satellites, already in commercial use, ultimately
could broadcast directly to home receivers. In international coopera-
tion, NASA was working with 64 nations in space activity. Returns from
nasa's scientific satellites and communications satellites, development
of manned space flight capability, and tracking facilities contributed
to national defense. (Text)

• In Houston, Tex., press interview Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (Capt.,

usn), said he had turned down offers for Naval promotion to admiral
and nasa Hq. executive position, to become president of Regency Corp.
in Denver, Colo., financial complex leasing industrial equipment world-
wide. One of original astronauts and only veteran of Mercury, Gemini,
and Apollo missions, Schirra said he did not want to "stick around as
a half astronaut." He had rejected aerospace offers because "I might
be limiting the contribution of which I feel I'm capable." (AP, W Post,
3/12/69, A8)
March 12: Lunar Science Institute and msc's Lunar Receiving Laboratory

March 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

were preparing for "lunar knowledge explosion" expected to follow
first manned lunar landing, Washington Evening Star reported. Lab-
oratory would quarantine astronauts and lunar samples brought back
from landing, storing samples for study and distribution to scientists.
Institute, funded by NASA and administered through nas by Rice Univ.,
would facilitate lunar research by nonspace scientific community,
Administrator Robert C. Wimberley said in interview. Directed by
William C. Rubey, Institute was soon to be turned over to consortium
of universities.

U.S. Public Health Service, NAS, Dept. of Interior, Dept. of Agri-
culture, and NASA had planned 30-day quarantine and study of moon
material and 21-day quarantine of astronauts. Samples would be sealed
on lunar surface and would be flown from recovery carrier to Labora-
tory after spacecraft return. Astronauts were to be transferred from
spacecraft into sealed van through plastic tunnel aboard carrier [see
May 16]. Van would be delivered to nearest port and then flown to
Houston to sealed-off laboratory. Objective was to prevent importing
viruses, some of which had been known to survive thousands of years
under unlikely conditions.

During three-week debriefing, crew would live in glassed-in quarters
including medical area. Samples would be maintained under vacuum
seals until opened in high-vacuum chambers containing remotely con-
trolled equipment. Once photographed, catalogued, and processed,
content and structure would be studied to determine composition and
origins. (W Star, 3/12/69, A13)

• NASA advocated "balanced, broad-based Planetary Exploration Program"

as "feasible and practical" part of U.S. space program, Donald P.
Hearth, Director of Planetary Programs, ossa, testified before House
Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space
Science and Applications. Basic goals were to increase understanding
of origin and evolution of solar system and life in solar system and
understanding of dynamic processes shaping man's terrestrial environ-
ment— "increasing our understanding of the planet Earth, how it has
evolved, and how it may evolve in the future through a comparative
study of the other planets in the solar system."

Approach would be broad-based exploration of several planets —
Jupiter, Mercury, Venus — over period of time, combined with direct
measurements of Mars surface in orbital and lander missions. Pioneer
F and G spacecraft (planned for launch in 1972 and 1973) and new
cooperative project with West Germany, Helios, would open "new era"
in solar system exploration, studying effects of radial distance on inter-
planetary medium close to sun. (Testimony)

• Milton Klein, Manager, NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, testified

on nuclear rocket capabilities before Subcommittee on Advanced
Research and Technology of House Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics: Benefits to be realized included "significantly extended per-
formance of launch vehicles which now exist or may be operational
by the late 1970's, feasibility of certain near-Earth missions otherwise
impractical," and "increased potential for mission success." One basic
propulsion system could be developed to yield all these benefits.
(Testimony)

• NASA announced appointment of Gerhard B. Heller as Director of msfc

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 12

Space Sciences Laboratory, replacing Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, who had
been promoted to new position of MSFC Associate Director for Science.
Heller had worked in rocket R&D since 1940, when he joined Wernher
von Braun group in Germany. For more than 10 yrs he had directed
fluid and thermodynamics research at Laboratory and its predecessors.
He was responsible for thermal design aspects of several satellites,
including Explorer I, first U.S. satellite, (msfc Release 69-75)

• msfc announced $48,142,823 modification to contract with North Ameri-

can Rockwell Corp. Space Div. to provide for 14-mo extension of
S-II program as part of overall Apollo program stretchout. S-II was
2nd stage for three-stage Saturn V launch vehicle.

MSFC also announced $1,896,916 modification to Apollo Applications
program contract for further Harvard College R&D of modified uv
scanning spectrometer to fly in space on Apollo Telescope Mount
(atm). (msfc Releases 69-76, 69-77)

• U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission opened three-day hear-

ings in Los Angeles on extent of racial discrimination in aerospace
industry. Commission's figures showed only 177, or 0.9%, of 20,000
officials and managers in Los Angeles aerospace industry in 1968 were
black. (Pasadena Star-News, 3/13/69)

• usn ended 17-day investigation into Feb. 17 death of Sealab III aqua-

naut Berry L. Cannon. USN had disclosed that one of rigs worn by
four divers did not contain chemical to filter carbon dioxide from
recycled helium-oxygen breathing mixture, but photographic experts
had been unable to determine which rig was worn by Cannon. Findings
were not expected to be released for some time, (upi, W Star,
3/13/69, A3)
March 13: Shortly after Apollo 9 splashdown [see March 3-13] Dr.
George E. Mueller, nasa Associate Administrator for Manned Space
Flight, told press at MSC, mission was "as successful a flight as . . .
any of us have ever seen." It had "fully achieved all of its primary
objectives and in numerical count, we accomplished more than the
planned number of detailed test objectives." Apollo program would
move toward greater scientific content each mission as NASA developed
its capabilities. ". . . we have been remarkably successful thus far in
the Apollo program. The hardware has worked better than anyone
should have expected, and better than any of us did expect." Mission
profile for Apollo 10, scheduled for launch May 17, would be released
March 24 after careful evaluation of Apollo 9 results.

"We are doing the planning for ... 10 vehicles beyond Apollo 11."
After first landing NASA would stretch out flight schedule to allow
time to make modifications and to understand results, with about two
or three landings per year. NASA had equipment for scientific payloads
for first four Apollo vehicles — of which two would land in lunar maria
and two in highland areas — which would provide capability for later
pinpoint landings at points of unique scientific interest outside Apollo
landing zone. NASA would emplace on lunar surface network of 10
seismographs, series of heat-measuring probes, cameras, and other
geophysical instruments to determine environment of lunar surface.
Astronauts would wear new, "constant volume" spacesuits which
would enable them to move around lunar surface very freely to con-
duct experiments. (Transcript)

March 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President's Science Adviser, told AIAA board

luncheon in Washington, D.C., that President's Space Task Group had
forged ahead with plans for new space program by Apollo program's
end but he did not see specific mechanism in Nixon Administration for
handling "tremendous" aviation problems. He had raised question at
first Task Group meeting, but budget squeeze had cut DOT request for
civil aviation research by two-thirds. Noise would be dealt with by
Cabinet-level committee on environmental quality. President Nixon
was "anxious to extend our technical and scientific collaboration with
other nations." Recent visit to U.S.S.R. by U.S. scientists had led to
plans for more extensive collaboration in high-energy physics. (A&A,
4/69, 5; aiaa pio)

• NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from WSMR with Naval

Research Laboratory experiment collected data that led to discovery
of x-ray pulsar in Crab Nebula. Sounding rocket carried several uv
detectors and gas proportional counters to 103-mi (153.5-km) alti-
tude to obtain x-ray spectra in Crab Nebula, region in galactic plane,
region near cluster of galaxies, and region toward earth. All detectors
gave good data and nrl scientists later reported pulsations were
observed at frequency closely matching radio and optical pulsations
with 5% of total x-ray power of nebula appearing in pulsed com-
ponent. Pulsations included main pulse and interpulse separated by
about 12 milliseconds, (nasa Rpt SRL; Fritz, Henry, Meekins, Chubb,
Friedman, Science, 5/9/69, 709-12)

• Orr E. Reynolds, NASA Director of Bioscience Programs, ossa, testified

before Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of House
Committee on Science and Astronautics that species used in NASA
Biosatellite II radiation experiments — drosophila, lysogenic bacteria,
flour beetles, neurospora, and spiderwort — had been used as biological
experiments on Zond V. "The fact that both nations are using many
of the same species of organisms for space radiation studies," he said,
"offers a considerable advantage to both for comparison and con-
firmation of experimental results."

Reynolds also said that space flight offered bioscientists only known
keys to number of life phenomena, "some fundamentals of life that
must be sought here in . . . the space program, because scientists
know of no other experimental environment that will serve." Role of
gravity in life processes, cyclical behavior of living organisms, and
origin and character of life in universe were areas for which nasa
had unique research capabilities. (Testimony)

• Senate approved nuclear nonproliferation treaty without change by vote

of 83 to 15, in what Joseph Sterne in Baltimore Sun called most
"lopsided" margin accorded to major pact involving U.S.S.R. "since
the cold war began." It gave President Nixon "clear signal to pursue
his policy of 'negotiation rather than confrontation' with the Kremlin."
Pact had been signed by 87 nations and ratified by 9. It would go
into effect when ratified by U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K., and 40 other nations.
(CR, 3/13/69, D180; B Sun, 3/14/69, Al)

• President Nixon transmitted to Congress first annual plan for U.S.

participation in World Weather Program: "This project, and our
role in it . . . have great political significance." Program had "devel-
oped into a most impressive example of international cooperation. On

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 13

a scale never attempted until this decade, scientists and governments
in many countries are joining hands across national boundaries to
serve the entire human community. Their example should be instruc-
tive for all of us as we pursue lasting peace and order for our world."
(PD, 3/17/69, 399-400)

• msfc announced it had completed negotiations with North American

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. on $4,075,490 contract modification
extending F— 1 engine deliveries through June 1970 to align engine
effort to stretchout in production rate of Saturn V boosters. F-l engines
for initial order of 15 Saturn V boosters had been slated for April 1969
delivery.

MSFC also announced award of $1,239,045 contract modification to
IBM for work in connection with 31 launch-vehicle data adapters and
31 launch-vehicle digital computers. Adjustments, necessitated by
changes in Apollo launch schedule, provided for streamlining con-
tractor's plan for product identification control and accounting system.
(msfc Releases 69-78, 69-81)

• Senate confirmed nomination of former NASA Associate Administrator

for Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs as Under
Secretary of Transportation. (CR, 3/13/69, S2833)

• Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, resigned as

president of aiaa. Letter of resignation said, "It is not in the best
interest of either the Air Force or the aiaa for me to continue with
aiaa responsibility." aiaa board of directors elected Dr. Ronald Smelt,
Vice President and Chief Scientist, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., to replace
Dr. Seamans. (aiaa Release)

• Krasnaya Zvezda I Red Star) claimed world heavy-lift helicopter record

for U.S.S.R., citing 68,266-lb payload carried to 9,675-ft altitude by
V— 12 helicopter at 595-ft-per-min rate of climb. Four world records
in 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-ton-weight categories at 2,950-m altitude
also were claimed. (AFJ, 3/22/69, 6)
March 14: NASA Wallops Station recovered parachute and payload launched
on two-stage Sidewinder-Areas meteorological sounding rocket. Recov-
ery— by fixed-wing Cessna 206 aircraft — was third success to date.
Flight investigated performance of Sidewinder-Areas rocket system and
demonstrated deployment of 16-ft-dia, disc-gap-band parachute at high
altitude. Wallops scored first aerial recovery Nov. 9, 1966, when pay-
load launched on Argentina Orion II sounding rocket was snatched
by helicopter. (WS Release 69—7)

• Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried

CSFC-Univ. of Wisconsin-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory pay-
load to 109.8-mi (176.7-km) altitude. Objective was to provide pre-
cisely calibrated stellar observations of stars Regulus, Spica, Denebola,
and Benetnasch, which had been viewed by nasa's Oao II — using
12.9-in-dia Dall-Kirham telescope, plane-grating spectrograph, and
strap in stellar pointing attitude control system. Rocket and instru-
ments performed satisfactorily, but attitude control system malfunc-
tioned. First target was acquired and data were obtained; second and
third targets were not acquired; and fourth target was acquired but
not identified, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences ordered favorably

reported the nomination of Dr. Thomas O. Paine as NASA Admin-

March 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

istrator. Nomination awaited approval by Senate. (NASA LAR,
VIII/42)

• President Nixon proposed deployment of $6- to $7-billion modified,

"Safeguard" abm system using components developed for Sentinel,
but altering deployment to provide local defense of selected Minuteman
sites, area defense to protect bomber bases and command and control
authorities, defense of continental U.S. against accidental attack, and
"substantial protection against the kind of attack which the Chinese
Communists may be capable of launching throughout the 1970's."
Deployment would not place missile and radar sites near major cities
(except Washington, D.C.). President said safety of country "requires
that we should proceed now with the development and construction
of the new system in a carefully phased program. . . . The program is
not provocative. The Soviet retaliatory capability is not affected by our
decision." {PD, 3/17/69, 400-9)

• FAA announced signing of two-year agreement with Air Transport Assn.

of America to participate in ata's airborne collision avoidance pro-
gram, faa would take part in testing and evaluation of airborne CAS
systems supplied by industry in ATA-funded program, (faa Release
69-34; ata Release 22)

• Soviet youth newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda praised NASA's Apollo 9

mission: "A thorough check of the entire equipment necessary for a
lunar landing has been attained, thanks to the courage and gallantry
of the three American astronauts. At the same time the Apollo 9 flight
showed that it is impossible in terrestrial conditions to envisage all
difficulties astronauts are encountering in real flight."

Soviet Academician Prof. Anatoly Blagonravov complimented nasa's
planning for lunar landing: "The fact that the Americans earlier made
a flight around the moon and now conducted the Apollo 9 experiment,
in my opinion, is evidence of a rather complete solution of the prob-
lem of dependability," though some risk always remained, (upi,
W Star, 3/14/69, A6)

• Lockheed Aircraft Corp.'s Hummingbird experimental vtol aircraft,

officially designated XV-4B, crashed 22 mi from Dobbins afb, Ga.,
during research flight. Civilian test pilot Hal J. Quamme parachuted
to safety. Aircraft was being tested and developed for USAF. (upi,
P Inq, 3/15/69, 1; AP, W Star, 3/16/69, A8)

• Los Angeles Times editorial observed space industry employment drop

from 400,000 in mid-1960s to current 200,000— at which rate it
would sink to 50,000 by 1972. ". . . the pool of scientific and techni-
cal expertise which has been brought together in the manned space
program is disintegrating. If the President wants to save what is really
an invaluable national resource, he and Congress cannot wait much
longer to assign new projects to the space agency. . . .

"A sound space program deserves a high place on the scale of
priorities. And, both economic and military considerations dictate
that the emphasis should be heavily on activities in the space near
earth rather than on esoteric exploration of such deep planets as Mars
and Venus. The proposal for construction in earth orbit of a large,
permanent scientific laboratory . . . seems to deserve serious consid-
eration as the major space project of the 1970s." (LA Times, 3/14/69)
March 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXI from Plesetsk. Orbital

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 15

parameters: apogee, 310 km (192.6 mil ; perigee, 187 km (116.2 mi) ;
period, 89.7 min; and inclination, 65.4°. Satellite reentered March 23.
(gsfc SSR, 3/15/69; 3/31/69; SBD, 3/18/69, 78)

• In press interview Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe said he

favored building SST. "I certainly don't want to sec our country play
second fiddle . . . and if this is feasible and economical to build and
operate and the economy of the nation budget-wise will permit it, I
probably would like to see it go ahead." I upi, W Star, 3/16/69, All »

• In letter to Ambassador Gerard C. Smith, Head of U.S. Delegation to

Geneva Disarmament Committee Meeting and Director of Arms Con-
trol and Disarmament Agency, President Nixon issued instructions:
Delegation was to seek discussion of international agreement pro-
hibiting placement of weapons of mass destruction on seabed, support
conclusion of comprehensive test ban adequately verified, press for
agreement to end production of fissionable materials for weapons and
transfer materials to peaceful uses, explore proposals for control of
chemical and biological weapons, understand that actual reduction of
armaments remained U.S. goal, and remember U.S. hoped international
situation would permit U.S.— U.S.S.R. talks on strategic arms limitation
soon. (PD, 3/24/69, 434-5)

• First Soviet press and radio reports of President's ABM announcement

spotlighted — without comment — statement that proposed program
should not complicate U.S.-U.S.S.R. nuclear arms control talks.
Moscow Radio described decision as "compromise" after "exceptionally
fierce" congressional struggle over any "antimissile defense system"
with "monopolistic corporations and Congressmen faithful to them"
favoring powerful system. (Marder, W Post, 3/16/69, Al)

March 15-17: nasa released Apollo 9 pictures — including detailed shots
of CM, lm, S-IVB, and Astronaut Schweikart during EVA; 70-mm
color still pictures; and 16-mm color movies. Pictures of earth showed
clear views of major cities across southern U.S. and U.S. East Coast
from North Carolina to Long Island, (upi, C Trib, 3/18/69; W Star,
3/16/69, Al; W Post, 3/18/69, Al)

March 16: Apollo 9 mission had gathered new evidence of clearer visibility
in space and "marvelous" acuity of human eye, Associated Press
reported. Astronauts had told officials onboard recovery ship after
splashdown they could see much farther in space than in earth's
atmosphere — both with telescopes and with naked eye. They had
tracked several orbiting space objects up to 1,600 mi away with tele-
scope and had tracked jettisoned 21/2-it-long, 14-ft-dia LM ascent
stage to 1,000 mi. (W Star, 3/17/69, A4; W Post, 3/17/69, A4)

• More than 2,000 Americans had made reservations with Pan American

World Airways and Trans World Airlines on first commercial trips to
moon, said Joe McCarthy in This Week. Downpayments were not
being accepted, but lunar reservations were being confirmed, acknowl-
edged by letter, and placed in order on waiting list. PAA spokesman
had said, "It will undoubtedly be an expensive trip. When we finally
start asking the passengers for money, a lot of them will probably
drop off the list." (This Week, 3/16/69, 9-10)

• In Washington Post, Victor Cohn said fight for ideas "which once would

have been labeled 'wild' " had begun when nasa began congressional
committee hearings on its $3.7-billion FY 1970 budget [see March

March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

4]. It had continued with announcement of "dramatic plan for ten
more manned expeditions to the moon after the first men land there
in July." Americans had responded to "exciting" Apollo program
"with heightened fervor for a man in space." But new fight for
funding would probably be "nasa's toughest." Americans were asking,
"How about our needs here on earth?" Many scientists felt unmanned
instruments could do cheaper and nearly as effective job of space
exploration. Congress had been calling nasa's present spending level
"enough." Still, NASA had succeeded in marshaling "powerful scientific
support."

As yet unreleased report of Dr. Charles H. Townes' space task force
appointed by President Nixon urged both vigorous manned space
program and development of reusable space shuttle. Presidential
Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, had declared himself for "a
really solid, many-faceted program." nasa officials were optimistic
but funds actually appropriated for FY 1970 budget would finance
only five more Apollo flights plus first hardware for Apollo Applica-
tions program. Public thinking was "just about 50—50 today, and
new U.S. consensus has not yet crystallized." (W Post, 3/16/69, Al)

• First royalty-bearing license under nasa's foreign patent program had

been granted to Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, NASA announced.
Invention bearing NASA-owned patent No. 484,436 and made by
gsfc's Joseph G. Haynos, was concerned with connections between
solar cells that permitted flexibility and low weight. Company had
made initial payment to nasa for exclusive manufacturing rights in
Japan and agreed to continue royalty payments for duration of license.
(nasa Release 69-40)

• Bitter battle was raging in Nixon Administration over construction of

sst, said Robert H. Phelps in New York Times. Opposition to 1,800-
mph aircraft had been rising since Feb. 7 appointment by President
Nixon of 11 -member interdepartmental study committee. Indications
were that majority would recommend shelving project until technical,
economical, and environmental problems, particularly aircraft noise,
were closer to solution. President Nixon had inherited controversy
from Johnson Administration, which had not earmarked funds for
sst. He would have to decide whether to ask Congress to appropriate
$212 million to $247 million to keep project on schedule. {NYT,
3/16/69, 1)
March 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXII from Plesetsk into orbit
with 1,210-km (751.8-mi) apogee, 1,180-km (733.1-mi) perigee,
109.3-min period, and 73.9° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 3/31/69; SBD,
3/19/69, 86; AP, W Star, 3/18/69)

• Canister containing S-16 barium cloud experiment was successfully

ejected from esro's Heos I satellite (launched by NASA Dec. 5, 1968)
at 43,495.9-mi (70,000-km) altitude. Cloud, 1,864.1 mi (3,000 km)
long and visible to the naked eye, had lasted 20 min and yielded
information on magnetic fields in space. (NASA Proj Off)

• Apollo 10 mission would be launched May 18, one day later than

originally planned, NASA announced. Change from first to second day
of launch window would permit observation and collection of data
on Apollo landing site 2, as area of primary interest, and observation
of site 3 after sunrise on moon. Final decision on specific nature of

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 March 17

mission would be made after review of Apollo 9 mission, (nasa
Release 69-41)

• Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Fairbanks,

Alaska, carried Univ. of Alaska payload to 134.2-mi (216-km) alti-
tude. Objectives were to examine spatial distribution of atmospheric
currents near visual, stable, homogeneous and pulsating auroral forms
and to examine relationship between electron and proton precipitation
and visual auroral distribution produced. Forward experiment portion
of payload functioned satisfactorily, but data reduction was difficult.
Some data loss occurred on rear portion of payload and additional
data reduction was required. One flashing light failed at apogee, (nasa
Rpt srl)

• Eleventh anniversary of launch of Vanguard I, 31/4-lb, 6V2-in-dia U.S.

IGV satellite which proved earth was slightly pear-shaped and examined
composition of upper atmosphere. Satellite had stopped transmitting
in May 1964, but was expected to remain in orbit at least 200 yrs
longer. (EH; ksc Release 63-68)

• Vice President Spiro T. Agnew announced Astronaut James A. Lovell,

Jr., would head $4.5-million summer day camp program for youth
to be administered by National Collegiate Athletic Assn. under HEW
contract. (Text)

• Dr. Leo S. Packer, former Assistant Postmaster for Bureau of Research

and Engineering, became Special Assistant to nasa Associate Admin-
istrator for Advanced Research and Technology. (NASA Ann, 3/21/69)

• White House released letter to President Nixon from Dr. Lee A.

DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, on proposed Safeguard ABM
system: It "eliminates the serious defects of the old Sentinel plan,
focuses on the reasonable, feasible and necessary defense of our deter-
rent force, provides time for more thorough testing of an operating
system and phases future deployment to progress of arms control
negotiations and the changing information on the nature and immi-
nence of potential threats to our security. I shall endeavor to make
clear to my scientific colleagues that the Safeguard plan represents
a sound and a reasonable approach to our strategic defense problem."
(PD, 3/24/69, 430)

March 17—19: At Sixth Space Congress sponsored by Canaveral Council of
Technical Societies, James R. Williams of MSFC Engineering Labora-
tory presented "Space Manufacturing Modules," paper describing
NASA's work on manufacturing-in-space experiments. Paper outlined
future possibilities, including development of manufacturing module
to be attached to future space station. Phase 3 module would contain
work space for at least two astronauts, equipment, raw materials, and
manufacturing process chambers. It would be designed to dock with
earth-orbiting space station proposed for mid-1970s launch, weigh
about 23,000 lbs, and provide for continuous investigation of manu-
facturing processes and for production of small quantities of special
items best produced in zero-gravity environment. ( MSFC Release 69—80)

March 18: OV 1-17, OV 1-17 A, OV 1-18, and OV 1-19 research satellites,
carrying 41 experiments, were successfully launched by USAF picka-
back on Atlas-F booster from Vandenberg afb. OV 1—17 weighed 312
lbs and carried experiments to measure incoming solar electromagnetic
radiation and its reaction with earth's upper atmosphere, make electric-

March 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

field and vlf energy propagation studies, evaluate ionized meteor
trails in calibration of ground-based radars, and make engineering
tests on spacecraft materials and solar-cell power system. Orbital
parameters: apogee, 287.7 mi (462.9 km); perigee, 246.7 mi (396.9
km); period, 93.1 min; and inclination, 99.1°. OV—17 reentered
March 5, 1970.

OV 1-17 A, 487-lb payload consisting of OV—17 propulsion module
and Naval Research Laboratory two-beacon orbis-cal II experiment
to study unusual transmission of radio waves through ionosphere,
entered orbit with 233.0-mi (347.9-km) apogee, 106.9-mi (172.0-
km) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 99.0° inclination and reentered
March 24.

OV 1—18 weighed 275 lbs and carried experiments to study iono-
sphere and measure radio-wave interference, electric-field intensity,
and hazardous radiation. Orbital parameters: apogee, 362.3 mi (582.9
km); perigee, 288.3 mi (463.9 km); period, 95.0 min; and inclina-
tion, 98.8°.

OV 1-19 weighed 273 lbs and entered orbit with 3,592.9-mi
(5,780.9-km) apogee, 288.0-mi (463.4-km) perigee, 153.5-min period,
and 104.7° inclination, where it would study events resulting in
and sustaining trapped radiation in Van Allen belts and hazards to
man. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/69; 3/31/70; OAR Research Review, 6-7/69,
23-4; Pres Rpt 70 [69] ; W Post, 3/19/69)

• Though "highly successful subsonic jet transports designed and manu-

factured in the United States are symbols of United States leadership
on the airlines around the world," Albert J. Evans, Director of
Aeronautical Vehicles, NASA oart, told House Committee on Science
and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technol-
ogy, "both the British/French SST and the Russian sst are in flight
test. Many short-haul aircraft used by United States commuter and
feeder airlines are foreign aircraft and in the vtol and stol area the
United States severely lags its foreign competition." STOL aircraft were
"within our grasp." Two concepts showed promise, one for propeller-
driven aircraft and one for jet-powered. Move to flight test in FY
1970 was planned. First was rotating-cylinder-flap stol research air-
craft. Second, jet-augmented wing, would be applicable to jet-powered
stol aircraft. (Testimony)

• Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and

Applications, testified before House Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics' Subcommittee on "Space Science and Applications: "We have
been able to maintain this country in the forefront of planetary
exploration by the quality of both our engineering talent and our
Nation's scientists, and by the way in which they are involved in
planning and executing our program. By making the most effective
use of our best people we have been able to make better use of the
limited resources we have had available for planetary exploration
than the Russians. If the Russians continue to commit a major share
of their space effort to planetary exploration — and the two recent
launches to Venus indicate they are — and if they begin to involve
their very best scientists in the planning and execution of their mission
so that they fly first rate reliable experiments — and there is evidence

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 18

from our scientific colleagues that they are — then it is clear that this
Nation cannot continue in the forefront of space exploration in the
next decade." (Text)

• NASA announced MSFC award of $98,200,000 definitive contract for pay-

load integration in support of Apollo Applications program to Martin
Marietta Corp. Work — which started under Jan. 16, 1968, letter con-
tract— would extend through Nov. 30, 1972, and cover flights 1, 2, 3,
3A, and 4.

MSFC also awarded North American Rockwell Corp.'s Rocketdyne
Div. SI, 142,294, 26-mo contract for additional work on aerospike
(plug-nozzle) engine evaluated by Rocketdyne under previous msfc
contract. Ring-like engine had tiny throats along circumference that
discharged engine exhaust down sides of plug, making aerodynamic
extension for plug, providing nozzle during launch ascent, and simu-
lating performance characteristics of full-length nozzle without in-
creased weight and length, (msfc Releases 69-43, 69—87)

• If jpl were taxed as business it would bring in estimated $840,000 and

reduce property tax rate in La Canada-Flintridge, Calif., district from
$4.20 to $2.56, according to La Canada School Superintendent, Dr.
Donald Ziehl. Instead, he told School Board, district would receive
$85,000 from Government under fixed-amount system used in lieu of
property tax on Federal facilities. (Michals, Glendale News-Press,
3/19/69)

• usaf announced award to North American Rockwell Corp. of $700,000

initial increment to $2,473,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for research
on feasibility of using advanced composite materials for production
of aircraft wings, (dod Release 200—69)
March 18—19: In testimony before House Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Leonard
Jaffe, NASA Director of Space Applications Programs, urged commence-
ment of Earth Resources Technology Satellite program: "We have
reached a stage in our supporting investigations ol Earth resources
phenomenology that can be measured from space, where we have con-
fidence that an experimental Earth Resources Technology Satellite
can show us the way to the future operational satellite system that
will make major contributions to the management of our resources.
The state of technology in sensors and spacecraft systems has also
reached a sufficiently advanced stage, so that we can with confidence
embark this year on the development of our first experimental Earth
resources satellite system."

Proposed design and selection of candidate sensors for erts had
been closely coordinated with other Government agencies. . . . NASA
was requesting FY 1970 funds to initiate development of flight hard-
ware for two experimental satellites, ERTS— A and B, with ERTS— A
scheduled for launch in late 1971 or early 1972.

NASA also would proceed with techniques for infrared sounding of
atmosphere with Nimbus B-2 and D launches in 1969 and 1970 and
had begun construction of Nimbus E and F for development of micro-
wave sounding techniques. Prototype second-generation operational
meteorological satellite Tiros-M was being prepared for launch in
few months. Study to define third-generation Tiros-N would start in

March 18-19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

FY 1970. NASA planned to accelerate basic studies of remote sensor
signature relationships, instrument development, data processing, user
decision models, and aircraft use.

Synchronous satellite ats-e would be launched in 1969 with gravity
gradient experiment, ats-f and G would not be ready for first launch
before late 1971 or early 1972. Synchronous Meteorological Satellite
(sms), new FY 1970 effort for 1971 and 1972 launches, would use
existing technology and be prototypes for National Operational Meteor-
ological Satellite System (nomss).

National Geodetic Satellite program would complete objectives with
GEOS— c launch in 1970. Cooperative Applications Satellite (CAS),
French satellite, would be launched on NASA Scout booster in 1970
to track some 500 meteorological balloons to determine wind direction
and speed. (Testimony)
March 19: usaf launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg afb
by Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 156.6-mi (252.0-km)
apogee, 102.5-mi (164.9-km) perigee, 86.6-min period, and 82.9°
inclination and reentered March 24. Second entered orbit with 318.8-
mi (513.0-km) apogee, 312.8-mi (503.3-km) perigee, 94.7-min
period, and 83.0° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 3/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird presented to Senate Armed Services

Committee FY 1970 defense budget reduced from Johnson Administra-
tion proposal of $80.6 billion to $78.5 billion. He said FB— 111 bomber
program would be cut off with aircraft already on order and work
would be speeded up on advanced manned strategic aircraft expected
to replace B— 52s. (Testimony)

• Project Tektite civilian aquanauts Richard A. Waller, Conrad V. M.

Mahnken, John G. Van Derwalker, and Dr. H. Edward Clifton set
32-day record for remaining under water in "habitat" off St. John
Island in Caribbean. Previous record was held by former Astronaut
M. Scott Carpenter, who had remained submerged 30 days in 1965.
In Project Tektite, aquanauts were trying for 60-day submersion.
(dod Release 204-69; upi, W Post, 3/20/69, A2)

• At Geneva luncheon during meetings of Disarmament Conference, U.S.

and U.S.S.R. opened exploratory talks on proposed treaty banning use
of seabed for stationing nuclear weapons, (upi, W News, 3/20/69, 2)
March 19—21: Air Force Assn. held 23rd Annual Convention in Houston,
Tex. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator-designate, said national
defense aspects of permanent space station in earth orbit was "a
question which should not be considered only from the narrow stand-
point of special operational systems requirements that can be clearly
established as necessary today. The lead times are too great.
The uncertainties as to the future world situation and the precise
nature of future defense needs are also too great. I believe that the
approach should be to consider carefully what our long-term national
security posture would be ten to fifteen years from now if by then
the United States has developed a space station capability and the
logistics or 'space shuttle' system necessary to utilize it, and compare
this posture to what it might be if we do not then have the capability,
and the Soviet Union has developed and are fully utilizing such
capability." NASA planned to work closely with Defense establishment

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 19-21

for "national program for the development of a permanent space
station and a logistic support system in a way that will not only
serve the needs and goals of the civilian space program, but will also
be capable of supporting future defense research and developments
as needs become clearly defined." (Text)

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former
NASA Deputy Administrator, said: "Although similar space technology
is used in Apollo Applications and the Manned Orbiting Laboratory,
there is no unnecessary duplication in the experiments planned. These
activities require different equipment, different orbits and different
timing. I believe that any attempt to combine the two programs would
jeopardize the returns to each agency and would ultimately increase
the cost. There is a distinct need to continue with manned space
operations under both military and nonmilitary auspices. Cooperation
between NASA and DOD has been close, and will continue." (Text)

afa's highest award, Henry H. Arnold Trophy, was presented to
Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William
A. Anders, nasc Executive Secretary, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, received
Gill Robb Wilson Trophy for Arts and Letters for his part in inter-
preting aerospace role in modern society, afa's Citation of Honor
went to l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf) for his management of NASA
Apollo program, and to Maj. William J. Knight (usaf) for "out-
standing contributions to the Air Force and the nation for being the
first to achieve hypersonic winged flight while piloting the X— 15 air-
craft to a speed of 4,534 miles per hour." (afsc Neivsreview, 3/69, 1;
AFJ, 3/8/69, 30)
March 20: Senate confirmed nomination of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine as NASA
Administrator. (CR, 3/20/69, S2949)

• In first test of nerva inflight configuration at Jackass Flats, Nev., engine

was held to 1/10 maximum power development of 1,100 mw or 55,000
lbs thrust, during three 25-sec warmups. Full power tests would be held
in April by Aerojet-General Corp. and Westinghouse Astronuclear Lab-
oratory, when nerva was expected to produce electrical energy equal to
one fourth that developed by Hoover Dam. Test — to 110 mw and 5,500
lbs thrust to duplicate engine startup procedures in space and verify
system performance with liquid hydrogen fuel — marked first test of
rocket with nozzle down and thrust blasting into water-cooled firing pit.
Engine had produced sufficient energy to boil ton of water every two
seconds, (aec/nasa Release M-54; LA Times, 3/23/69)

• Appointment of NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Man-

agement Harold B. Finger as first Assistant Secretary for Urban
Research and Technology was announced by Housing and Urban
Development Secretary George W. Romney. From 1960 until 1967,
Finger had been manager for aec— NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion
Office and, since 1961, director of nuclear system for OART. (upi, NYT,
3/16/68, 39; AP, W Post, 3/21/69, A17)

• msfc announced it had signed $4,095,000 contract with Radio Corp. of

America for engineering and logistics support for ground computer
systems and other equipment in Saturn V program, (msfc Release
69-84)

• NASA announced completion of negotiations for one-year $513,293,000 ex-

March 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tension, through 1969, of cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with Philco-Ford
Corp. Education and Technical Services Div. for engineering support
and related services at Wallops Station. (NASA Release 69—8)
March 21: Dept. of Commerce, dod, Dept. of Interior, DOT, aec, NASA, and
NSF released News from BOMEX, report of Barbados Oceanographic
and Meteorological Experiment to be conducted in May, June, and
July in cooperation with government of Barbados. Scientific study of
joint behavior and interactions of atmosphere-ocean system in sub-
tropical and tropical waters was part of Federal Air-Sea Interaction
Research Program and major U.S. contribution to Global Atmospheric
Research Program (garp). bomex would study continuous exchange
of energy, momentum, gases, particulates, and electrical charges at air-
sea interface and study ways in which energy and other properties were
transported from area by atmosphere and ocean.

NASA would test concepts of satellite sensors for weather and oceano-
graphic observations. Its experimental weather and communications
satellites {Ats III, Nimbus III, and ESSA satellites) and devices being
developed under Earth Resources Survey Satellite program would be
directly engaged in bomex. Photos taken by Apollo 9 astronauts with
hand-held Hasselblad camera of 900 sq mi of equatorial Atlantic Ocean
off Barbados would be used in project. (Text; NASA News; Science,
3/28/69, 1435-6)

• First decade in space corresponded with early years of aviation following

Wright brothers flight at Kitty Hawk, nasa Associate Administrator for
Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, told Annual Kiwanis
Dinner in Milledgeville, Ga. "I recently calculated the costs per seat
mile of their first flight for comparison with our Apollo flight to the
moon. They probably had ten thousand dollars invested in first Kitty
Hawk flight that went one fifth of a mile, giving a cost per seat mile
for Orville of fifty thousand dollars. We will have about twenty-four
billion dollars invested in our first five-hundred-thousand-mile trip for
three astronauts to the moon, giving a cost of only about sixteen
thousand dollars per seat mile. We are ahead of the Wright Brothers —
but we have a long way to go to catch up with the DC— 8 or 707. If
subsequent flights to the moon cost two hundred million dollars each,
that's less than one hundred and fifty dollars a seat mile, so we are
going in the right direction." (Text)

• Intelsat conference of 67 countries and observers from Communist bloc

and underdeveloped nations ended at State Dept. without agreement on
method of sharing control over international satellite communications.
Committee of INTELSAT members was appointed to work through sum-
mer on alternate drafts of final agreement to be presented to conference
in November. Leonard H. Marks, American chairman of conference,
had announced his resignation and would return to private law prac-
tice in Washington, D.C. (Lydon, NYT, 3/23/69, 31; Rpt of US Del)

• Aviation Progress Committee announced appointment of former Sen.

A. S. Mike Monroney as consultant and adviser to committee and
stated its purpose was "to work with interested individuals and organi-
zations to . . . seek and support ways to improve and expand the
National Aviation System of airports and airways." As Chairman of
Aviation Subcommittee of Senate Commerce Committee, Monroney had

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 21

been largely responsible for legislation which created faa in 1958.
(Committee Release; W Star, 3/23/69, C5)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $544,302

faa contract to Laboratory for Electronics, Inc., to develop two low-
cost, solid-state, microwave-instrument landing systems (ils) for stol
aircraft operations at faa's National Aviation Facilities Experimental
Center in Atlantic City, N.J., and at suitable operational STOLport such
as Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C. (faa Release
69-38)

• Harvard Univ. biologist Dr. George Wald and MIT physicist Dr. Bruno

Rossi disclosed that some 251 nas members out of 806 had signed
letter to President Nixon expressing continued opposition to deploy-
ment by U.S. of ABM system. Letter said, "Russia is as well prepared
to build such devices as we are. This can only introduce a new and
perhaps disastrous spiral in the arms race. Our science and technology,
rather than being used to add further to the present 'balance of terror,'
needs to be redirected to solving pressing problems of poverty, mal-
nutrition, control of population, and improvement of the human en-
vironment for our own people and people everywhere." ( AP, W Post,
3/22/69, A5)
March 22: Cosmos CCLXXIII was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with
335-km (208.2-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 89.8-min
period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered March 30. (GSFC SSR,
3/31/69)

• Five segments of Apollo 9's 6,500,000-lb "stack" remained in space,

making total 1,613 objects floating in earth orbit after Apollo 9, said
James J. Haggerty, Jr., in Armed Forces Journal. Descent stage of LM,
in eccentric low orbit, would soon be captured by earth gravity and
burn on reentry; ascent stage might remain in high orbit 20 yrs, along
with LM adapter [GSFC reported later that LM descent stage had re-
entered March 22; ascent stage was still in orbit]. S-IVB 3rd stage
mated to instrument unit was directed into solar orbit. Of 1,613 orbit-
ing objects listed by norad, 356 were payloads, both active and
expired. Remaining 1,257 pieces were debris.

Items in solar orbit included 3rd-stage and instrument-unit combina-
tions from Apollo 8 and 9, four U.S. Pioneers and Mariner VI still
sending useful data, and U.S. and U.S.S.R. planetary explorers
launched before 1969. About 20 solar orbiting objects would remain in
space a long time, along with 28 spacecraft which had crashed on other
celestial bodies, including* U.S. S.R.'s Venus III and IV on Venus, 9
Soviet Lunas, 5 U.S. Rangers, 7 Surveyors, and 5 Lunar Orbiters.
(AFJ, 3/22/69, 15; gsfc SSR, 3/31/69)

• dod announced name of planned U.S. antiballistic missile defense had

officially been changed from Sentinel to Safeguard. (AP, W Star,
3/23/69, A4)
March 23: NASA announced release of The Book of Mars, one-volume digest
of facts and theories about Mars by Dr. Samuel Glasstone, illustrated
with photos taken during Mariner IV mission 1964-65, when space-
craft flew within 6,000 mi of Mars surface. Book traced history of
man's acquisition of Mars data and compared Mars with other planets.
(nasa Special Release)

March 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• William Hines in Washington Sunday Star commented on "deadly dull-

ness" of last five days of Apollo 9 mission: "The flight plan of Apollo
9 — which most people do not see and therefore do not understand —
was carefully divided into six 'activity periods,' of which five were
each about 24 hours long and the sixth five days in duration.

"It is no criticism of the . . . crew that after five days of brilliant
spacemanship they took it easy for the rest of the flight. Nor is it
criticism of the space program to say that the last half of Apollo 9
was dull. It was planned that way, and if it had turned out otherwise
the United States very likely would not be attempting a moon landing
in July." (W Star, 3/23/69, C4)
March 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXX1V into orbit with 300-km
(186.4-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.3-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and
64.9° inclination. Satellite reentered April 1. (gsfc SSR, 3/31/69;
4/15/69)

• JPL astronomer Dr. Ronald Schorn announced "definite and conclusive"

evidence of water on Mars had been found in five-year study with
Stephen Little of Univ. of Texas and JPL scientist Dr. C. B. Farmer at
McDonald Observatory in Ft. Davis, Tex. Noting Mars generally should
be compared with driest deserts of earth, he said: "If you took all the
water we found and laid it out over the whole planet, it would be only
1,000th of an inch thick. Mars may still not be a great place to live,
but there's a chance of life there." Photos to be taken by Mariner VI
and Mariner VII spacecraft, Dr. Schorn said, would help solve question
of whether enough water existed to sustain life on Mars.

New spectra, superior to any previously available, were made pos-
sible by NASA-supported improvements in McDonald 82-in Struve re-
flecting telescope and its large spectrograph. Observations of Mars were
beginning with more powerful, 107-in reflecting telescope at McDonald,
constructed with funds from NASA, nsf, and Univ. of Texas, (nasa
Release 69-48; AP, W Post, 3/25/69, A5)

• Apollo 10 mission would be launched from ETR May 18 carrying Astro-

nauts Thomas P. Stafford (commander), John W. Young (cm pilot),
and Eugene A. Cernan (lm pilot) on eight-day lunar orbital mission.
Final decision to fly mission as previously planned followed review of
technical and operational data from Apollo 9 (March 3—13). Mission
would provide additional experience in combined system operation and,
with exception of actual landing on lunar surface, was same as for
lunar landing mission. While spacecraft circled moon at 69-mi (111.0-
km) altitude, Stafford and Cernan would separate LM from CSM, pilot
lm twice to within 10 mi (16.1 km) of preselected landing site, and
return to CSM. Crew would then make landmark sightings, take photos,
and transmit live TV views of moon, earth, and spacecraft interior
before returning to earth, (nasa Release 69-46)

• Gas from solar flare wiped out much of earth's outer radiation belt and

caused auroral displays — normally seen only over subpolar regions —
to move to lower latitudes. Residents of metropolitan New York area
flooded weather bureau and newspapers with inquiries. Radiation belts'
discoverer, Dr. James A. Van Allen, said display might have been
caused by class 2— B flare on sun. essa's space disturbance warning
center, Boulder, Colo., said several smaller flares had occurred March
21 and 22. Auroras were to be expected, Walter Sullivan said in New

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 24

York Times, because sun was near maximum of its 11-yr cycle of sun-
spot and eruptive activity. {NYT, 3/25/69, 30)

• MSFC contract awards: $1,521,500 supplemental agreement with IBM for

design improvement of control signal processors for Apollo/Saturn V
guidance instrument units; and $1,334,931 contract modification to
McDonnell Douglas Corp. to develop, design, manufacture, and test
restarting oxygen/hydrogen burner, (msfc Releases 69—88, 69—89)

• USN announced award of $28,161,681 modification to contract with LTV

Aerospace Corp. for improvement changes on F— 8B and F— 8C aircraft.
(DOD Release 212-69)
March 25: Apollo 9 commander James A. McDivitt told press at Washing-
ton, D.C., news conference that Apollo 9 spacecraft performance had
been outstanding and procedures had been "as near perfect as anything
I could possibly imagine," without deviating "from a single step in
rendezvous . . . and I don't recall a single procedure that we recom-
mended be changed."

Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart said new spacesuit had increased
mobility significantly. Activities like manipulating camera were "prob-
ably the most challenging . . . and I found that after taking a whole
series of pictures and all the various motions you go through . . . my
hands were far less tired than I would have anticipated." (Transcript)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Manned

Space Flight voted to add $230.5 million to $2.212-billion authorization
requested by NASA for manned space flight in FY 1970. Of raise, $168
million was earmarked for development of scientific payloads for six
manned lunar landings between 1970 and 1973 and $66 million for
space flight operations to cover flying men in earth orbit for month at
a time, in 1970 onward. Flights were to be forerunners of orbiting
space stations. {CR, 3/26/69, D233; Committee member)

• White House submitted to Senate nomination of former NASA Associate

Administrator for Organization and Management Harold B. Finger to
be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. (PD,
3/31/69, 489)

• MSFC announced award of $3,657,000 contract to Sanders Associates,

Inc., for continuation of engineering and logistics support for opera-
tional display systems for Saturn V program. Contract covered Oct. 1,
1968, through June 1970. (msfc Release 69-91)
March 26: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor I satellite from Plesetsk into orbit with
686-km (426.3-mi) apogee, 632-km (392.7-mi) perigee, 97.9-min
period, and 81.1° inclination. Tass said satellite carried solar batteries
and would obtain information about weather prospects. (GSFC SSR,
3/31/69; AP, NYT, 3/28/69, 5; lnteravia, 11/69, 1751)

• In NASA Hq. Apollo 9 awards ceremony Vice President Spiro T. Agnew,

as nasc Chairman, presented NASA Distinguished Service Medals to
Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L.
Schweickart for individual contributions to "the Nation's manned space
flight program and the advancement of space technology" as partici-
pants in "this historic mission, the first manned flight involving the
Command Module, Lunar Module, and extravehicular mobility unit."
NASA Exceptional Service Medal went to Carroll H. Bolender, Manager
for Lunar Module, Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, msc, and
Eugene F. Kranz, Apollo 9 Flight Director, Flight Control Div., msc.

March 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

NASA Public Service Award was presented to Llewellyn J. Evans, Presi-
dent of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., LM manufacturer. (NASA
Awards summary)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Ad-

vanced Research and Technology voted increase of $11.8 million over
$818.8-million nasa request for research. \CR, 3/26/69, D233)

• NASA reported experiments with yaw-damper system developed at FRC,

consisting of small gyroscope, magnetic-clutch actuator, and electronics
control assembly in package occupying 1/10 cu ft and weighing less
than two pounds. It could cost as little as $200 and be installed on
light general-aviation aircraft to control "dutch roll" or yawing. Com-
mercial jet aircraft were equipped with advanced systems to eliminate
yawing, (nasa Release 69-44)

• Boeing Co.'s Vertol Div. was conducting wind-tunnel tests of $250,000

model of v/stol aircraft with tilting wing and large cyclic-pitch
propellers, New York Times said. Tests would provide data for ad-
vanced aircraft, including Light Intratheater Transport (lit) for which
USAF was funding studies. Tilt wing rotated from horizontal to vertical
flight in takeoff or descent. Cyclic pitch would control pitch (nose-up-
or-down movement) by acting on all four of aircraft's propellers simul-
taneously. According to Boeing engineers, cyclic pitch would eliminate
need for horizontal tail rotor for pitch control in hovering and slow
flight. Large propellers — 26 ft in dia on full-sized aircraft — would
reduce engine horsepower requirements. (NYT, 3/2/69, 93)

• In Washington Post Thomas O'Toole said: ". . . man's flight to the moon

and beyond could be the only means he has left of renewing his
dwindling spirits. . . . The voyage of Apollo 8 around the moon last
Christmas did more than any other single event last year to restore
man's faith in himself- — and that flight will pale beside an actual moon
landing when it comes. ... It could just be that when man walks the
moon for the first time it will be felt round the world as such a triumph
of the human heart that its beat shall go on for a million years." (W
Post, 3/26/69, A27)
March 27— April 8: NASA's Mariner VII (Mariner G) spacecraft was success-
fully launched from ETR by Atlas-Centaur (AC-19) booster on four-
month, 193-million-mi, direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars — NASA's
second mission to fly past Mars during 1969 launch window. Launch
vehicle performance was nominal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur,
deployed its four solar panels, and locked its sensors on sun and star
Vega. Because of several minor spacecraft anomalies during launch,
spacecraft was kept in sun-Vega cruise while performance was eval-
uated. Star-lock override command was transmitted to spacecraft April
1 ; Canopus was acquired as planned initially and Mariner VII entered
stable cruise mode. Midcourse maneuver was conducted April 8 to
ensure that spacecraft would fly within 1,900 mi (3,057.7 km) of Mars
Aug. 5.

Primary mission objective was to fly by southern hemisphere and
polar regions of Mars to set basis for future experiments, particularly
those relevant to search for extraterrestrial life. As secondary mission
spacecraft would develop technology needed for succeeding Mars mis-
sions. The 900-lb spacecraft carried six complementary experiments to
provide information about Martian surface and atmosphere. Mariner

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9

March 27- April 8

March 27 April 8: nasa launched Mariner VII on an Atlas-Centaur booster as the
set ond of two spacecraft in the Mariner Mars 19W mission to take photographs and
colled data about the surface and atmosphere of Mars. Mariner IV was launched
Feb. 24. An April 8 maneuver ensured that Mariner VII would pass Mars Aug. 5.

VII mission, except for flyby area, was almost identical to mission of
Mariner VI launched Feb. 24 for investigation of equatorial region and
scheduled to arrive at Mars July 31. (nasa Proj Off; nasa Releases
69-26, 69-42 )

March 27-29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

March 27-29: NASA launched four Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying
csfc payloads to obtain data on atmospheric parameters. Two rockets
launched from Arenosillo, Spain, March 27—28 reached 75.2- and
75.8-mi (121- and 122-km) altitudes, each exploding 19 grenades with
sound arrivals recorded on ground. Rockets launched from Wallops
Station March 28-29 reached 75.4- and 69.1-mi (121.3- and 111.2-km)
altitudes and exploded 19 grenades each, with sound arrivals recorded
on ground. Data would be analyzed and compared, (nasa Rpts srl)

March 27: LaRC had awarded 10-mo, $155,000 feasibility study contract to
North American Rockwell Corp. to design two-man, lunar emergency,
escape-to-orbit vehicle which could be carried aboard LM on Apollo
missions. (SBD, 3/27/69, 125; nar Skywriter, 4/4/69, 1)

• aec-nasa Space Nuclear Propulsion Office awarded Aerojet-General Corp.

$47,447,601 contract extension for completion of preliminary engine
and component design for nerva i and initiation of procurement or fabri-
cation of component development hardware. Extension, from Oct. 1,
1968, through Sept. 30, 1969, brought total value of cost-plus-fixed-fee
contract to $500,015,527. (nasa Release 69-47)

• MSFC announced $7,384,543 modification to contract with Chrysler Corp.

Space Div. for assembly of two boosters for Saturn IB rockets 213 and
214 for use in Apollo Applications program, (msfc Release 69—93)
March 28: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXV into orbit with 761-km
(472.9-mi) apogee, 275-km (170.9-mi) perigee, 95.1-min period, and
70.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 7, 1970. (gsfc SSR,
3/31/69; 2/7/70)

• NASA Science and Technology Advisory Committee for Manned Space

Flight, chaired by Dr. Charles H. Townes, published Proceedings of the
Winter Study on Uses of Manned Space Flight, 1975—1985, Vol. I —
Proceedings: NASA program for next two decades must project state of
technology for that period. Program must be balanced in use of
manned and automated operations. "The benefits to the nation, both
internal and international, dictate that the United States remain in the
forefront of all major categories of space activities," space sciences,
exploration of solar system, manned space flight capability, and eco-
nomic applications of space flight.

Study said it was reasonable to use M>% to 1% of gnp to support
civilian space flight program of which major elements were: (1) ag-
gressive automated planetary exploration program as recommended by
NAS— nrc Space Science Board, with options for manned phase to follow
early automated phase; (2) economic applications program as recom-
mended by 1968 Summer Study on Space Applications by NAS; (3)
continuation of lunar exploration after Apollo landing as recommended
by Lunar and Planetary Missions Board of nasa; (4) vigorous pro-
gram of astronomical observations in earth orbit as recommended by
nasa Astronomy Missions Board; and (5) extension of manned space
flight capability in earth orbit to longer duration for scientific and
technological purposes. Achievement of manned low-cost transporta-
tion system deserved high priority. Study recommended use of long-
duration manned space station designed to support men in weightless
condition "unless unexpected biomedical problems are encountered or
overwhelming engineering advantages for artificial gravity are dis-
covered." It agreed on advisability of placing observatories and labora-

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 March 28

tories in earth orbit but noted, "Relative emphasis among these activi-
ties and the extent of manned attendance desirable in each, must be
decided by appropriate studies and experiments."

"To provide a focal point for structuring a manned planetary pro-
gram a target date of 1982 and the Mars landing mode ... are assumed
here for discussion. Achievement of the operational capability in that
year would require initiation of system design in about 1975." (Text)

• President Nixon received report of 10-member ad hoc committee ap-
pointed Feb. 7 to review all aspects of SST program. Under Secretary of
Transportation James M. Beggs, chairman, said no votes were taken
by committee on recommendations to President; each member had sub-
mitted his suggestions to Transportation Secretary John A. Volpe and
they were included in report. ( upi, W Post, 3/29/69, A2)

March 29: While Nixon Administration warned of $2- to $3-billion cut in
FY 1970 budget, nasa was asking SlOO-million increase with good
chance of approval, James J. Haggerty, Jr., said in Armed Forces
Journal, "nasa officials report a generally warmer reception on Capitol
Hill as a result of near-flawless performance on all of the manned
Apollo missions." Apollo 1970 funding represented penultimate install-
ment on basic program and "Congress can at last see light at the end
of the tunnel." Most important, "extra SlOO-million is a real bargain
price for the potential benefit . . . one of those deals that the buyer can't
afford to turn down. If you invest a hundred thousand in a magnificent
home and the contractor demands another thousand to put a roof on it,
you have little option." Since U.S. had committed $25 billion to pro-
gram, "it would be questionable economy to settle for less than maxi-
mum benefit by withholding what amounts to two-fifths of one percent
of the total." ( AFJ, 3/29/69, 21 )

March 30: Thomas O'Toole in Washington Post said plans for handling
lunar samples [see March 12] had stirred bitter scientific controversy.
Tests scheduled at nasa's Lunar Receiving Laboratory would last at
least two months while scientists waited for "the chance to study what
amounts to a Rosetta stone that could hold the clue to the origin of life
itself." At close of examination period, NASA would parcel out moon
rocks to 110 scientists from group of 600 and even "chosen few" had
no guarantee of receiving piece of moon. LRL official had explained
that if NASA found, for example, that there was absolutely no evidence
of radioactive argon, "It would be quite foolish to waste a sample on
a man . . . whose primary goal was to look for radioactive argon."
Scientists also were disturbed over involvement of other Federal
agencies in lunar sample handling. (W Post, 3/30/69, Al)

March 31: Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service published
United States and Soviet Rivalry in Space: Who Is Ahead, and Hoiv
Do the Contenders Compare? by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon II, Senior
Specialist in Space Transportation and Technology, Science Policy
Research Div. By June 30, 1969, U.S. expected to have spent $50.6
billion on space. Because of greater wreight of Soviet hardware, "one
could assume that their program is at least of the same magnitude . . .
and may be larger." While "there is no reason to believe their total
aerospace industry is as fully equipped as our own," missiles in Mos-
cow parades indicated existence of multiple design and development
team for space work. Each country seemed adequately equipped with

March 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

launch pads and ground support. While U.S. had worldwide tracking
system supplemented by ships and electronics-carrying aircraft,
U.S.S.R. accepted "certain constraints," relying on ships to fill gaps in
tracking system. U.S. launch vehicles ranged from those lifting 20 lbs
to Saturn V capable of 285,000-lb lift to low earth orbit. U.S.S.R. still
used basic icbm vehicle introduced in 1957, with upper stages added
to improve performance.

While NASA program was run on open basis, there was less "open-
ness" in dod. U.S.S.R. "holds to a minimum advance notice of flights,
limits information . . . but at least makes a prompt announcement, as-
signs a name, and gives orbital parameters" of successful launches.
There seemed little difference between space programs "as to general
purpose and direction." Both placed emphasis on military, though
little was known of Soviet organization pattern. All "reasonable analy-
ses are fairly convincing that up to this time the Soviet Union has not
placed nuclear bombs in orbit."

In space applications U.S. "has held a clear lead from the earlier
days." U.S.S.R. "has made a greater relative effort in . . . flights com-
mitted to lunar and planetary work than the United States" but "has
not gained as good results."

In future programs, both nations "undoubtedly have to face hard
budget choices before actual hardware can begin." Soviet goal was
"comprehensive exploitation of space technology including the explo-
ration and settlement (where practical) of the planets, along the way
exploring the Moon in great detail, and using Earth orbital stations for
a host of practical purposes." While large orbital station would be
within NASA's technical capabilities in late 1970s, beginning of such
capability probably already existed in U.S.S.R., but "it would be risky
to predict whether such a station will appear soon or only after some
years."

Cooperation of U.S. and U.S.S.R. in space already existed in ex-
change of information, treaties, plans for trading space-collected
weather pictures, plans for joint textbook on space biology, and joint
efforts in geomagnetism, but no assessment could be made of future
prospects. (Text)
• At American Cancer Society Seminar in New Orleans, La., Clarence D.
Cone, Jr., head of LaRc's Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, discussed
his discovery of intercellular linkages and its application to under-
standing behavior of certain cancer types. His basic research into
effects of space radiation on body cells had enabled him to observe
phenomenon in which dividing cancer cell appeared able to induce
connected cells to divide by transmitting chain-reaction stimulation
through thin linkage of cytoplasm. Networks of these stimulus-trans-
mission bridges permitted continued division of cells and, in human
body, might constitute basic mechanism for cancer spread. ( NASA
Release 69-45)
During March: nsf published Scientific Activities of Nonprofit Institutions,

1966 (nsf 69—16). Full-time equivalent number of R&D scientists and
engineers employed by independent nonprofit institutions in January

1967 totaled 24,300, annual increase of 12.4% from 1954 to 1967. In
1966 expenditure for R&D in independent nonprofit institutions was

million — about seven times the $100 million in 1953. Federal

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During March

R&D expenditures contracted to nonprofit institutions reached $540
million in 1906, nine times 1953's $60 million. (Text)

• nsf published R&D Activities of Local Governments, Fiscal Years 1966

and 1967 (NSF 69-14). Local governments spent $20.3 million in 1966
and $28.8 million in 1967 for R&D and $1 million in 1966 and nearly
$3 million in 1967 on R&D plant. Federal Government provided 56%
of funds in 1967 and local governments, 35 % . Health and hospitals
accounted for approximately 50% of total local R&D expenditures in
both years, with education second at 10%. (Text)

• Engineer, journal of Engineers Joint Council, published "The Engineer-

ing Profession: A New Profile." Management, not design or develop-
ment, was most common job function of engineers. Only about 10%
of engineers worked directly for Federal Government and 12 c/< in total
aircraft, missile, and rocket area. Median age of engineers was 43 and
profession was more than 99% male. (Text)

April 1969

April 1: Reporting findings from four months of Oao II data to 129th
meeting of American Astronomical Society in Honolulu, Univ. of Wis-
consin astronomer Dr. Arthur D. Code said: "It puzzles me to see so
much ultraviolet light from the Andromeda galaxy (M31) and so little
from M81 because they are rather old 'garden variety' galaxies. . . .
There is a possibility that we might have discovered an old quasar a
few million light years away."

Full impact of Oao II data would not be felt for couple of years.
"Some theories on cosmology will have to be modified and others dis-
carded. Practically all phases of optical astronomy will be affected."
Temperature figures assigned to young, hot stars with masses more
than 15 times sun's would require alteration. "These stars are con-
siderably hotter than 20,000 degrees absolute. They are aging about
twice as fast as we thought and are burning hydrogen at a very rapid
rate." oao data thus far provided argument against steady-state theory
of universe which maintained universe always looked same, from any
point at any time, Dr. Code said.

At same meeting, Joseph Purcell, oao Project Manager at GSFC, said
Oao II's observatory control system had exceeded its pointing accuracy
requirement of one minute of arc by factor of two. "A subsequent OAO
will be 100 times more stable." (nasa Release 69-51; Lannan, W Star,
4/4/69, A5)

• NASA's Mariner VII Mars probe (launched March 27) obeyed radio com-

mand to lock its sensors on star Canopus. Spacecraft would fly past
Mars night of Aug. 4. Command was radioed from NASA tracking sta-
tion in Woomera, Australia. (AP, W Post, 4/2/69; upi, C Trib,
4/3/69)

• Pakistan had successfully launched her first rocket, a two-stage vehicle

to investigate upper atmosphere, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere
Research Committee announced. (AP, W Post, 4/2/69, A7)

• Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told House Armed Services Com-

mittee he planned to cut FY 1970 defense budget by at least $1.1
billion because of Nation's "extremely difficult and dangerous economic
and fiscal situation." At press interview following testimony, he said
dod budget submitted to Congress included cutback in B— 52 raids over
South Vietnam from 1,800 to 1,600. (Transcript of Press Conference;
Corddry, B San, 4/2/69, Al)
April 2: National Academy of Engineering announced election of 44 U.S.
engineers to membership. Included were Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Di-
rector of Defense Research and Engineering, honored for "techno-
logical leadership in defense research and engineering," and Edward
Wenk, Jr., Executive Secretary of National Council on Marine Re-
sources and Engineering Development, for "major contributions to the

April 2

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

design of military submarines and other underwater equipment."
(nae Release)
April 3: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine was sworn in by Vice President Spiro T.
Agnew as NASA Administrator in ceremony in Vice President's office.
Dr. Paine said: "I am particularly anxious to see that in the second

April 3: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine (right) was sworn in as Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew.

decade of space we bring down to the people on earth more of the
benefits that can be obtained from this wonderful new technology. . . .
Such areas as navigation, communications and particularly earth re-
sources are things that are very much on our minds as we look out to
the moon and beyond." ( NASA Hq WB; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 4/4/69; AP,
W Post, 4/4/69)
National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal for research, exploration,
and discovery was presented by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew to
Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William
A. Anders in Constitution Hall, Washington, D.C. Vice President
Agnew said: "The possibilities of space exploration are so infinite they
overwhelm the mind. The speed with which we have reached this new
threshold of hope itself is awesome. Less than half a century has
passed since the Hubbard Award was presented to Colonel Charles A.
Lindbergh for his solo flight from New York to Paris. Less than a
decade has passed since Colonel John Glenn was awarded the first
Hubbard Medal for exploration in space."

100

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 3

Award, one of Nation's highest honors, had been given only 24
times in 63 years, for outstanding achievement in geography and ex-
ploration. First medal had gone to Robert E. Peary in 1906 for Arctic
explorations.

Earlier in day at National Geographic headquarters, Apollo 8 astro-
nauts had received General Thomas D. White Space Trophy for L968,
awarded to military or civilian USAF member making most outstanding
contribution to U.S. progress in aerospace. ( ngs Release I

• MSFC announced two contract awards. Definitive $38,340,000 contract to

North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for J-2 engine oper-
ational and flight support Jan. 1, 1969, to June 30, 1970, replaced
letter contract which earlier authorized S9 million. Contract modifica-
tion of $15,253,945 was given to Chrysler Corp. Space Div. for ex-
tending delivery schedule of Saturn IB boosters and stage storage.
I msfc Releases 69-97, 69-96)
April 4: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos
CCLXXV1 entered orbit with 371-km (230.5-mi) apogee, 200-km
(124.3-mi) perigee, 90.1-min period, and 81.3° inclination and re-
entered April 11. Cosmos CCLXXVll entered orbit with 466-km
(289.6-mi) apogee, 267-km (165.9-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period,
and 70.9° inclination and reentered July 6. ( GSFC SSR, 4/15/69;
7/15/69; AP, C Trib, 4/5/69; sbd Space Log Supplement, 4/15/69)

• usaf X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry

I. USAF), was carried to 45,000-ft altitude by B-52 aircraft during first
captive flight. All systems functioned satisfactorily and vehicle was
deemed flight worthy in nasa-usaf program. I NASA Proj Off)

• NAA announced Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr.,

and William A. Anders would receive 1968 Robert J. Collier Trophy
for significant achievement in aeronautics and astronautics, as repre-
sentatives of "entire United States space flight team for the successful
and flawless execution of the first manned lunar orbit mission in his-
tory." Trophy would be presented by President Nixon at Washington,
D.C., luncheon May 7. I NAA Release)

• Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., received Distinguished Service Medal at

dod ceremony for service as Apollo 8 command module pilot. I W Post,
4/5/69, A7)

• Apollo 8 Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders, both

U.S. Naval Academy graduates, presented Academy flag carried aboard
Apollo 8 spacecraft to brigade representing 4,000 midshipmen at
Annapolis. I AP, B Sun, 4/3/69, All)

• INTELSAT conference ended March 21 had made it clear "that Intelsat, in

its brief 5-year history, has been an extraordinary success," wrote
Robert J. Samuelson in Science. Its transoceanic satellites, transmitting
telephone signals primarily, had tended to depress cost of communica-
tions by multiplying available channels and pressuring carriers to
lower rates. Satellites had given "third world" nations in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America, previously dependent upon "confused mixture of
radio and cable channels," chance to join advanced worlds communi-
cations system. Attendance of U.S.S.R. as conference observer was
"sure sign" of Intelsat success.

Soviet decision to join INTELSAT might hinge on organization's de-
cision about its future. Issue was Intelsat's formal structure and

101

April 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

problem was "determining how large a role the United States should
play." U.S. domination stemmed from its economic and technological
power. U.S. firm, ComSatCorp, was made manager of INTELSAT under
1964 agreement, to oversee satellite design, contract with nasa for
launchings, and supervise operation in space.

Month-long meeting had not resulted in accord on even draft agree-
ment. Europeans wanted to replace ComSatCorp management with
international secretariat to subcontract technical tasks to ComSatCorp
and other organizations as they demonstrated genuine competence.
U.S. approach was, Why "tamper with a successful formula?" Funda-
mental issue lay deeper. "Technological superiority . . . creates its own
foreign policy problems. America's Intelsat partners are pushing for a
Space Age which — if not truly international — is at least more multi-
national." (Science, 4/4/69, 56-7)

• faa released Air Traffic Activity Report for 1968: Los Angeles Inter-

national Airport had climbed to position of second busiest U.S. airport,
from sixth place in 1967. Los Angeles had logged 594,486 takeoffs and
landings. O'Hare International in Chicago, which had ranked first
every year since 1962, still led with 690,810. Van Nuys, Calif., re-
tained third position with 567,973 total and led in general aviation
with 317,816 operations. Instrument-flight-rule aircraft handled by faa
air route traffic control centers had more than doubled in decade, to
19.4 million in 1968. (faa Release 69-43)

April 5: nasa adoption of field sequential color TV system to relay pictures
from moon on future Apollo flights was "solace" to inventor Dr. Peter
C. Goldmark, president of CBS Laboratories, New York Times said.
System, employing small revolving filter disc to inject primary colors
in front of camera, had been rejected by industry and FCC some 15 yrs
earlier in favor of all-electronic compatible system now in worldwide
use. Advantage of Goldmark system on moon flights was ability to
pick up usable color images under exceptionally low levels of light
intensity — important where stars might be major illumination source.
Images received from space would then be converted through com-
patible system for home reception. Dr. Goldmark said system might
be "first technological breakthrough that is 28 years old." (NYT,
4/5/69, 30)

April 6: In interview published by This Week, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank
Borman said many things could be learned from moon: "One ... I
hope will be international cooperation, such as now exists in Antarctica.
Even though the moon struck me as a very desolate, forbidding ex-
panse, it will be very beneficial for men to work together to unlock its
many mysteries and secrets. I hope that both the moon and the large
permanent space stations from earth will be citadels for international
cooperation and that the people who visit them will really be inter-
nationalists in the truest sense." (This Week, 4/6/69)

• Baltimore Sun said Indiana Univ. had announced plans for experiments

with NASA to determine problems in making future lunar colonies self-
supporting. Studies to start in August would probe feasibility of grow-
ing earth plants in lunar soil to provide food for manned space stations
and possibly fodder for animals transported to moon colonies in 20 to
30 yrs. "Moon grow" experiment would use lunar soil retrieved by
lunar missions and would expand as more material became available.

102

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 6

Experiments would be conducted by astrobotanist Dr. Paul Mahlberg
and team at MSC laboratory and later at university. (Perkinson, B Sun,
4/6/69)
April 7: nasa's Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV), piloted by NASA
test pilot Harold E. Ream, successfully completed six-minute flight at
Ellington afb. LLTV flights had been suspended since Dec. 8, 1968,
crash. ( AP, B Sun, 4/8/69, A3; 4/7/69, A9)

• msfc announced engineer Chester B. May would be member of oceanolo-

gist Dr. Jacques Piccard's six-man crew on Gulf Stream Drift Mission,
scientific undersea journey aboard submersible vessel Ben Franklin
(PX-15). Vessel would drift with Gulf Stream current from Miami,
Fla., to Halifax, Nova Scotia, from four to six weeks beginning in
June. May would study vessel's operation and evaluate analogies be-
tween it and future NASA space station. Mission, covering 1,450 nm,
would be conducted at 1,000-ft average depth, with periodic excur-
sions to 300 ft and 2,000 ft. PX-15, designed by Dr. Piccard, would
remain submerged throughout journey. Crew would experience space
station characteristics: isolation, confinement, and stressful environ-
ment. (MSFC Release 69-100; Marshall Star, 4/9/69, 1)

• "World's only jet-powered personal jet propulsion system" — jet belt

developed by Bell Aerosystems Co. under DOD sponsorship — made its
first free flight near Niagara Falls International Airport. Device would
provide quick-response, individual aerial mobility. (DOD Newsfilm Re-
lease 185-69; AFJ, 6/14/69, 20)

• In U.S.'s Annual Review of National and Co-Operative International

Space Activities, Soviet Government report said Soviet scientists had
paid "great attention" to developing methods of detecting signs of life
on other planets. "With the development of space research, the prob-
lem of detecting life on the celestial bodies closest to the earth by
means of space craft is becoming a priority matter. The considerable
difference between conditions on the surface of the moon, Venus and
Mars and those in which terrestrial life exists makes it necessary for
us to extend our knowledge of the limits within which terrestrial life
and life in general can exist. In this connexion Soviet scientists are
investigating the possible limits of the existence of life. The absence of
systematic processes for the movement of matter on the moon obviously
makes active life on its surface impossible. On Mars, where free liquid
water is probably absent, life is possible using matter transfer by frost,
ice in the soil, water vapour and the wind. Examination of the temper-
ature limits for the existence of life gives rise to a number of consider-
ations which allow us not to exclude the possibility of the existence of
life, in for example, the polar regions of Venus." (Text)

• Space Publications, Inc., reported its poll of Senate showed 48 Senators

opposed to or "leaning against" deployment of proposed Safeguard
abm system; 46 for or leaning toward deployment; and 6 uncom-
mitted, of which 4 had record of voting for former Sentinel system and
2 against. {SBD, 4/7/69, 167)
April 8: NASA's Mariner VII, launched from etr March 27, successfully exe-
cuted midcourse maneuver in response to radio commands from Woo-
mera, Australia, tracking station. Spacecraft, more than 2.5-million mi
from earth, would fly within 2,000 mi of Mars Aug. 5. ( Sehlstedt,
B Sun, 4/9/69, A5; Reuters, W Post, 4/9/69, A7)

103

April 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Saturn V 2nd stage (S-II-8) was successfully captive-fired at Mississippi

Test Facility for 385 sees, with only four outboard engines functioning
for final 86 sees. Center engine was intentionally cut off early to evalu-
ate early cutoff as suppressor of longitudinal oscillations (pogo effect)
which had occurred on Apollo 8 and 9 flights. If test data were satis-
factory, center engine might be cut off early during Apollo 10 mission
in May. (msfc Release 69-107)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from wsmr carried

American Science & Engineering, Inc., payload to 109.4-mi (176-km)
altitude. Objective was to obtain high-resolution pictures of general
x-ray emission from solar corona in quiescent state, using 9-in-dia
x-ray mirror and 12-frame rotating camera with variety of filters.
Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily; x-ray exposures of
considerable scientific value were anticipated, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• President Nixon announced nomination of NASA Assistant Administrator

for Industry Affairs Philip N. Whittaker to be Assistant Secretary of
the Air Force for Installations and Logistics. He also announced ap-
pointment of former Gov. William W. Scranton of Pennsylvania as
U.S. Representative to Intelsat Conference with rank of Ambassador,
replacing Ambassador Leonard H. Marks, who resigned March 21.
(PD, 4/14/69, 533-4; W Star, 4/9/69, A8)

• MSFC announced $8,391,052 modification to contract with North Ameri-

can Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. for support services to J— 2 rocket-
engine program from June 1, 1969, through April 30, 1970. (msfc
Release 69-104)

• Merger of military and civilian man-in-space programs was major de-

cision facing Nixon Administration, said Howard Benedict of Associ-
ated Press. Many observers felt it necessary because, under separate
courses being taken by NASA and dod, costs of competing hardware
systems "might explode out of proportion." Congressmen had charged
there was costly duplication in NASA's orbiting workshop and DOd's
MOL, both planned for 1971 launch, but with work on both so far
advanced there was no turning back. Air Force Secretary, Dr. Robert
Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Administrator, had said any attempt
to combine two programs "would jeopardize the returns to each agency
and would ultimately increase the cost. . . . These activities require
different equipment, different orbits and different timing." NASA As-
sociate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller,
had said classified study to determine mol's capabilities to accomplish
nasa's long-duration earth orbit objectives had shown extended mol
"too limited to provide a significant, cost-effective step toward achiev-
ing NASA's long duration objective."

Many observers believed technology and information for building
national space station housing military and civilian personnel might
emerge from the two programs. Another possibility was use by both
agencies of similar rocket and spacecraft on separate scientific and
military missions with equipment standardization providing "consider-
able saving." (Huntsville Times, 4/8/69)

• "Where the Legend Starts," film depicting life of late Cosmonaut Yuri

Gagarin, was being prepared in U.S.S.R., Tass announced. Gagarin,
first man in space on Vostok I April 12, 1961, died in aircraft crash
March 27, 1968. (AP, C Trib, 4/9/69)

104

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 8

• Federally sponsored TurboTrain passenger demonstration began with one

return trip daily from Boston to New York on Penn Central's New
Haven Region. Within year service would permit elimination of 45 to
50 min from schedules. Developed by United Aircraft Corp., Turbo-
Trains were leased by dot for two-year Government experiment, (dot
Release 4769)
April 9: Cosmos CCLXXVIII was launched from Baikonur by U.S.S.R. into
orbit with 318-km (197.6-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee,
89.6-min period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered April 17.
(csfc SSR, 4/15/69; 4/30/69; SBD, 4/10/69, 190)

• British Aircraft Corp. chief test pilot Brian Trubshaw flew Anglo-French

Concorde 002 supersonic airliner on successful 24-min maiden flight
from Filton Airfield, near Bristol. Aircraft, built to reach 1,400-mph
speed, flew at 300 mph during flight, which copilot John Cochran
termed "marvelous." French version Concorde 001 made maiden flight
March 2. (W Star, 4/10/69, A13; AP, W Post, 4/10/69, A12)
0 msfc announced issuance of RFp's for 10-mo study to establish design
concepts and development requirements for nuclear rocket stage to
replace Saturn V 3rd stage for advanced missions in late 1970s and
1980s and payload design concepts and development requirements for
flight test and early operational applications of stage using NASA— aec
nerva. Study, for which proposals were due April 17, also would in-
vestigate payloads for nuclear-stage test flights including interplanetary
meteoroid experiment (ime) and barium cloud experiment (bce). ime
would gather information on meteoroid environment in interplanetary
space, particularly in asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, bce
would create artificial plasma cloud in space to simulate comet's tail
and to study motions of ionized particles in earth's magnetosphere.
Work would be done at msfc. (msfc Release 69-105)

• Astronaut R. Walter Cunningham was named a director of American

Systems Inc., Los Angeles electronics firm. Cunningham, LM pilot on
Oct. 11—22 Apollo 7 mission, would continue duties as astronaut.
(Reuters, W Post, 4/10/69)

• msfc shipped 20,000-lb, 20-ft-tall F-l and 225,000-lb-thrust J-2

Saturn V rocket engines from New Orleans to France as part of NASA
exhibit at Paris Air Show, May 29-June 8. Other items in display
would include Apollo 8 spacecraft and an Apollo lunar module, (msfc
Release 69-106; msfc pio)

April 9—11: NASA and National Science Teachers Assn. sponsored Youth
Science Congress at LaRC to encourage original scientific research by
outstanding high school students. {Langley Researcher, 4/18/69, 1)

April 10: Prime crew for Apollo 12 mission was announced by NASA: Astro-
nauts Charles Conrad, Jr. (commander), Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (cm
pilot), and Alan L. Bean (lm pilot). Backup crew would be Astronauts
David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. Irwin. Apollo 12
would land on moon four to six months after July 1969 Apollo 11
mission, (nasa Release 69—53)

• NASA reported research project to develop TV tube with completely black

face to give pilots sharp-contrast picture of aircraft instrument read-
ings, providing accurate information on rapid scanning of instrument
panel. Filters would absorb prevailing cockpit light and prevent back
reflection. NASA believed high-contrast cathode-ray tube could be used

105

April 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

in commercial TV receivers as well if production cost could be re-
duced, (nasa Release 69-52)

• NSF released Federal Support to Universities and Colleges, Fiscal Year

1967, prepared for Office of Science and Technology. Federal support
to universities and colleges totaled $3.3 billion in 1967, up 9% over
1966 but below increases of 32% and 42% in previous two years.
Federal support of academic science activities reached $2.3 billion, up
6%, with two-thirds for science education and institutional development
and one-third for operating and plant costs for R&D projects. Nonsci-
ence activities reached $987 million, or 30% of total. While hew,
Dept. of Agriculture, aec, and nsf increased aid to higher education,
nasa decreased spending by $11 million (8%) and dod by $37 million
(12%). (Text)

• USA issued "cure notice" giving Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 15 days to

prove it could solve technical problems of new high-speed AH56 Chey-
enne helicopter production or face cancellation of 375 on order. Cost
estimate had soared from $1.5 million each to $2.25 million with final
contract terms not yet negotiated. {WSJ, 4/14/69, 15)
April 11: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya 1-11 comsat to relay telephone and
telegraph communications and TV broadcasts to "the far north,"
Siberia, Central Asia, and Far East. Orbital parameters: apogee,
39,595 km (24,603.2 mi) ; perigee, 483 km (300.1 mi) ; period, 712.1
min; and inclination, 64.9°. Equipment was functioning normally.
(gsfc SSR, 4/15/69; SBD, 1/14/69, 204; AP, W Star, 4/11/69, Al)

• Terms of Reference for joint nasa/dod study of space transportation

systems were approved by nasa Administrator, Dr. Thomas O. Paine,
and Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Two-part
study to assess practicality of common system would correlate needs of
both agencies, assess technical feasibility of various systems, compare
costs, assess economic sensibility of systems, and recommend concepts
of space transportation system with rationale for each concept. Group
would report to President's Space Task Committee June 15. (Terms of
Reference)

• U.K.'s Institute for Strategic Studies predicted U.S.S.R. would overtake

U.S. in icbm production by mid-1969 but U.S. would retain overall
lead in nuclear weapons because of greater submarine and air forces.
U.S. international role in 1970s could become smallest since pre-World
War II. (upi, W Star, 4/11/69, A12)
April 12: NASA's Oao II orbiting astronomical observatory (launched Dec.
7, 1968) refused to accept commands from NASA's Santiago, Chile,
tracking station. Satellite began tumbling out of control and its solar
cells were unable to receive energy from sun to charge its batteries.
While project officials tried to determine exact nature of anomaly, satel-
lite recovered, accepting command from Australian station within few
hours of battery depletion. Oao II was placed in sunbathing mode
while batteries recharged. (Memo, NASA Asst Director for Projects;
nasa Release 69-55)

• USAF launched unidentified satellite from etr by Atlas-Agena booster

into near polar orbit with 24,391-mi (39,245. 1-km) apogee,
20,302-mi (32,665.9-km) perigee, 1,436.0-min period, and 10.2° in-
clination, (gsfc, SSR, 4/15/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69]; W Post, 1/13/69,
A14)

106

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 12

• President Nixon announced he would submit to Congress April 15 pro-

posed anti-inflation revisions in FY 1970 budget including $4-billion
reduction in Federal spending, to $192.9 billion; $5.5-billion reduction
in appropriations requests and other budget authority; and $5.8-
billion budget surplus— largest since 1951. (PD, 4/21/69, 553-4)

• Unpublished DOD estimate put Federal funding for C— 5A transport at

$5,202,400,000, Bernard D. Nossiter wrote in Washington Post. Figure
was $77.2-million increase over quotation by ijsaf in January and
total $2.1 billion (66%) increase since original 1964 estimate.
(W Post, 4/12/69, A2)

• April 12—14: NASA successfully launched series of three Nike-Apache

sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range carrying GSFC pay-
loads to study energy spectra and relative abundances of various
charge species of solar cosmic radiation during period of solar maxi-
mum. Each rocket carried three nuclear emulsion stocks and solid-state
detector sensitive to protons above 30 mev. Rockets reached 98.4-mi
(158.4-km), 96.4-mi (155.2-km), and 100.0-mi (161.0-km) alti-
tudes and instruments performed satisfactorily. Payloads were re-
covered in good condition, (nasa Rpts srl)
April 14: nasa's Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2) meteorological satellite was suc-
cessfully launched from wtr by Long-Tank, Thrust-Augmented Thor
(Thorad) -Agena D booster after three-day postponement because of
fuel leak. Satellite entered orbit with 703-mi (1,131.1-km) apogee,
662.2-mi ( 1,065. 5-km) perigee, 107.3-min period, and 80.1° in-
clination.

Nimbus III carried usa's Egrs XIII (also called Secor XIII) Se-
quential Collation of Range satellite as secondary payload on Agena
2nd stage and injected it into orbit with 704-mi (1,132.7-km) apogee,
667-mi (1,073.2-km) perigee, 107.3-min period, and 99.9° inclination.

Primary objectives were to inject Nimbus III into orbit and demon-
strate satisfactory operation of active, three-axis, earth-oriented space-
craft for at least three months and to acquire representative global
samples of infrared spectra for vertical temperature profiles of atmos-
phere. As secondary objectives spacecraft would make global maps of
radiative energy balance of earth atmosphere and cloud cover over at
least one seasonal cycle; demonstrate feasibility of surface pressure
and tropospheric wind measurements by infrared interferometer spec-
trometer system and temperature profile determination by infrared
spectrometry; make global maps of earth and day-and-night cloud
cover for three months from image-dissector camera system and high-
resolution infrared radiometer; and demonstrate SNAP-19 system as
auxiliary power system for three months. Spacecraft carried seven
meteorological experiments — most ever carried on U.S. meteorological
satellite — and was first capable of measuring emitted infrared energy
that would permit inference of atmospheric profile on global basis.
Interrogation, recording, and location system (irls) would pinpoint
position of special electronic platforms on fixed land sites and moving
objects such as buoys, balloons, aircraft, and elk in Yellowstone
National Park.

Butterfly-shaped 1,269-lb Nimbus III was fourth in series of seven
spacecraft designed to develop significantly improved meteorological
satellite, prove applicability of instrumentation, and fulfill special data

107

April 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

requirements of atmospheric sciences research community. It was re-
placement for Nimbus B, which failed to enter orbit May 18, 1968,
when launch vehicle malfunctioned. Nimbus I (launched Aug. 28,
1964) had operated for one month before solar-array drive system
malfunctioned. Nimbus II (launched May 15, 1966) had exceeded six-
month lifetime, operating successfully until Jan. 18, 1969. Nimbus
program was managed by gsfc under OSSA direction, (nasa Proj Off;
nasa Release 69-50)

• nasa's Apollo 10 lunar orbital mission was proceeding well toward launch

readiness for 11:49 am EST May 18, Deputy Apollo Program Director
George H. Hage told nasa Hq. briefing. Flight readiness test had been
successfully completed April 9. Countdown demonstration test (cddt)
would begin April 27, completing cryogenic propellant flow May 2;
crew participation in cddt would begin May 3. Astronauts Thomas P.
Stafford (commander), John W. Young (cm pilot), and Eugene A.
Cernan (lm pilot) would be launched from ksc Launch Complex 39,
Pad B — being used for first time — on eight-day mission in which crew
would enter lunar orbit, separate lm from csm, and pilot lm to within
50,000 ft of lunar surface.

Mission would include 11 different crew operations on TV and
Westinghouse Electric Corp.-developed "experiment involving color TV
if we can develop it and get it prepared to fly in time to support this
mission. If we are able to ... we would do most of the pictures with
color TV rather than black and white. . . ." (Transcript)

• Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong would be first man to step on moon, ac-

cording to NASA plans for July 16 Apollo 11 mission, Apollo Program
Manager George M. Low told msc press conference. Armstrong, mis-
sion commander, followed by Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., LM pilot, would
leave LM and spend 2 hrs 40 min walking on lunar surface, gathering
rock samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures within 100
ft of lm. Astronauts would not go farther, Low said, because "all that
we need to carry out in deploying the experiment in doing all of the
activities that we have to do on the surface the first time . . . can be
done within the first 50 or 100 ft from the LM and we see no reason to
go any further and use up a lot of energy walking as opposed to doing
those things that we would like to do. . . ." (Transcript)

• Apollo 11 CSM and LM were mated with Saturn V (SA— 506) launch

vehicle at ksc in preparation for July 16 lunar landing mission. (SBD,
4/15/69, 209)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket with VAM— 20 booster launched by

nasa from wsmr carried gsfc payload to 116.5-mi (187.5-km) alti-
tude. Primary objective was to obtain solar x-ray spectra from 2 to
400 A. Secondary objective was to obtain integrated solar flux from 8
to 20 A. Data would be used to check calibration of spectrometer on
board Oso V (launched Jan. 22). Rocket and instruments functioned
satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Nixon Administration was responding to NASA requests for $200 million

supplemental R&D funds by "emphatically ordering future reductions"
in FY 1970 budget, said William J. Normyle in Aviation Week &
Space Technology, bob had told NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0.
Paine, to plan on $140-million loss despite conclusions of House sub-
committees that nasa's R&D should be increased $234.4 million. Until

108

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 14

Nixon decisions on U.S. space future, cut would "wipe out" work on
space stations, shuttle/logistics vehicles, and manned lunar exploration.
Feasible future programs were being studied by President's ad hoc
committee which would report in September. (Av Wk, 4/14/69, 27-8)

• General aviation's impact on U.S. economy in 1980 would be $7.1 billion,

222.7% above $2.2-billion industry contribution to gnp in 1967, ac-
cording to The Magnitude and Economic Impact of General Aviation,
study by R. Dixon Speas Associates for aia. Study said 1980 airports
and airways system must be prepared to accept 260,000 general-avia-
tion aircraft making 241 million takeoffs and landings and carrying
317 million passengers, (aia Fact Book; Bramley, Amer Av, 4/14/69,
17-9)

• In Duke Univ. lecture, Dr. Peter van de Kamp, Director of Sproul Ob-

servatory at Swarthmore College, Pa., described discovery of fourth
planet-like body found outside solar system. Existence had been de-
duced from 30 yrs telescopic observation of irregularities in Barnard's
Star, six light years from earth. (NYT, 4/15/69, 16; AP, W Post,
4/17/69, F13)
April 15: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by
Titan IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 292.7-mi
1 471 -km) apogee, 78.9-mi (127-km) perigee, 89.9-min period, and
108.7° inclination and reentered April 30. (gsfc SSR, 4/15/69;
4/30/69; SBD, 4/25/69, 264)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXIX into orbit with 350-km (217.5-mi)

apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 51.8°
inclination. West German Institute for Space Research later reported
spacecraft was a Soyuz space capsule and that it reentered and soft-
landed in U.S.S.R. April 24. (gsfc SSR, 4/15/69; AP, C Trib,
4/25/69)

• President Nixon submitted to Congress FY 1970 budget amendments

[see April 12]. White House, dod, and nasa released details, nasa
funds were reduced $45 million from $3.878-billion Johnson proposal
to $3,833 billion (recommended $3,716 in new obligational authority
plus $117 million carried over from prior years).

Apollo Applications program would be cut by $57 million but new
obligational authority of $46 million for resumption of Saturn V
rocket production and $40 million for lunar exploration would be
added, for net increase of $29 million in manned space flight funds.

Space science and applications would be cut by $41 million, to
$517.8-million new total. Advanced research and technology would
be cut $13 million, to total $277.4 million; and tracking and data ac-
quisition, $20 million, to total $278 million. University affairs funding
would remain at $9 million, technology utilization at $5 million, and
NERVA funding under nuclear rocket program at $36.5 million.

Funds proposed for construction of facilities and for research and
program management remained unchanged.

At NASA budget briefing, NASA Administrator Dr. Thomas 0. Paine
said: "The reductions we have been required to make will make neces-
sary difficult program adjustments and will result in reduced accom-
plishments in many areas. However ... in a context clearly requiring
that Government spending be held to a minimum, the Administration
has recognized the importance to the United States of a strong and con-

109

April 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tinuing program in space and aeronautics. . . . Last January, I char-
acterized President Johnson's FY 1970 Budget as a 'holding' Budget
. . . deferring to President Nixon's Administration the decisions the
nation faces on the future of manned flight programs." President
Nixon's recommendations, "if approved by the Congress, will ensure
that the nation can continue a scientifically effective program of
manned lunar exploration and avoid foreclosing our ability to continue
large-scale space operations in the future by allowing the capability to
produce Saturn V launch vehicles ... to lapse beyond the point where
it can economically be resumed."

DOD spending was reduced $1.1 billion and requested new obliga-
tional authority, $3.1 billion, including $51 million from mol. Other
science budget cuts: AEC funding, $78.6 million; agricultural and
natural resources conservation, $345 million; hew university facilities,
$107 million; and nih, $47.4 million, nsf budget remained at $495
million. Nixon budget made available $92.7-million carry-over for SST
R&D but no funds for prototype construction. Overall reduction in space
and atomic energy funding was $140 million. {PD, 3/21/69, 561—3;
NASA Budget Briefing Transcript; DOD Transript; W Post, 4/15—
16/69; NYT, 4/16/69; Science, 4/25/69)

• Project Tektite Aquanauts Richard A. Waller, Conrad V. W. Mahnken,

John G. Van Derwalker, and H. Edward Clifton were brought to sur-
face and placed in decompression chamber for 19 hrs, after record-
breaking 59 days on ocean floor off St. John, Virgin Islands. They had
submerged Feb. 15 in successful experiment to determine how men
functioned for extended periods underwater. At news conference later,
aquanauts revealed they had spent 25—40 hrs outside underwater habi-
tat during first two weeks, moving no farther than 300 ft; later they
averaged 70 hrs per week, swimming up to 3,000 ft from habitat to
study marine life, ocean currents, and geology. (Lyons, NYT, 4/14/69,
17; AP, W Star, 4/15/69, Bll; W Post, 4/16/69, A9; 4/17/69;
4/19/69, A6)

• At American Chemical Society meeting in Minneapolis, Univ. of Cali-

fornia at Berkeley nuclear scientist Albert Ghiorso reported discovery
of element 104 isotopes 104-257 and 104-259 and possibly 104-258.
Discoveries, made by bombarding target in heavy ion linear accelerator
(hilac), were announced by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, operated
at Univ. of California for AEC. (aec Release M-87)

April 15—17: Conference on technology of food management for aerospace
vehicles was sponsored by NASA, NAS, and Univ. of South Florida at
Tampa, Fla. Discussions included Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo mission
experience by Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research
and Operations, and feeding system requirements for Manned Orbiting
Laboratory and Apollo Applications program. Food specialists had
found they needed to improve methods on all types of aerospace flights
with emphasis on more palatable food and less food preparation time
in flight, (nasa Special Release)

April 16: nasa would require $5- to $5.6-billion annual budget "within
three years" for simultaneous development of orbiting space station
and lunar exploration in 1970 and onward, NASA Associate Adminis-
trator for Space Science and Applications, Dr. Homer E. Newell, said
in Washington Post interview. (Cohn, W Post, 4/17/69, A3)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 16

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by nasa from wsmr with

VAM— 20 booster carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to
117.0-mi (188.3-km) altitude to record white-light corona of sun
from three to nine solar radii with package containing two externally
occulted coronagraphs and three related experiments. Rocket and in-
struments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt srl)

• NASA noted new level of maturity in conduct of Apollo 8 mission, NASA

Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, Dr.
Homer E. Newell, told National Space Club in Washington, D.C. "We
got the feeling that the people . . . handling the operations had now a
new tool that fit the hand." Maturing of total space capability was seen
in use of Pioneers and earth orbiting satellites during Apollo 8 "to
keep track of what the sun was doing so that the directors of the Apollo
operation could know what radiation conditions in space were relative
to . . . crew safety." Mission also used weather satellites and communi-
cation satellites, "not only to transmit pictures . . . but also as an
integral part of the operation, to transmit data. . . ."

Asked NASA's priority on space station versus lunar exploration in
view of increase in funding request for lunar landing program, Dr.
Newell said: "Now you have touched upon what I think is going to be
the most difficult question for the country to resolve in the months
ahead." There was general agreement that manned space flight should
continue. Debate would be over whether it would be done by continued
lunar exploration, earth orbital operations, or both. "Our own feeling
is that the country ought to do both. Certainly after having put all the
investment into landing a man on the moon and developing the capa-
bility to do so we must continue to explore the moon. And we cannot
foresee any reasonable or rational national program in which we do
not continue that exploration. At the same time ... we haven't
finished developing the manned space flight capability. We have got to
. . . get that permanent foothold in space and that is where the space
station comes in." (Transcript)

• LaRC and J PL announced formation of management teams to direct Vi-

king Mars 1973 program to send two instrumented lander-and-orbiter
spacecraft to Mars in 1973. LaRC had responsibility for overall project
management and for lander portion of spacecraft. J PL would manage
orbiter portion and tracking and data acquisition. James S. Martin, Jr.,
was LaRC project manager, with Henry W. Norris named Viking orbiter
manager at jpl. (nasa Release 69-54; JPL Release 512)

• MSFC announced award of eight-month identical $400,000 contracts to

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. and Bendix Corp. for preliminary
design and definition studies of dual-mode lunar roving vehicles. DLRV
would provide mobility for one astronaut on lunar surface and could
be operated by remote control from earth while making automated,
long-range traverses of large lunar areas, drlv would be delivered to
moon aboard Apollo LM. After astronauts left, it would be placed in
remote control for geological and geophysical trips of 600 mi or more
for one year, during which it would collect up to 200 lbs of lunar
samples and measure lunar terrain. It would then rendezvous with
manned spacecraft and transfer samples for return to earth for analy-
sis, (msfc Release 69-110)

• At closed session of Senate Armed Services Committee Dr. Robert C.

Ill

April 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, and Gen. John P. McConnell,
Air Force Chief of Staff, said development of new intercontinental
supersonic bomber was "perhaps our most urgent requirement." Air-
craft, with proposed ABM system, would "provide insurance against
unexpected Soviet developments." (Homan, W Post, 4/17/69, A9)

• U.S.S.R. announced it would conduct series of rocket tests in Pacific

from April 17 to June 15. Aircraft and ships were asked to avoid
55-nm-dia circular area north of Midway Island with center at 35°23'
north latitude and 172°24' west longitude, (upi, W News, 4/17/69, 9;
SBD Space Log supplement, 4/18/69)
° At Vienna peace conference, following three-day secret talks, AEC
member Gerald F. Tape and Dr. Yevgeny K. Fedorov, head of Soviet
Weather Bureau, issued joint communique expressing concern about
amount of harmful radioactivity that would be released by nuclear
explosions when used for such projects as canal digging. Tape pre-
dicted widespread use of nuclear explosion for benefit of nonnuclear
countries was still five years away; Fedorov said Soviet technology
would permit general use of some types before 1974, but applications
would come later. (Hamilton, NYT, 4/17/69, 8)

• mit and usn unveiled in Boston computerized guidance and control sys-

tem to enable pilot of deep-diving rescue vessel to rendezvous and dock
with disabled submarines at depths to 5,000 ft. It would be used in
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles — new class of USN submarines
scheduled for first test dive in June 1969. (Wilford, NYT, 4/17/69,
94; W Post, 4/17/69, A4)

April 17: Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (tjsaf) piloted usaf X-24A lifting-body vehicle
on its first glide flight. The wingless craft, which depends on shape and speed for
aerodynamic lift, was air-launched from a B-52 aircraft at 45,000-foot altitude and
mach 0.66. Designed for maximum speed of mach 2 and altitudes to 100,000 feet, the
X—24A was one of three wingless experimental vehicles in the joint usaf— nasa re-
search program studying concepts for reusable and maneuverable reentry spacecraft.

112

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 17

April 17: X-24A lifting-body research vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R.
Gentry (usaf), successfully completed first glide flight from Rogers
Dry Lake, Calif. Vehicle was air-launched from B-52 aircraft at
45,000-ft altitude and mach 0.66 for pilot checkout and data on longi-
tudinal trim, lift, and drag. (NASA Proj Off)

• NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A.

Manke, successfully completed 15th flight. Primary objectives were to
expand flight envelope to mach 0.9 and to determine control character-
istics at mach 0.9. Vehicle was air-launched from B— 52 aircraft north
of Four Corners, Calif., at 45,000-ft altitude and mach 0.7. Manke
ignited three chambers of XLR— 11 engine, rotated vehicle, climbed to
55,000-ft altitude, and sustained flight at mach 0.9 for 100 sees, (nasa
Proj Off)

• Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced in House H.R. 10251, new

NASA FY 1970 authorization bill totaling $3,716 billion in line with
President Nixon's April 15 amended budget request. Bill was referred
to House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (Text; CR, 4/17/69,
H2806)

• Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Re-

search Range carried trw Systems Inc. payload to 161.6-mi
(260-km) altitude. Objectives were to measure total flux and energy,
including spectrum of precipitated energetic (1—20 kev) H atoms and
precipitated energetic protons and electrons; fluctuating DC electron
fields; Hb light intensity altitude profile; and location and intensity of
ionosphere current systems. Rockets and instruments functioned satis-
factorily; good data were obtained, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with

VAM— 20 booster carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to
113.7-mi (182-km) altitude to record white-light corona of sun from
three to nine solar radii with package containing two externally oc-
culted coronagraphs and three related experiments. Rocket and instru-
ments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wallops Sta-

tion carried Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. payload to 130.5-mi
(210-km) altitude to measure electron density, collision frequency,
and temperature in lower ionosphere at vernal equinox during sunspot
maximum. Rocket and dual-frequency propagation experiment for air-
glow photometer performed satisfactorily. Langmuir-Smith probe and
uv experiment produced no data and payload did not come out of
calibration until near impact. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• MSFC announced modification of $3,057,503 to contract with Chrysler

Corp. Space Div. for work on mechanical ground support equipment
for Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles from Dec. 1, 1968, through
March 31, 1970. msfc also announced one-year $5,704,116 extension
to contract with RCA Service Co. Div. of Radio Corp. of America for
technical services in support of msfc Management Services, (msfc
Releases 69-115, 69-114)

• dot released Study of Air Cargo and Air Passenger Terminal Facilitation

by Simat, Helliesen, & Eichner, Inc., and TransPlan, Inc. — source doc-
ument for Transportation Facilities Committee's industry-Government
task forces. It forecast worldwide passenger traffic increase of nearly
10% annually and air cargo increase of nearly 20% annually during

113

April 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

next decade. Documentation, processing, and handling delays were
contributing to nearly six-day delivery time of air cargo despite six-
hour Atlantic crossings, and Government clearance procedures were
critical problem for international cargo operations. Report recom-
mended: further consideration of high-speed rail, STOL, and VTOL
services; computerized processing of cargo documentation and high-
speed communication to facilitate advanced clearance; off-airport
cargo terminals; automated passenger ticketing and baggage handling;
and streamlined, mechanized border formalities. (DOT Release 5869)

• Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn.) told House Dr. Franklin A. Long

of Cornell Univ. had been asked to withdraw from nomination as nsf
Director after refusing to support Administration's abm system. "It is
unfortunate that the Nixon administration is sacrificing the National
Science Foundation on the altar of the ABM, and, by so doing, seriously
affecting its unique capability to be of service to our country." (CR,
4/17/69, H2759)
April 18: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
dressed in full landing attire, rehearsed simulated lunar landing at
MSC for the 2 hrs 40 min they would spend walking and working on
lunar surface in July. Astronauts practiced scooping rock and soil
samples, unfurled umbrella-like antenna, and deployed seismometer to
detect quakes and array of mirrors to serve as laser target for astron-
omers on earth. (Wilford, NYT, 4/19/69; upi, P Bull, 4/19/69)

• msfc announced it had issued RFPs for assistance in producing 320 com-

pleted solar "arrays" to convert solar energy into electrical power
to operate Saturn I Workshop. Two wings covered with 120 modules
each, for total 1,200-sq-ft area, would produce 12,000 w for Workshop.
Pre-proposal conference was scheduled at MSFC May 1. (msfc Release
69-116)

• INTELSAT Consortium had selected Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle for Intel-

sat IV program, ComSatCorp announced. First Intelsat IV — 18-ft-high,
8-ft-dia comsat with 5,000 two-way voice grade circuits — would be
launched in early 1971. ComSatCorp would negotiate with NASA for
purchase and launch of two Atlas-Centaur boosters with option for
two more. Atlas-Centaur was manufactured by General Dynamics Corp.
Convair Div. and managed by LeRC (ComSatCorp Release 69—19;
Lewis News, 4/25/69, 1)

• ComSatCorp announced earnings of $1,525,000, or 15 cents per share, for

first quarter of 1969. It had earned $1,798,000 (18 cents per share)
for similar period in 1968. Expected decline followed increased operat-
ing expenses from expansion of satellite and earth station system.
( ComSatCorp Release 69—18)

• Having started from "near zero" in 1961, West Germany was spending

about $90 million annually on space activities, said D. S. Greenberg in
Science, with rise to $150 million expected within few years. About
40% was in international programs like eldo and ESRO but emphasis
was on building domestic facilities. All-German satellite was being
built for launch by NASA and Germans were working with French on
comsat for 1972 Munich Olympic Games coverage. "With no manned
space effort or aspirations to divert their resources, and with the
military barred from space, whatever the Germans muster in space

114

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 18

activity goes directly into scientific research or commercial applica-
tions," Greenberg said. {Science, 4/18/69, 281—3)

April 20: AH— 56A Cheyenne helicopter — integrated, aerial, vehicle-arma-
ment-avionics-fire control gunship capable of firing machine guns,
grenades, rockets, and missiles — could become latest DOD-purchased
aircraft to incur Congressional and public criticism because of massive
cost overruns, major technical difficulties, and hints of improper pro-
curement practices, Robert Walters said in Washington Sunday Star.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.'s California Co. was prime contractor on
Cheyenne project which "has been in trouble almost since its inception
in August 1964." Total cost for Cheyenne program, including $195.3
million estimated for R&D, was set as $1.06 billion and Lockheed
contract allowed further increases. (W Star, 4/20/69, A8)

April 21: NASA's Explorer XXXVIII (launched July 4, 1968), orbiting at
3,640-mi altitude, had discovered earth, like Jupiter, sporadically
emitted low-frequency radio signals, Radio Astronomy Explorer project
scientist Dr. Robert G. Stone told 1969 spring meeting of U.S. Na-
tional Committee of International Union of Radio Science in Wash-
ington, D.C. "In the radio frequency range below 10 megahertz, the
Earth looks very much like Jupiter. This suggests that the same
processes that account for the Jovian radio noise may also be active
in the Earth's magnetosphere." Signals from both planets appeared
sharply beamed or directed in narrow cone, were quite intense and
increased in intensity rapidly when observed toward lower frequencies,
and were impulsive, occurring in rapid but sporadic bursts.

Explorer XXXVIII also had revealed sun was more active source of
radio outbursts in lower frequencies than expected, providing unique
means of studying sun's outer atmosphere to 36-million-mi distance of
Mercury orbit. "Such information," Stone said, "could shed further
light on mystery of Sun's part in cause of low frequency radio storms
on the Earth." Explorer XXXVIITs four 750-ft-long antennas had
provided most comprehensive and detailed measurements of cosmic
radio noise at low frequencies yet available. Information was providing
first low-frequency maps of radio emissions in Milky Way galaxy,
showing that most radio emissions originated in plane or disc of Milky
Way. Satellite had remained stable since orbit despite repeated move-
ment and had continued to operate successfully, (nasa Release 69—57;
AP, B Sun, 4/22/69, A6; O'Toole, W Post, 4/22/69, Al)

• President Nixon's amendments to proposed FY 1970 space budget would

support post-Apollo manned flight at expense of unmanned planetary
space flight, William J. Normyle wrote in Aviation Week & Space
Technology. In effect, NASA had received "almost all it wanted for
planning post-Apollo manned lunar exploration." Argument was ex-
pected in House Committee on Science and Astronautics over relative
apportionment. (Av Wk, 4/21/69, 16-7)

• Senate Committee on Banking and Currency approved nomination of

NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management
Harold B. Finger as Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban De-
velopment. iCR, 4/21/69, D289; W Star, 4/22/69, A3)
April 22: NASA named Brian M. Duff, Vice President for Communications of
National Urban Coalition, as Public Affairs Officer for msc. He would

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April 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

succeed Paul Haney who was named Special Assistant to Julian Scheer,
Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA Hq. Duff had been
Director of Special Events in NASA Office of Public Affairs before going
to National Urban Coalition. In new position, Haney would coordinate
development of news media materials, with concentration on Apollo
manned lunar landing. Haney later told press he had been ordered to
new position because of personal differences with Scheer. "I'm defi-
nitely uncertain whether to go and have consulted a lawyer," he said.
Scheer said on April 23 transfer was not personal matter but "case of
using two very good people where they can best serve our needs."
(nasa Release 69-59; H Chron, 4/22-23/69; H Post, 4/23/69, 1;
W Post, 4/23/69, A3)

• Rep. Charles W. Whalen, Jr. (R-Ohio), inserted in Congressional Record

results of annual opinion poll of his constituents which showed 51%
preferred continuation of space funding at present level, 21% pre-
ferred cutback with reallocation of space funds to social welfare pro-
grams, 16% wanted acceleration of space program with increased fund-
ing if necessary, and 12% wanted none of these. {CR, 4/22/69, E3230)

• DOD reported Soviet SS— 9 missile had been test-fired with multiple re-

entry vehicles for first time over U.S.S.R.'s Pacific testing area at
5,000-mi range. Missile, of which U.S.S.R. had deployed 200, was
capable of carrying warhead of up to 25 mt or three warheads of 5 mt
and was only Soviet missile credited with hard-site destruction capa-
bility. Portions of its booster had been used in testing fobs, (dod
Release 310-69; Homan, W Post, 4/23/69, A26)
April 22—25: Discovery of six new mascons (mass concentrations of dense
material) beneath moon's surface was reported by JPL scientists at
50th Annual Meeting of American Geophysical Union in Washington,
D.C. William L. Sjogren, Paul M. Muller, and Dr. Peter Gottlieb re-
ported discovery that brought to 12 total mascons mapped on moon's
near face and leading and trailing edges and that were expected to
refine gravity model used in Apollo navigation.

Dr. Gottlieb said latest gravity model produced significant agreement
with analysis of tracking information from Apollo 8 mission Dec. 21—
27, 1968. JPL researchers were working with msfc to predict accurately
landing sites several orbits before spacecraft landing. Most data avail-
able had been taken from spacecraft in lunar orbit of about 60 mi.
JPL team expected new and possibly higher resolution data from Apollo
10 when lunar module orbited at lower altitude. (JPL Release 514;
NASA Release 69-61)

April 23: Cosmos CCLXXX was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 251-
km (156-mi) apogee, 198-km (123-mi) perigee, 88.1-min period, and
51.0° inclination. Satellite reentered May 6. (gsfc SSR, 4/30/69;
5/15/69; SBD, 4/25/69, 261)

• Briefing on Apollo 9's earth resources survey experiment [see March 3—
13] was held at NASA Hq. Dr. Leonard Jaffe, Director of Space Appli-
cations Programs, stressed importance of satellite photos for earth re-
sources program: ". . . we have taken advantage of the Apollo and
Gemini, as we did with Mercury, opportunities to get pictures of the
earth and its environment with cameras, largely held by hand, by the
astronauts. These pictures have been a very large source of experi-
mental data for our Earth Resources Survey Program."

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 23

Advantage of using space for earth resources survey was twofold.
One was "large view that it gives you of the earth." Second was
"ability to see the same phenomenon, or the same area of the earth
time and time again, to be able to arrive over this particular spot on
the earth periodically and observe temporal changes." Apollo 9 experi-
ment had obtained some 120 or 130 useful frames of multispectral data,
all of which had been distributed to principal investigators for analysis.
(Transcript)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics accepted subcommittee re-

ports on H.R. 10251, FY 1970 nasa authorization [see April 17] and
added $258 million to amounts requested by President Nixon. Com-
mittee would meet again April 29. I CR, 4/23/69, D302; Lannan, W
Star, 4/24/69)

• National Telemetry Conference of Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers, Inc., presented award for telemetry achievements to NASA
team responsible for directing, planning, engineering, implementing,
and operating Manned Space Flight Network in support of Apollo
program. At Washington, D.C., luncheon, award was accepted by GSFC
Assistant Director for Manned Flight Support, Ozro M. Covington.
(gsfc Release G-l-69)

• Australian Prime Minister John G. Gorton announced in Canberra that

Australian government had accepted U.S. proposals for "a joint United
States-Australian defense space communications facility" at Woomera,
South Australia, site of Australian Weapons Research Establishment.
(Sehlstedt, B Sun, 4/24/69, Al)
April 24: NASA's Mariner VI and Mariner VII spacecraft were 10 million mi
and 6.47 million mi from earth en route to Mars. Mariner VI Canopus
tracker had failed to change position properly April 20 and search was
underway to find substitute for Canopus. (jPL Status Bull)

• President Nixon announced appointment of five new members to 19-

member President's Science Advisory Committee: Dr. John D. Balde-
schwieler, professor of chemistry at Stanford Univ.; Dr. Richard L.
Garwin, Director of IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia Univ.; Dr.
Murray Gell-Mann, professor of theoretical physics at Cal Tech; Dr.
Patrick E. Haggerty, President of Texas Instruments, Inc.; and Dr.
Gerald F. Tape, President of Associated Universities, Inc. ( PD,
4/28/69, 602)

• Signing of $8,802,472 supplemental agreement with McDonnell Douglas

Corp. defining 18 change orders affecting S— IVB quality maintenance
program was announced by MSFC. Agreement included reliability and
quality reviews, documentation, and expanded production acceptance
tests, (msfc Release 69-122)

• faa announced initiation of Airport Data System (ads) to collect and

validate data on facilities and service available at nation's airports in
centralized section of faa — National Flight Data Center (nfdc). Data
would be made available to U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and com-
mercial chart producers, (faa Release T 69—201
April 25: NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot
William H. Dana, was air-launched from B— 52 aircraft at 45,000-ft
altitude and glided to successful landing. Purpose of flight, 16th in
series at frc, was pilot checkout, (nasa Proj Off)

• Electrostatic zero-gravity workbench experiment by Chrysler Corp. at

117

April 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Michoud Assembly Facility might provide substitute for gravity in
small space-station area, nasa reported. If successful, experimental
equipment — three-foot-square workbench with coated metal top, high
voltage and variable power supply, and ion source with interconnected
cabling — would enable astronaut to manipulate loose objects like tools
in weightlessness of orbiting space station. Ion source and high-voltage
power supply, directed downward, would create force field to hold
tools to bench top. Ground experiments would be completed in six
months, (nasa Release 69-58)

• Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), for himself and Sen. Margaret C.

Smith (R-Me.), introduced S. 1941, nasa authorization bill, similar to
H.R. 10251 [see April 17]. Bill was referred to Senate Committee on
Aeronautical and Space Sciences. (Text; CR, 4/25/69, S4118)

• Senate confirmed nomination of Harold B. Finger, NASA Associate Ad-

ministrator for Organization and Management, as Assistant Secretary
of Housing and Urban Development. (CR 4/25/69, S4189)

• Paul Haney, described by press as "Voice of Apollo," announced resig-

nation after 10 yrs with nasa following NASA Hq. discussion of his
April 22 appointment as assistant to Associate Administrator for Public
Affairs Julian Scheer. Haney said decision to resign resulted from
personal differences with Scheer, who told press he had tried to per-
suade Haney to remain with agency. (AP, NYT, 4/26/69, 2; O'Toole,
W Post, 4/29/69, A3)
April 26: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by nasa from wsmr
carried MIT payload to 97.7-mi (157.9-km) altitude to study x-ray
spectrum of Crab Nebula at long wavelengths and to search for weak
x-ray sources associated with supernova remnants or with galaxies
outside Milky Way. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily.
(nasa Rpt srl)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Thumba

Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (terls) carrying Indian-Japa-
nese payload for x-ray astronomy studies. Rocket and instruments
functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj Off)

• Testifying before Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Joseph B. Mahon,
NASA's Director of Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs, OSSA, said
NASA planned to use Titan IIIC and Titan Centaur to carry out high-
velocity Viking mission in FY 1970. They would provide capability for
both orbital and lander scientific experimentation and would expand
launch window. After proof test flight in 1972 of integrated Improved
Centaur and Titan III, configuration would be flown in support of
1973 Viking mission and other planetary missions, as well as earth
synchronous missions using 4,000- to 8,000-lb spacecraft. Titan IIIC
also would be used on two synchronous-altitude missions, ATS— F and
ATS— G. (Transcript)
April 27: Several thousand gallons of fuel escaped from prevalves in Saturn
V 1st stage (S— IC) while it was being prepared for Apollo 10 count-
down demonstration test (cddt) at ksc. Prevalves opened while leak
was being repaired in nitrogen pressurization system on mobile
launcher, cddt, scheduled to begin April 28, was delayed 24 hrs while
vehicle was examined for damage. (O'Toole, W Post, 4/29/69, A3;
Marshall Star, 4/30/69, 1)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 27

• FRC announced retirement of NASA's two X-15 rocket research aircraft,

designed for manned hypersonic flight research at speeds up to 4,000
mph and altitudes of 50 mi. X-15 No. 1, which had made first flight
June 8, 1959, would be displayed at Smithsonian Institution in Washing-
ton, D.C. No. 2 would be displayed at Air Force Museum at Wright-
Patterson afb, Ohio. No. 3 had been destroyed in accident Nov. 15,
1967. During $300-million nasa-usaf-usn program X-15 had set two
unofficial world records, reaching 354,200-ft altitude and 4,520 mph
(mach 6.7). Aircraft served as reusable manned platforms for wide
range of experiments that helped advance development of vital space-
flight systems. Final flight, 199th, had been Oct. 24, 1968, and nasa
had announced completion of program Dec. 20. (frc Release 9—69)

• William Hines said in Washington Evening Star: "It now seems entirely

possible that NASA may sneak into a Mars program without a specific
go-ahead of the type given for the moon adventure in 1961. A case can
be made that exploration of the planets is but a logical extension of
exploration of the moon; that once the space frontier is crossed in 1969
everything else is evolutionary, not revolutionary. This sort of gradual-
ism, which is analogous to a girl's becoming a little bit pregnant, is
just as effective in the long run as the flamboyant setting of spectacular
goals, and probably a good bit more feasible in a time when there is
already much grumbling about pre-occupation with other worlds when
our own is in such a sorry state." (W Star, 4/27/69, G4)

• Dr. Nicholas E. Golovin, technical adviser for aviation and space science

and technology in Office of Science and Technology, died of heart
attack in Washington, D.C, at age 57. He had been deputy Associate
Administrator of NASA in 1960. After returning to private industry for a
year, he had rejoined NASA as director of Large Launch Vehicle Plan-
ning Group. Before coming to NASA he had been Chief Scientist at
White Sands Missile Range for DOD and then Director of Technical
Operations Div. of arpa. (W Post, 4/30/69, B14; W Star, 4/30/69,
B6)
April 28: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, testified in FY 1970
authorization hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and
Space Sciences that he believed "the greatest significance" of President
Nixon's decision to include in budget amendment amounts for con-
tinued lunar exploration after first Apollo landings and for continued
Saturn V production was "that it recognizes the fundamental fact that
the United States should not and does not plan to stop its further
development and use of manned space flight."

Early manned lunar landing would allow additional savings of per-
haps as much as $39 million in amended Apollo budget. Budget in-
cluded funds for improved scientific equipment for more advanced
missions to moon and for limited Apollo Applications program. Fund
cuts would mean some program reorientation as well as delay in Work-
shop, previously scheduled for mid-1971.

Amended budget supported continuation of plans for 1971 and 1973
Mars missions and first mission to Mercury in 1973, with Venus
swing-by. In space applications, "where we are placing special em-
phasis," Earth Resources Technology Satellite program would enable
NASA, with other agencies, to test practical use of space to gather in-
formation on water levels, crops, forests, and other resources. "Despite

119

April 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

the sizable overall reduction ... we have not reduced the earth re-
sources project."

Budget included funds to proceed with nerva development and con-
tinued to give "high priority to our work in aeronautics." New con-
struction would include Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory at LaRC,
"unique national facility for studying the fundamentals of noise genera-
tion and reduction."

U.S.S.R. was continuing vigorous program in both aeronautics and
space. "The Soviet commitment represents . . . the application of
resources at about the same rate as that we have averaged in recent
years," with "significantly higher percentage of the gross national
product." Soviets were "proceeding in manned space flight programs
directed both at sending men to the moon and at substantially enlarged
and extended manned operations in earth orbit. . . . Automatic ren-
dezvous and docking flights with Cosmos 186—188 and 212—213 and
the manned Soyuz 4—5 mission in January, with manned docking and
crew transfer, demonstrated the increasing Soviet capability. . . . They
appear to be pointed to a future capability for assembly in earth orbit
of large space stations and of manned spacecraft to send to the moon
and beyond." U.S.S.R. had "made attempts to launch one or more
spacecraft to the planets at almost every opportunity — three or four
times the number of attempts we have been able to make." (Testimony)

• Mascons might be excess mass deposited by water and supported by

internal strength of rigid moon, JPL scientist Paul M. Muller said in
address before American Physical Society in Washington, D.C. Muller
was codiscoverer of mascons [see April 25]. Mascons probably were
not floating on liquid lunar interior as were earth's continents and
mountains, but were held there by moon with structural strength. He
illustrated with photos taken by Lunar Orbiters and Apollo 8 theory
that lunar features might have been cut by primordial lunar water.
(nasa Release 69-62; jpl Release 515)

• NASA issued rfps for design and planning studies of 12-man, earth-orbital

space station for 1975 with 10-yr operational life, subject to resupply
of expendables and crew rotation with logistics vehicles. Work also
would include conceptual design of 50-man space base of specialized
modules assembled in low earth orbit in late 1970s and early 1980s and
comparable to scientific and technical research, development, and
operations center on earth. Modified Apollo and Gemini spacecraft
would be considered as initial logistics systems if space shuttle did not
become available in early phase of space station operations. Data from
studies would be available for final design of future space station if
program were approved for development. Proposals were due June 9.
(NASA Release 69-65)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Thumba

Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (terls) carrying Indian-Japa-
nese payload for x-ray astronomy studies. Rocket and instruments
functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj Off)

• LeRC said its engineers had built and were operating world's largest

acoustical testing facility for fan portion of compressors on turbofan
engines — key element in aircraft noise. It could test fans up to six feet
in diameter to collect basic noise information and help determine fan
configuration for NASA's quiet engine program. Facility was powered

120

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 28

by supersonic wind tunnel's drive motor, whose 23,000 hp spun fan to
3,500 rpm. Noise treated was recorded by strategically placed micro-
phones to determine differences in level producing by fan blade con-
figurations and effects of noise-deadening inlet lining materials. (LeRC
Release 69-19)

• At international airline conference in Dublin, U.S.S.R.'s First Deputy

Minister of Civil Aviation, Gen. Leonid V. Zholudev, denied Tu-144
supersonic transport had been in accident, American Aviation said. It
was "undergoing tests according to our program," Gen. Zholudev said.
He declined to speculate when Soviet aircraft would go into service
and said "many complex problems must be solved." Tu-154, 170-
passenger trijet, would enter service "in near future"; An-22 turbo-
prop, with reported maximum takeoff weight of 551,160 lbs, was being
used exclusively as cargo carrier. {Amer Av, 4/28/69, 17)

• President Nixon met with National Science Board members and NAS

council and promised to nominate nsf director without regard to his
ABM position. He asked for names for possible nominee and promised
to consider only scientific qualifications. President disclosed he had
asked Cornell Univ.'s Dr. Franklin A. Long to consider having his
name resubmitted to Senate after original decision not to nominate Dr.
Long [see April 17] but Dr. Long had declined. (Kilpatrick, W Post,
4/29/69, Al)
April 28—30: At 106th annual meeting of National Academy of Sciences in
Washington, D.C., Dr. Eugene N. Parker of Univ. of Chicago and Dr.
J. P. Wild of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organi-
zation in Sydney, Australia, received Henry Arctowski Medal for
studies of solar activity changes and their effects upon ionosphere and
terrestrial atmosphere. Dr. Parker was honored for "contributions to
theoretical understanding of interaction between magnetic fields of
sun and earth and surrounding ion plasmas"; Dr. Wild, for contribu-
tions to solar radio astronomy, including development of technique of
studying solar disturbances through moving pictures of sun "photo-
graphed" in radio spectrum. Dr. Jiirgen K. Moser of New York Univ.
received James Craig Watson Medal for mathematical contributions
to dynamical astronomy, (nas Release 4/23/69)

Cal Tech scientist Kip S. Thoren suggested pulsars were subject to
quakes which accelerated their pulsation. At press interview during
annual meeting, he said pulsars' insides were probably superfluids —
more liquid than liquid — and were gradually cooling, with crust crys-
tallization requiring adjustments. Adjustments, he said, would cause
"pulsequakes" and could result in sudden speedups in pulsar
periodicity.

Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold said observations of
pulsars indicated they slowed down as they aged, with oldest finally
slowing billionths of seconds per year until they reached periods up to
almost four seconds. He suggested pulsar radiation might account for
luminosity of whole galaxies and even produce all cosmic rays detected
throughout universe, including earth.

Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Frank D. Drake, former director of
Cornell's Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico, said space
clocks were emerging as practical scientific tools, especially in testing
Einstein's theories. Dr. F. Graham Smith of Nuffield Radio Astronomy

121

April 28-30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Laboratories, Manchester, England, said space clocks were being used
to investigate interstellar medium — gas clouds between earth and other
parts of solar system. (Lannan, W Star, 5/1/69, A6; O'Toole, W Post,
5/1/69, Al)

April 29: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, said at nas
dinner in Washington, D.C.: "The relations between science, tech-
nology, government and the various elements of our society are enor-
mously complex. Science and technology are no longer separable from
political and social problems. . . . Whether we like it or not, science is
in politics and politics is in science. . . . The fact is that today science
is too important to our nation to stay out of politics. Clearly we all —
politicians and scientists — must find ways of adapting ourselves to a
new era — an era which began . . . really on Hiroshima day in 1945."
(Text)

April 29— May 1: msfc held workshop on optical telescope technology to ex-
change technical information on design of future space telescopes and
identify research and technology efforts needed to support future mis-
sions, (msfc Release 69-117)

April 30: At KSC briefing on NASA FY 1970 budget for community leaders,
ksc Director, Dr. Kurt H. Debus, said: "It is clear that we will con-
tinue the present pace of launch operations in the Apollo program until
the first lunar landing has been accomplished. . . . The continuation of
space effort, however, must somehow take into account the same con-
straints on Government spending which now affect the entire federal
budget. . . . The total KSC budget is being revised from $455 million
for all purposes to $410 million. I am taking action to accomplish this
reduction without crippling the essential launch team capability or
drastically impacting the local economy." Savings would be effected
by: gradual cutback in efforts of contractors supporting design engi-
neering; phasing down of Boeing technical integration effort; decelera-
tion of Apollo/Saturn V launch rate to three manned vehicles annually,
reducing employment; and greater use of five-day week and two-shift
schedule, permitting stabilization of employment level at 18,500 by
June 30, 1970, instead of current 23,500.

KSC strength would remain at 80% of current level, with reduction
in support and stage contractors. Civil service cadre would drop from
2,920 to 2,880 by June 30, 1970. Employment already had been frozen
at current level.

Saturn IB Apollo Applications missions would require increased em-
ployment at Launch Complexes 34 and 37 in 1971, with estimated
increase in contract jobs of 2,600 to handle nearly simultaneous or
dual launches. KSC also would participate in earth orbital space station
studies. (Transcript)

• ksc announced selection of Dr. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, to receive
1969 Career Service Award of National Civil Service League at Wash-
ington, D.C., banquet June 13. Citation said: "The development of
Complex 39, the installation from which the Apollo program launches
take place, is the crowning achievement of Dr. Kurt H. Debus' career.
His leadership was pivotal in both the design and construction of the
famed Apollo launch complex. Further, he has been responsible for
many of the technical advances in launch technology, and for the for-
mation of the government-industry launch team which has carried out

122

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 April 30

more than 150 successful launches, including several notable firsts."
Award- — consisting of $1,000, inscribed gold watch, and citation — was
one of most prestigious for which civil service career employees were
eligible.

Also among 10 selected was George S. Moore, Associate Adminis-
trator for Operations, FAA, for "an extraordinary record in the de-
velopment of up to date methods of evaluation of aircraft worthiness."
(ksc Release 154-69; W Star, 4/30/69, A2)

• NASA was engaged in "comprehensive continuing program" to gain

"better understanding of the structural loads due to buffeting and the
buildup of buffeting intensity for flight conditions above buffet bound-
ary," Acting Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and
Technology Bruce T. Lundin testified before Senate Committee on
Aeronautical and Space Sciences. FRC program, in which F— 111 A was
being used, also included verification in flight of favorable effects of
flaps in alleviating buffeting. Program was supported and comple-
mented by wind-tunnel studies at LaRC and arc. (Testimony)

• Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space

Flight, spoke before student seminar at California Museum of Science
and Technology in Los Angeles: "Besides serving as a subject of scien-
tific exploration for its own secrets, the moon may be an important
base for outward looking space science programs of the future." It
might eventually support large optical telescopes. There was strong
evidence "that the most ideal location for large radio telescopes will
eventually be the far side of the moon. This may be the only place
within our convenient reach where the earth, which will become in-
creasingly noisy as a radio source, may be completely screened out. In
addition, the lunar surface presents us with a very large stable base,
with only 1/6 gravity, no wind disturbance and no atmosphere absorp-
tion at any wave length. . . . Another attractive possibility is to use
stations on both the moon and earth as a radio interferometer baseline
for highly precise directional radio astronomy." (Text)

• NASA announced it would sponsor, in 1970, 90-day test of four-man life-

support system with continuous regeneration of water and oxygen
without resupply, under $586,885 contract with McDonnell Douglas
Corp. Advanced waste management subsystem would be used. Experi-
ment, scheduled to begin in March 1970, would demonstrate crew's
ability to function during long period of uninterrupted confinement.
(NASA Release 69-60)

• Univ. of Miami and Chrysler Corp. Space Div. had conceived $100-

million undersea laboratory "Atlantis" to be constructed on ocean
floor near Miami, AP said. Laboratory would be testing ground for
future USN centers directing submarine warfare and test bed for in-
dustrial equipment to mine ores and drill for undersea oil. It would
consist of 80-ft-long cylinder-shaped habitat housing 10 to 12 scien-
tists at initial depth of 1,000 ft. Later it could be moved to 6,000- or
12,000-ft depths. (B Sun, 4/30/69, A3)

• President Nixon had apparently yielded to "top level economizers" and

returned SST and airways and airports programs to dot for further
study, said Associated Press. (AP, W Star, 4/30/69, All)

• Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird issued statement expressing con-

cern over C— 5A contract and procurement actions and announcing that

123

April 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

new Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations and Logistics)
had been nominated [Philip N. Whittaker had been nominated to re-
place Robert H. Charles] and new Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
(Financial Management) would be nominated [to replace Thomas H.
Neilson]. "I am determined to insure that full and accurate informa-
tion on C— 5A procurement, and on all other procurement matters, is
given to the Congress and to the public promptly. I am also deter-
mined to insure that past mistakes in the procurement of this transport
aircraft will not be repeated." (dod Release 340-69; AP, W Star,
5/1/69, Al; Nossiter, W Post, 5/1/69, Al)

• Rep. William F. Ryan (D-N.Y.) presented to House petition by 729 sci-

entists, engineers, and students in these fields, submitted by Scientists
for Social and Political Action, care of Dr. Martin L. Perl of Stanford
Univ. It called for open Congressional hearings to review substance
and direction of entire military R&D program including ABM system.
{CR, 4/30/69, H3220)
During April: NAS— nrc Space Science Board published Sounding Rockets:
Their Role in Space Research, report by Committee on Rocket Research
recommending that NASA increase annual expenditures on rocket re-
search to $27 million by 1971 and thereafter restore its earlier policy
of increasing support 12% per year; that nsf, Naval Research Labora-
tory, and USAF immediately increase their support by 36%, and then
maintain an annual 12% increase until 1975; and, additionally, that
support for rocket research be increased by appropriate ratio to com-
pensate for any reduction in satellite support.

Report noted sounding rockets were responsible for dozens of major
scientific discoveries, including discovery of solar x-rays emanating
from millionth-degree corona of sun; for mapping of solar spectrum
and structure of earth's atmosphere; and for existence of three new
branches of astronomy — UV, x-ray, and gamma-ray. Greatest single
advantage of sounding rockets for studying upper atmosphere was
unique ability to obtain direct, vertical profiles at altitudes of 24.8 to
124.3 mi (40 to 200 km) . (nas-nrc-nae News Rpt, 4/69, 2; nas pio)

• Aerospace Industries Assn. released Annual Report 1968: Aerospace in-

dustry had gained "in virtually every major category": sales reached
record $30.1 billion, up 10.5% over 1967, with turbine-powered com-
mercial aircraft sales accounting for $3.73 billion, up 211% over 1965.
General-aviation aircraft sales reached 13,698 units valued at $426
million. Civil helicopter production increased to 528 units valued at
$59 million. DOD sales reached $16.9 billion, up nearly 7% over 1967;
nonmilitary sales decreased 3.7%, to $4,047 billion. Backlog at end of
third quarter was due primarily to commercial transport orders.
(Text)

• nasa issued Relay Program Final Report (nasa SP— 151), prepared by

GSFC. It was sequel to Relay I Final Report (nasa SP— 76) and sum-
marized operations of Relay II satellite (launched Jan. 21, 1964), in-
cluding communications and other experiments. It compared Relay I
(launched Dec. 13, 1962) and // performances and documented aspects
of Relay I operations and experiment results not covered in Relay I
report. Relay I transmitted last useful data Feb. 10, 1965; Relay II
operated normally for last time Nov. 20, 1966. (Text)

124

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During April

• nas announced appointment of Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Admin-
istrator (1958-1961) and Assistant to Chairman of the Urban Coa-
lition, as Chairman of nrc's Committee on Radio Frequency
Requirements for Scientific Research. Dr. Glennan had been President
of Case Institute of Technology, aec Commissioner, and President of
Associated Universities, Inc. (nas PIO; nas-nrc-nae News Rpt,
4/69, 10)

125

May 1969

May 1: Canadian Black Brant IIIB sounding rocket was launched by nasa
from NASA Wallops Station to 133.6-mi (215-km) altitude. Primary
objective was to evaluate improved Black Brant IIIB single-stage
rocket, using flight-performance instrumentation. Flight, second of two
(first was Feb. 28), was successful and sounding rocket was recom-
mended for consideration as operational vehicle in NASA sounding
rocket program, (nasa Rpt SRL; NASA Release 69-9)

• NASA was developing novel technique for photographing faint x-ray

sources, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applica-
tions, Dr. John E. Naugle, told Senate Committee on Aeronautical and
Space Sciences. Testifying on supporting research and technology pro-
gram, he said technique would reduce required exposure time 1/10 to
1/1000 and was "likely to revolutionize x-ray observations where tele-
scopes are not usable." Based on Princeton Univ. development and
laser image-enhancement technique, it was "major technological ad-
vance as an outgrowth of the space program and should find applica-
tions in all fields of x-ray science." gsfc was developing advanced
gamma-ray telescope to observe center of galaxy and other celestial
objects. Univ. of Colorado was developing advanced coronagraph to
observe solar corona from earth orbit six months instead of the few
minutes per year possible during solar total eclipse by ground-based
observation. (Testimony)

• National Aviation Club's highest honor, Award for Achievement, was

presented at Washington, D.C., ceremony to m/g Jewell C. Maxwell
(usaf), Director of Supersonic Transport Development for faa, for
"laboring so magnificently and conscientiously in the public and
national service." (faa Release T 69—25)

• U.S.S.R. celebrated May Day without military participation. In tra-

ditional address from atop Lenin's tomb in Moscow, Communist Party
General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev said: "The Soviet Union will
further consistently uphold the cause of peace and security of people,
the Leninistic principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different
social systems. It will come out for the solution of unsettled inter-
national problems by way of talks." (Kamm, NYT, 5/2/69, 1)
May 2: usaf launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg afb by
Thor-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 202.1-mi (325.2-km)
apogee, 104.6-mi (168.3-km) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 64.9°
inclination and reentered May 23.

Second satellite entered orbit with 283.2-mi (455.7-km) apogee,
255.9-mi (411.7-km) perigee, 93.2-min period, and 65.7° inclination.
Satellites reentered Feb. 16, 1970. (gsfc SSR, 5/15/69; 5/31/69;
2/28/70; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• Data from Mariner V flyby Oct. 19, 1967, indicated Venus was layered

with deadly compounds of mercury, GSFC scientist Dr. S. Ichtiaque

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May 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Rasool said in interview. Although bulk of its atmosphere was pri-
marily carbon dioxide, mercury and halides — reactive chemicals in-
cluding iodine, bromine, and chlorine — had boiled off planet's surface
and combined to form clouds of poisonous gas and dust, often covered
by water vapor. Findings, Dr. Rasool said, upset scientific notions of
origin of Venus' heat as "greenhouse" effect — which might be occur-
ring on earth with addition of carbon dioxide to atmosphere through
burning of coal and oil. Clouds of carbon dioxide were assumed to
retain heat, but planet covered with four layers of heavily colored at-
mosphere would never feel sun's heat. (Lannan, W Star, 5/3/69)

• Basic research program conducted by Dr. Wilhelm Rindner had led to

development of cardiovascular pressure transducer, ERC reported. Tiny
device had been placed in arteries and hearts of laboratory animals to
measure blood pressure while using 100 times less power than con-
ventional devices. Medical team headed by Harvard Univ. cardiologist
Dr. Bernard Lown, in collaboration with NASA, said device was signifi-
cant advance in monitoring important blood flow changes. Eventually
it should be possible to implant device in human beings to observe
blood flow and pressure in persons suffering from hypertension and
other blood pressure disorders, including heart attacks.

Discovery of properties of device was made during ERC study of
effects of pressure on semiconductors. Properties would also be impor-
tant in space applications; sensing of acceleration already had been
demonstrated, (erc Release 69—9)

• NASA unloaded eight-ton airlock at MSFC for ground testing to qualify it

as part of orbiting space station. Part of Apollo Applications program
cluster to be launched in mid-1970s, 65-in-dia, 17-ft cylindrical unit
was flown from McDonnell Douglas Corp.'s St. Louis plant to be joined
to multiple-docking adapter. It would provide interconnecting passage-
way between S— IVB rocket stage and multiple-docking adapter in
flight, condition environmental gases, and provide instrumentation,
data management, intercommunication, and other services. ( MSFC Re-
lease 69-124)

• msfc announced it had issued rfps for experiment modules to be used

with proposed manned space station to orbit earth in 1970s. Study,
under eight-month contract, would analyze scientific and engineering
need for experiment modules and develop concepts for least number
of modules needed. Study tasks included further defining candidate ex-
periment groupings, developing preliminary module concepts, defining
minimum number of concepts, developing preliminary design and cost
analysis for each module concept, and making proposed plan schedule.
Proposals were due May 22. (msfc Release 69-125)

• At DOD news conference, Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Sea-

mans, Jr., said current estimate of cost to Government of C— 5A aircraft
was $4,348 billion, increase of $882 million (25%) over original esti-
mate of $3,466 billion on which Lockheed Aircraft Corp. contract was
based.

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Robert H. Charles said USAF
had not disclosed Feb. 1, 1967, "cure order" to Lockheed on aircraft
procurement contract because of concern over its effects on financial
community. He maintained data on cost overruns had been developed
too early in program to be solid enough for publication and that sub-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 2

sequent firmer cost estimates had been made public. (Transcript;
Corddry, B Sun, 5/3/69, A4)

• In editorial directed to "Americans who think Soviet Russia is 'mellow-

ing' " and who opposed President Nixon's Safeguard abm plan, New
York Netvs noted U.S.S.R. had paraded no military gear in Moscow
May Day parade and limited oratory "to a peace-it's-wonderful speech"
by Brezhnev. Paper then quoted April 30 issue of Partinaya Zhizn in
which Marshal Matvey V. Zakharov, U.S.S.R. Chief of Staff, described
Soviet stockpile of nuclear missiles: "'These rockets are always pre-
pared for immediate firing. Global rockets have unlimited range, and
are able not only to carry colossal payloads but to overcome the anti-
missile defense of the adversary.' " (NY News, 5/2/69)
May 3: Press conference on results of NASA's Oao II orbiting astronomical
observatory (launched Dec. 7, 1968) was held at NASA Hq. oao Project
Manager Joseph Purcell of gsfc said spacecraft's five months of
orbital operations had been "a fabulous success" and all spacecraft
systems were operating normally. As of last week, he said, "we had
137 mission days. [Univ. of] Wisconsin [experiment] has been pointed
to 846 different locations in the sky [and] 344 of those were unique
objects that they were studying. SAO, the Smithsonian package, has
been pointed at 483 separate locations and taken some 1,172 pictures."
(Transcript)

• nasa's Explorer XXXIV (imp— f) Interplanetary Monitoring Platform

(launched May 24, 1967) reentered earth's atmosphere. More complex
than previous imp spacecraft, Explorer XXXIV had carried 11 experi-
ments and obtained more than 170,000 hrs of data on solar activity,
near-earth environment, and magnetosphere. (gsfc SSR, 5/15/69;
nasa Release 69-63)

May 4—11: London Daily Mail sponsored eight-day "Great Transatlantic
Air Race of 1969" between top of New York's Empire State Building
and top of London's General Post Office to commemorate 50th anni-
versary of first nonstop transatlantic flight by John W. Alcock and
Arthur W. Brown in 1919. Nearly 400 entrants devised combinations
of land, sea, and air transportation to compete for 21 prizes worth total
$150,000 in separate categories. Fastest west-to-east time — 5 hrs 11
min 22 sees — was made by l/c P. M. Goddard (rn) in U.S. -built F^l
Phantom jet, motorcycle, and helicopter. Air time was 4 hrs 46 min.
Royal Navy later claimed this was new world record for New York-
London flight. Previous unofficial record had been set during race by
Phantom which made flight in 4 hrs 53 min. Best east-to-west time in
race was made by s/l Tom Lecky-Thompson (raf) in RAF Harrier
vtol jet, which flew from London to New York in 6 hrs 11 min 57
sees. (NYT, 5/6/69, 93; 5/12/69, 93)

May 5: At dedication ceremony in Houston for Apollo 8 stamp, Postmaster
General Winton M. Blount said: "The fact that this is the fifth stamp
the Post Office Department has issued commemorating accomplishments
of the space program signifies the extent to which space exploration
has captured the imagination of the American people. . . . The nation's
concerted effort to reach the moon and outer space reflects two tra-
ditional aspects of our national character. One is scientific: the search
for truth, knowledge, discovery. The other is psychological: the strong
urge for adventure — an urge kindled by the unknown. We are all ex-

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May 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

plorers at heart. The space program has made an entire nation ex-
plorers in fact. The flight of Apollo 8 around the moon and back was
perhaps the greatest technological achievement of man to date. Cer-
tainly it was the most dramatic." (Text)

• NASA announced Bernard Moritz, Assistant Administrator for Special

Contracts Negotiations and Review, would serve as Acting Associate
Administrator for Organization and Management since Harold B.
Finger had assumed new duties with HUD. (nasa Ann)

• Senate confirmed nomination of Philip N. Whittaker, former NASA Assist-

ant Administrator for Industry Affairs, to be an Assistant Secretary
of the Air Force. {CR, 5/5/69, S4668)

• U.S. returned 14-in metal sphere from Soviet spacecraft to U.S.S.R.

under terms of space rescue treaty. Later, State Dept. spokesman said
object- — gas storage tank — was washed up on Alaskan coast in late
1968. Delay in return was due partly to efforts in identifying it.
(Reuters, W Post, 5/8/69, A25)

• In letter to Attorney General, Sen. William F. Proxmire (D-Wis.) asked

that Justice Dept. investigate possible violations of Federal law in
handling of Government's contract with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for
production of C— 5A aircraft and urged that DOD immediately freeze
funding for C-5A. (Proxmire Off; Nossiter, W Post, 5/6/69, A3)

• Jerald R. Kubat, former Director of NASA Manned Space Flight Program

Control Office, died in Seattle, Washington. He had joined Apollo
Program Office in 1964. (nasa Hq WB, 5/12/69, 5)
May 6: Milton Klein, Manager of aec-nasa Space Nuclear Propulsion
Office and Director of Space Nuclear Systems, aec, testified in nasa
authorization hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and
Space Sciences that for second decade "what is clear is that regardless
of the specific directions the space program may take, if it is to be a
progressive one, nuclear energy will play an increasingly important
role. As payloads become larger and energy requirements become
greater to move these payloads farther from the earth, the nuclear
rocket will become a workhorse propulsion system. As we move farther
from the sun or as the power requirements increase for the more so-
phisticated payloads, electric power generated from radioisotopes or
nuclear reactors will similarly become more and more important.
(Transcript)

• Apollo 9 mission to prove capability of LM to operate in space (March

3—13) was adjudged successful by NASA. Overall performance of launch
vehicle, spacecraft, flight crew, ground support and control facilities,
and personnel was satisfactory and all primary mission objectives were
accomplished, (nasa Proj Off)

• At annual meeting of Aerospace Medical Assn. and interview which fol-

lowed in San Francisco, msc Director of Medical Research and Opera-
tions, Dr. Charles A. Berry, said it was almost certain that at least one
Apollo 11 astronaut would develop illness during 21-day quarantine
period following return from moon. "We have to face the fact that
we've had post-flight illness on every Apollo mission so far. Our prob-
lem will be to determine whether any illnesses that show up . . . are
due to the stresses of space flight or to some micro-organism picked up
on the moon." Among difficulties noted during Apollo program were
loss of exercise capacity for period after return to earth, motion sick-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 6

ness in flight, and damage to red blood cells from atmosphere of 100%
oxygen. Blood cell damage had been alleviated by addition of nitrogen
to spacecraft atmosphere. (Huntsville Times, 5/7/69)

• Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering,

discussed aeronautical portion of DOD FY 1970 program before Senate
Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences hearing on NASA ap-
propriations. Upsurge in DOD aircraft weapon systems development was
"reflected in the DOD fiscal year 1970 budget of $1,372 million for air-
craft and related equipment r.d.t. & E., an increase of about $387
million" over FY 1969. High-priority programs were USn's F-14A air
defense fighter and S-3A carrier-based antisubmarine warfare aircraft;
USAF's F— 15A air superiority fighter, advanced manned strategic air-
craft (amsa), and ax close-support aircraft; and USA's heavy helicopter
(hlh). Comsat program included Defense Satellite Communications
System, Tactical Satellite Communications Program, and Very Low
Frequency Propagation Satellite. (Transcript)

• American Security Council published The ABM and the Changed Stra-

tegic Military Balance, U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R. Although U.S. gnp ran
almost twice that of U.S.S.R., latter was investing two to three times
more in strategic military forces annually. Report concluded: "Anti-
ballistic missile defense is not a cure-all for the security of the United
States. It is not the ultimate defense system, for technology knows no
limits and each decade produces fresh challenges and fresh need for
response on the part of free nations. But anti-missile defense is an es-
sential component in the network of military systems designed to give
the American people a seamless garment of security in an age of acute
danger. . . . We firmly believe that an American abm system is the
soundest insurance for peace and against war that the United States
can buy in 1969, for the 1970s. ... It may well be . . . the single most
important step the United States can take toward a real and lasting
peace at this moment in history." (Text)

• Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) released report on Safeguard abm

system prepared at his request by Harvard law professor Abram
Chayes and mit provost Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner and scientists George
W. Rathjens and Steven Weinberg. It said that "the Sentinel/Safeguard
anti-ballistic missile system should not be deployed at this time." Rec-
ommendation was based on conclusions system was unlikely to perform
according to specifications under nuclear attack, was susceptible to
penetration, and was not well adapted to perform missions assigned to
it. Deployment would probably start "new round in the arms race" and
"seriously impede the conclusion of an arms control agreement."
(Kelly, W Star, 5/7/69, A8; Chapman, W Post, 5/7/69, Al)
May 7: NASA announced establishment of task group on manned space sta-
tion under Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for
Manned Space Flight, and of task group on space shuttle under Charles
W. Mathews, Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight.
Reporting to Dr. Mueller would be LeRoy E. Day, former Director of
Apollo Test. His group would develop NASA material for report on
space shuttles to President's Space Task Group by June 15. Frank Bor-
man, former Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations at MSC and
Apollo 8 commander, would report to Mathews as Field Director for
Space Station effort, (nasa Release 69-70)

131

May 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1968 was presented to Apollo 8 Astronauts

Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders by Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, at Statler Hilton Hotel cere-
mony in Washington, D.C. National Aeronautic Assn. award was
made annually for greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics
in U.S. toward improving performance, efficiency, and safety of air or
space vehicles, (naa News; W Star, 5/8/69, A3)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

carried GSFC payload to 80.4-mi (129.4-km) altitude to provide data
on wind, temperature, pressure, and density in 21.8- to 59.0-mi (35-
to 95-km) range during atmospheric warming. All 19 grenades ejected
and exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were recorded on
ground. Mission was launched in conjunction with Nike-Cajun launch
from Arenosillo, Spain, (nasa Rpt srl)

• MSC announced Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., had been cleared medi-

cally for return to space flight status following correction of inner ear
disorder which had grounded him in 1963. (NYT, 5/8/69, 2; W Post,
5/8/69, A7)

• George J. Vecchietti, NASA Director of Procurement, would serve as Act-

ing Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs, replacing Philip N.
Whittaker, who had assumed new duties as Assistant Secretary of the
Air Force, NASA announced, (nasa Ann)

• Associated Press said NATO nations U.K., West Germany, Canada, Italy,

Belgium, Holland, and Norway had agreed to participate in tactical
satellite communications experiments with U.S. France was interested
but would not participate; system was for use of closely integrated
forces and she had withdrawn her troops from integrated NATO com-
mands. Satellite for exclusive use of alliance was scheduled for launch
by end of year. (W Star, 5/7/69, A9)

• Four contract modifications totaling nearly $10 million, for change

orders issued in connection with Saturn V 2nd stage, had been awarded
to North American Rockwell Corp., msfc announced, (msfc Release
69-127)

• v/a Hyman G. Rickover (usn), addressing Convocation on Ecology and

the Human Environment at St. Alban's School in Washington, D.C,
said that "keeping our small crowded planet inhabitable" was "of ut-
most importance and great urgency. . . . We have been brought to this
critical situation by the scientific-technological revolution, and can ex-
tricate ourselves only by a change of direction in thought and action
so drastic it would rate the term counterrevolutionary." Science, "pure
thought," harmed no one. "But technology is action . . . often poten-
tially dangerous action. Unless it is made to adapt itself to human
interests, needs, values, and principles, more harm will be done than
good. Never before . . . has man possessed such enormous power to
injure himself, his human fellows, and his society. . . . That is why it
is important to . . . recognize clearly that . . . technology can have no
legitimate purpose but to serve man — man in general, not merely some
men " (Text; W Star, 5/11/69, E2)

• Securities and Exchange Commission said it had begun inquiry into all

phases of Government's contractual dealing with Lockheed Aircraft
Corp. on C-5A procurement. (Nossiter, W Post, 5/8/69, Al; AP,
W Star, 5/8/69, A3)

132

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 8

May 8: X-24A lifting-body research vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R.
Gentry (usaf), successfully completed second glide flight over South
Rogers Lake Bed, Calif., to obtain additional data on handling quali-
ties. (NASA Proj Off)

• New direct value for sun's thermal radiation of 125.7 vv per sq ft, ob-

tained from Mariner VI and VII en route to Mars, was nearly twice as
accurate as old value of 129.5 w per sq ft, NASA announced. JPL
Mariner project engineer Joseph A. Plamondon said change in prob-
able error in new measurement was one-half that of old figure. Results
of inflight measurements obtained with temperature-control flux moni-
tors (tcfm) monitoring solar radiation since Mariners' launch Feb.
24 and March 27 would be compared with preflight predictions of solar
radiation and spacecraft temperature variations in flight, to establish
new standard for temperature-control design and testing. Data from
TCFM agreed with data obtained by NASA from high-altitude experi-
ments on Convair 990 research aircraft and X-15. (nasa Release
69-69; jpl Release 518)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Arenosillo,

Spain, carrying grenade payload for Spain to conduct meteorological
studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj
Off)

• Smithsonian Institution celebrated 50th anniversary of May 8, 1919,

takeoff of first aircraft to cross Atlantic Ocean with display on Wash-
ington, D.C., mall of original NC-4 (restored by Smithsonian Air
Museum Curator Paul Garber) and with presentation to Institution of
Plaque and aircraft's log. Glenn Curtiss-built, long-range seaplane
ordered by USN as bomber during World War I but completed too late
to see service had been flown by USN crew from Rockaway Beach,
N.Y., to Plymouth, England, with two sister aircraft which crashed in
Azores. NC— 4, known as "Nancy," made journey in 53 hrs 58 min
flying time and 23 days elapsed time. (Lydon, NYT, 5/1/69, 22; Dur-
bin, W Post, 5/8/69, CI)

• Sen. Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) submitted to Senate S.C.R. 23,

expressing sense of Congress that U.S. participate in international dec-
ade of ocean exploration. Measure was referred to Senate Commerce
Committee. (CR, 5/8/69, S4688)
May 9: nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by nasa test pilot John
A. Manke, reached 54,000-ft altitude and 724 mph (mach 1.1)— first
supersonic flight by HL-10 — after 45,000-ft-altitude air-launch from
B-52 aircraft. Primary purpose of 17th flight, made north of Four
Corners, Calif., was to obtain stability and control data. (NASA Proj
Off)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

carried gsfc payload to 79.4-mi (127.7-km) altitude to obtain data
on wind, temperature, pressure, and density in 21.8- to 59.0-mi (35-
to 95-km) range during atmospheric warming. Seventeen of 19 gre-
nades ejected and exploded as programmed and sound arrivals were
recorded. Mission was launched in conjunction with Nike-Cajun
launch from Arenosillo, Spain, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• Astronomers at 60-in optical telescope at Cerro Tololo, Chile, began

two-week alert in attempt to photograph Scorpio X-l, brightest x-ray
star, best seen in southern skies. When flare-up occurred, they would

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May 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

radio message to astronomical teams in Hawaii, which would launch
two Nike-Tomahawk rockets above atmosphere to photograph x-rays
from giant star. At 200-in Palomar, Calif., telescope, astronomers
would try to photograph star's visible and infrared light during flare
period, while astronomical team in Wisconsin would order Oao II to
observe uv light from star. Astronomers hoped to match all photos of
flare-up to determine element in star which excited x-rays. (W Post,
5/4/69, A3; Hines, C Sun-Times, 5/5/69)

• Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, testified before Sen-

ate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during nasa FY
1970 authorization hearings: "Nothing can do more harm to support
for the space program than to have a series of missions for which there
are no clear objectives — such as a series of manned revisits to the
moon without providing the capability to perform new scientific ex-
periments and to explore interesting new lunar features." When Space
Task Group considered urgent items in manned space flight area for
FY 1970, it "gave high priority to the provision of additional science
payloads for lunar flights and increased capability for man on the
lunar surface, to support Apollo missions after the first four landings.
Funding for this purpose is included as part of the budget amendment
to the nasa request for fiscal year 1970.

"An additional item ... is funding for maintaining the production
of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Although specific commitment to a
particular mission or missions has not been made for the initial ve-
hicles to be produced under this budget amendment, it was the judg-
ment of the Space Task Group that this vehicle represented a unique
and valuable resource that we would undoubtedly wish to continue to
use, at least through the mid-1970s. Because of the long lead times in-
volved in a vehicle of this size, action is necessary now if we are to
have follow-on vehicles produced and available by 1973 and after."
(Transcript)

• Harold R. Kaufman, Assistant Chief of Electromagnetic Propulsion Div.,

LeRC, would receive James H. Wyld Propulsion Award for "outstand-
ing leadership in the field of electric propulsion, including the concep-
tion design, and development of the world's most successful ion rocket"
at aiaa 5th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference in Colorado
Springs, Colo., June 9-13, aiaa announced, (aiaa News; Lewis News,
5/9/69, 1)

• Associated Press said Astronaut- Aquanaut M. Scott Carpenter (Cdr.,

ijsn) would retire from USN July 1 to enter private business in ocean-
ography field. He was second U.S. astronaut to orbit earth, during
May 24, 1962, Mercury mission in Aurora 7. (W Post, 5/10/69, A3)

• Tom Barker, owner of bingo hall in Cardiff, Wales, had written to

American and Soviet embassies in London for permission to open first
amusement and bingo hall on moon, Reuters said. U.S. Embassy
spokesman had replied: "There are no proposals to colonize the moon
and many factors inhibit large-scale development." (NYT, 5/9/69, 16)

• New York Times editorial: "Now it appears that the solution to the

cosmic ray mystery may be intimately related to the explanation for
the strangest astronomical phenomena discovered in recent years, if
not all history, the pulsars." Present favored explanation "views pul-
sars as neutron stars composed of matter packed so tightly that a mass

134

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 9

the weight of the earth would be a sphere with a diameter of a few
hundred feet. The extremely swift rotation of a neutron star, it is now
theorized, produces both the periodic radio emissions of the pulsars
and the super-energetic cosmic rays." (NYT, 5/9/69, 46)
May 10: Loose wire in 1st stage of Delta launch vehicle's guidance system
had been identified by final failure review committee as most probable
cause of Intelsat-III F— 1 mission failure Sept. 18, 1968, NASA an-
nounced. Report did not eliminate possibility that electrical failure in
unrecovered pitch gyro or interconnecting wiring had caused failure.
(nasa Release 69-71)

• Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Arenosillo,

Spain, carrying grenade payload for Spain to conduct meteorological
studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. ( nasa Proj
Off)

• Comsat station for communications with Europe was opened at Yama-

guchi, Japan, to replace telephone and telegraph relay through U.S.
(Reuters, W Post, 5/11/69, A3)
May 11: Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced appointment of Dr. Robert
J. Mackin, Jr., as Manager of Space Sciences Div., succeeding Dr.
Donald P. Burcham. Dr. Burcham had been named Research and Ad-
vanced Development Manager for Space Science, J PL Office of Re-
search and Advanced Development. (jPL Release 517)

• Vice President Spiro T. Agnew announced President's Council on Youth

Opportunity and NASA would explain mechanics of scheduled July
Apollo 11 lunar landing to high school and junior high school pupils
in 50 cities under summer program to be held in city streets, play-
grounds, and classrooms. (W Star, 5/12/69, A3)

• Rise of costs of Mark II electronic equipment for F— 111 aircraft of more

than 100% above original contract with Autonetics Div. of North
American Rockwell Corp. were described by Bernard D. Nossiter in
Washington Post article based largely on memo from dod official.
Memo had warned, "If it fails to enforce the contract, the Air Force
and the entire Department of Defense can count on many more years
of misleading promises from contractors and failures to meet contrac-
tual requirements." (W Post, 5/11/69, Al)

• Fire at aec plutonium-handling facility at Rocky Flats, Colo., might halt

U.S. nuclear missile production for remainder of 1969, Associated
Press reported testimony released by Senate Appropriations subcom-
mittee had disclosed. Most nuclear weapons needed plutonium to
trigger atomic warheads. [W Post, 6/24/69, A3)
May 12: NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from Wallops
Station: first carried GSFC payload to study ionospheres; second
carried Univ. of Michigan payload to conduct studies on atmospheric
structure. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. ( nasa
Proj Off)

• Melvin S. Day became NASA Acting Assistant Administrator for Tech-

nology Utilization, succeeding Dr. Richard L. Lesher, who had re-
signed to accept position in industry. (NASA Ann)

• Author Norman Mailer's total publishing rights on book on lunar land-

ing would exceed $1 million when book was published by Little,
Brown & Co. in January or February 1970, according to his agent,
Scott Meredith. If film rights were sold, total could approach the $1.5

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May 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

million paid for Lyndon B. Johnson memoirs. Mailer planned to visit
KSC during Apollo 11 launch to interview astronauts and describe
space center operations. He also planned chapter on philosophical and
technological implications of lunar landing. Meredith said he was sur-
prised at "phenomenal competition among foreign publishers for book
and magazine rights." (Raymont, NYT, 5/13/69, 44)

• Science students, younger scientists, and many older professors of

physics and physiology were engaging in what Harvard Univ. political
scientist Prof. Don K. Price called "a new kind of rebellion," linked
only in part with radical activists on campuses, said Victor Cohn in
Washington Post. It was rebellion against ABM "and other costly mili-
tary-technological systems, against 'weaponeering' at secret labora-
tories on or near campuses and, in many cases, against doing any
research, secret or non-secret, to help the military." It had helped
cause Stanford Univ. to decide to phase out 50% of secret projects at
Applied Electronics Laboratory, made Stanford's trustees place mora-
torium on new chemical and biological warfare contracts at Stanford
Research Institute, caused MIT moratorium on new secret contracts,
and forced American Univ. to cancel partly secret USA research con-
tract. Movement and student protests had, in past year, forced dod to
cut from 400 to 200 its classified R&D contracts on U.S. campuses.
{W Post, 5/12/69, Al)

• In American Aviation, Eric Bramley called 1969 year of "cautious op-

timism" for air transport industry. Deliveries of new aircraft to U.S.
carriers would drop from 478 in 1968 to 309. Trunk traffic was ex-
pected to grow at same 14% rate as 1968, with available seat-mile
increase of 17%. CAB-approved fare increases would add $194 million
to revenues with profit level and rate of return expected to improve.
(Amer Av, 5/12/69, 40-1)
May 12-24: At 10th annual meeting of Committee on Space Research
(cospar) in Prague, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman received
medal from Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

NAS— NRC submitted United States Space Science Program, compre-
hensive summary of scientific research in space science in U.S. during
1968. "Although the principal concern of the space science program
in the United States continues to be with the Earth, its environment,
the Sun, interactions of solar and terrestrial phenomena, the Moon and
planets, and the biological effects of weightlessness and radiation,
there is a trend toward increasing emphasis on the use of space ve-
hicles for stellar and galactic astronomy, especially in areas of the
electromagnetic spectrum for which the atmosphere is essentially
opaque. The successful operation of the Orbiting Astronomical Ob-
servatory satellite and the rapid development of improved instruments
and techniques for ultraviolet and x-ray astronomy . . . are examples
of this trend."

In interview with press, NAS— NRC Space Science Board member Dr.
Richard W. Porter said U.S. would probably have to review its expen-
sive prophylactic measures in planned Mars landings if U.S.S.R.
landed there first with same techniques and precautions used in Venus
shots. Outgoing contamination of planets might well be bigger prob-
lem than contamination of incoming spacecraft. There was little likeli-
hood of spacecraft landing on Mars and Venus and returning for at

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 12-24

least 10 yrs, Dr. Porter said, and risk from lunar bacteriological con-
tamination was infinitesimal. But contamination of planets was serious
problem because it could spoil man's first chances to make a pure in-
vestigation of biological evolution elsewhere in the solar system. (Text;
W Post, 5/23/69, A15)
May 13: Cosmos CCLXXXl was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into
orbit with 301-km (187.0-mi) apogee, 188-km (116.8-mi) perigee,
89.3-min period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered May 21.
(gsfc SSR, 5/15/69; 5/31/69; SBD, 5/14/69, 61)

• Countdown for NASA's Apollo 10 mission, scheduled for launch May 18,

began at KSC. Astronauts completed three-hour physical examinations
and were reported to be in good health and good spirits. ( W Post,
5/13/69, A7; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 5/14/69, A3)

• NASA and Australian Dept. of Supply and Dept. of Education and Science

announced that 210-ft-dia radiotelescope at National Radio As-
tronomy Observatory in Parkes, Australia, might be used to relay TV
signals from moon during Apollo 11 lunar landing mission in July.
Signals from Apollo 11 antennas were scheduled to be received by
Goldstone Tracking Station. If mission were delayed and moon were
not visible from Goldstone while TV was scheduled, signals would be
received at Parkes, transmitted to Sydney, and transmitted to NASA's
Mission Control Center at Houston via Intelsat-Ill F—3 over Pacific.
(nasa Release 69-72)

• ComSatCorp President Joseph V. Charyk told Annual Meeting of Share-

holders in Washington, D.C., key goal of establishing global comsat
system was "within immediate view." When Early Bird [Intelsat I]
"was launched just four years ago, there were only a handful of ex-
perimental stations in Europe and the United States. Today, there are
25 earth stations operating in 15 different countries of the world, with
many more nearing completion. It is expected that a total of 43 sta-
tions will be in service by the end of this year and that 26 different
countries will have direct access to all forms of high quality communi-
cations that the global system of satellites makes economically available
to them." By 1972 "there will be more than 70 stations operating in
nearly 40 countries of the world, thereby making this high quality
means of communications available directly to practically every na-
tion on earth."

At end of first quarter of 1969 1,209 full-time circuits were being
leased, up from 777 at end of 1967. Leased voice and record tariffs
published by international carriers represented 40% reduction in
Atlantic and Pacific areas since advent of comsats. Transmission of
TV via satellite increased from 225 hrs in 1967 to 666 hrs in 1968,
with 40% reduction in TV rates. (Text)

• New York Times editorial urged President Nixon to "undo a mistake

and strike a blow for the more rational ordering of Federal spending
priorities" by supplanting Government subsidy of SST program with
SST Authority. "The Government's S.s.T. contribution should be con-
verted to a preferred equity interest in a new public corporation with
variable proportions of the total common stock being reserved for the
airlines and the investing public. To the extent necessary, the S.S.T.
authority would be authorized to raise development funds by selling
bonds . . . guaranteed by the Federal Government." (NYT, 5/13/69)

137

May 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

May 14: Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced in House H.R. 11271,
substitute NASA FY 1970 authorization bill increasing total from $3,716
billion of April 15 amended budget request (as reflected in H.R. 10251
introduced April 17) to $3,966 billion.

Bill added $258 million to R&D funds for new total of $3,264 billion,
including increase of $75.7 million for Apollo program, to total $1,767
billion. Of this increase, $32.1 million was for Saturn V improvements
and $4.6 million for lunar exploration. Within new total of $354.8-
million noa for manned space flight operations, bill restored $57
million cut from Apollo Applications by budget amendment and added
$66 million for space station and shuttle and $6.2 million for Saturn V
production.

In space science and applications, bill reduced funds for supporting
research and technology by $12 million and deferred funding for four
proposed Explorer satellites and for Mariner-Mercury 1973 mission,
but restored biosatellite program to originally requested $18 million
plus $1.6 million restored for Delta launch vehicle for Biosatellite-F.
Earth Resources Technology Satellite funds were increased by $10
million, with transfer of funds to other projects prohibited.

Advanced research and technology funds were increased by $31.5
million, including $13.5-million increase for nuclear rocket program,
$5.25 million for chemical propulsion, and restoration of $1.20 million
for aeronautics.

Research and program management total was cut by $7.15 million,
to $643.75 million. Construction of facilities total remained unchanged.
(Text; CR, 5/15/69; House Rpt 91-255)

• In press statement, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird said gao team

investigating Lockheed Aircraft Corp. books had estimated cost of
120-aircraft C— 5A program exceeded advance estimates by about
$550 million, dod analysts had computed $450-million overrun and
usaf had used $350-million figure. Laird denied there was $2-billion
overrun. Figures had been turned over to Congressional committee.
(AP, B Sun, 5/15/69, A4)

• usaf's Arnold Engineering Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn.,

had "brought much of the universe down to pocket-size" for scientists
working on Apollo 10, Henry J. Taylor wrote in Washington Daily
News. Tests to establish spacecraft's ability to withstand lunar environ-
ment were under way in Center's 216,000-hp wind tunnel, which pro-
duced 8,000-mph winds and was "largest hypersonic wind tunnel in
the free world." {W News, 5/14/69, 31)

• Eugene S. Burcher, nasa Tektite Program Manager, omsf, received Navy

Distinguished Public Service Award for "distinguished and outstand-
ing service to the United States and to the Department of the Navy as
a participant in Project tektite i mission, as well as its planning and
implementation." (nasa Hq WB, 6/2/69, 6)

• Charles L. Lawrence Award of Aviation/Space Writers Assn. was pre-

sented to Volta Torrey, Publications Officer, NASA Scientific and Tech-
nical Information Div., for "efforts to inform the public of nasa's
activities." Citation and silver tray were presented at Dayton, Ohio,
banquet, (aswa letter of notification, 4/15/69; nasa Sci and Tech
Info Div)

• U.S. District Court Judge Gerhard A. Gesell had turned down appeal of

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 14

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Assn. to prevent enforcement of FAA regu-
lation limiting nonscheduled flights at five major airports, Washington
Evening Star said, aopa had asked for preliminary injunction to stop
regulations from becoming effective June 1. (W Star, 5/14/69, G8)
May 15: Aerobee 150 A sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wal-
lops Station carried payload containing two white rats to 97.9-mi
157.6-km) altitude in fourth of four experiments to study rats' be-
havior in artificial gravity field and determine minimum level of
gravity needed by biological organisms during space flight. During
free fall rats selected artificial gravity levels created through centrif-
ugal action by walking along tunnel runway in extended arms of
payload. Data on their position and movement were telemetered to
ground stations. Last flight in series had been Nov. 21, 1968. (nasa
Rpt SRL; WS Release 69-10)

• Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and

Applications, announced reorganization of Hq. Space Applications
Programs Office in recognition of increasing importance of applica-
tions satellite programs. Leonard Jaffe, former Director of Space Ap-
plications Programs, had been named Deputy Associate Administrator
for Applications, responsible for near-term and long-range planning
and interagency policy coordination. As Acting Director of Earth Ob-
servations Programs Office- — one of two new program offices into
which Space Applications Programs Office was being divided — he
would supervise R&D efforts in meteorology and earth resources survey
including TIROS, Nimbus, Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, ERTS,
and sounding rocket programs in support of meteorology. Dr. Morris
Tepper would continue to direct scientific activities.

Communications Programs Office — concerned with R&D for com-
munications, navigation, traffic control, and geodetic satellites; ATS
program; and COMSAT support — would have as its Director Dr.
Richard Marsten, Manager of Advanced Programs Technology, RCA
Astro-Electronics Div. Dr. Marsten's NASA appointment would become
effective June 23. (nasa Release 69-76)

• ERC Director James C. Elms discussed NASA's role in computer R&D at

Spring Joint Computer Conference in Boston. While Apollo guidance
computer was best known among major computer activities undertaken
by NASA in its first decade, other onboard computer developments "of
considerable technical challenge" had been pursued. Versatile test-bed
multiprocessor exam was oriented toward use of "hierarchy of mem-
ories" to increase capability to evaluate advanced technology for very
large bulk-storage systems, particularly for spaceborne computers.
trim— for Transformation of Imagery — was experimental tool for ad-
vancing state of art in imagery processing; computer-driven flying-spot
scanner with color capability had auxiliary display terminal permitting
man-machine-interactive operation. SOFix — for Software Fix — was co-
ordinated university research program on problems in developing
computer software at same pace as hardware. (Text)

• Soviet astronomer Dr. Nikolay A. Kozyrev had revealed detection by

Pulkovo Observatory of volcanic activity on moon, Space Business
Daily reported. Two spectrograms of Aristarchus crater's western side
taken April 1 had shown "an unusual red spot of approximately 102
kilometers [63.4 mi]" which was "result of the emission of gases —

139

May 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

molecular nitrogen and cyanogen." Emissions, which had occurred
one day after earthquakes in U.A.R. and Japan, affirmed link between
tectonic phenomena on earth and moon and showed "that the moon
had 'responded' to this terrestrial phenomenon." (SBD, 5/15/69, 67)

• AFSC announced new UHF communications terminal developed by Elec-

tronic Systems Div. might solve problems in relaying messages be-
tween spacecraft and ground stations. Designed for USAF aircraft as
part of joint-service Tactical Satellite Communications Program, ter-
minals would be installed and tested on USAF jet tracking aircraft used
for communications support in Apollo program. They would allow
aircraft to relay spacecraft information and recovery operations reli-
ably from parts of globe where communications had posed problem.
(usaf Release 51.69)

• Strategic threat to U.S. security was rapidly increasing, Secretary of the

Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told Chamber of Commerce
Armed Forces Day luncheon in New Orleans. U.S.S.R. had built inter-
continental missile force from 250 in 1966 to 1,150 operational or
under construction. "With their large SS— 9 missiles, the Soviets will
soon have about twice as much missile payload ... as our missile
force, even including our advantage in submarine launched missiles.
In addition, the Soviets have already deployed an antiballistic missile
system that includes some 60 long-range ABM missiles." (Text)
May 16: U.S.S.R.'s Venus V planetary probe (also designated Venera V)
entered atmosphere of planet Venus at 2:01 am edt and ejected instru-
mented capsule [see June 4]. Probe decelerated from 6.9 mps to
688.8 fps, deployed parachute, and transmitted data during 53-min
descent through dense clouds to night side of Venusian surface.
Launched Jan. 5, Venus V had traveled 217-million-mi trajectory. Tass
said: "The instrument capsule was automatically jettisoned from the
station before entry into Venusian atmosphere. The aerodynamic
deceleration of the apparatus in the atmosphere began . . . and was
accompanied by a sharp decrease in overloads and a growth of tem-
perature on the craft's outer surface. . . . During the 53-min parachute
descent, measurements of the temperature, pressure and chemical com-
position of Venusian atmosphere were made. This information was
uninterruptedly transmitted to earth." Venus IV (launched June 12,
1967) had reached Venus Oct. 18, 1967; Venus VI (launched Jan.
10) was scheduled to reach planet May 17. (Winters, B Sun, 5/17/69,
Al; Bausman, W Post, 5/17/69, A3; SBD, 5/19/69, 77; Gwertzman,
NYT, 5/17/69)

• lntelsat-III F—3 comsat, launched Feb. 5 and in orbit over Pacific, had

lost some of potential capacity and would be moved to 62.5° east
longitude over Indian Ocean, ComSatCorp announced. In new position
satellite would link directly all countries with appropriate earth sta-
tions in Western Europe, Near East, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Move
would be made soon after launch of lntelsat-III F— 4 May 21. Future
satellites would be modified for additional redundancy. (ComSatCorp
Release 69-27)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from wsmr carried

GSFC payload to 125.5-mi (202-km) altitude to obtain solar EUV spectra
from 40 to 390 A and from 10 to 390 A using bbrc-spc 330D solar-

140

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 16

pointing control and recovery system. Rocket and instruments per-
formed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Apollo 8 Astronaut

William A. Anders as Executive Secretary of nasc to succeed Dr.
Edward C. Welsh. It was highest Government post ever offered to an
astronaut. (PD, 5/19/69, 705; Kirkman, W Post, 5/15/69, A25)

• msc announced revised quarantine procedures for Apollo 11 after land-

ing. To prevent back contamination from moon, astronauts would
dispose on moon under containment conditions equipment exposed
there; brush, vacuum-clean, and bag other equipment and clothing for
return; prevent dust from being transferred from lm to cm; and
continuously filter cm atmosphere during return trip to remove dust
particles.

Under original plans Apollo 11 crew would have remained in CM
after splashdown while it was hoisted onto recovery ship. After review-
ing loads to be lifted in transferring CM to deck, reliability of ship-
board cranes, and capacity of available load-limiting elastic tackle,
NASA decided to retain helicopter lift used on previous Apollo missions.
Crew would emerge from CM to raft, where they would put on bio-
logical isolation garments that would cover them completely and pro-
vide high-efficiency air outlet filter. Interagency Committee on Back
Contamination — NASA, Dept. of Agriculture, HEW, Dept. of Interior,
and NAS — had agreed that helicopter lift, combined with other pre-
landing procedures, would provide maximum achievable precautions
against back contamination, (msc Release 69—47)

• In Science, Leonard D. Jaffe, Surveyor data analysis manager at J PL,

cited important findings of five Surveyor spacecraft which softlanded
on lunar surface: surface of both maria and highlands was covered
with layer of particulate material of 10-micrometer particles scattered
with rocks and clods; layer was few meters deep in maria and varied
from few centimeters to tens of meters in highlands, with density and
other properties varying with depth; particulate material had cohesion;
fine material moved gradually downhill; freshly exposed fine material
from below surface was darker than previously exposed surface mate-
rial; density of surface rock was 2.8 ± 0.4 gr per cc; composition of
surface material was approximately that of basalt (mare material had
elemental composition like high-iron basalt; highland material, like
low-iron basalt; not more than one-quarter volume percent of metallic
iron was present) ; lunar surface material had experienced extensive
melting and chemical differentiation. {Science, 5/16/69, 775—8)

• faa and usaf announced that m/g Jewell C. Maxwell (usaf), Director

of Supersonic Transport Development for faa, would become Com-
mander of Armament Development and Test Center at Eglin afb, Fla.
His successor at faa had not yet been selected, (faa Release 69—56)
May 17: U.S.S.R.'s Venus VI planetary probe (also designated Venera VI)
launched Jan. 10 landed on night side of planet Venus at 2:03 am edt,
186.4 mi (300 km) from Venus V after 51-min descent [see June 4].
Tass said landing of both probes "was accomplished with tremen-
dous precision." Throughout flight "the necessary temperature in the
compartments and the permanent orientation of solar batteries on the
Sun were ensured. During radio communication sessions the direc-

141

May 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tional parabolic antennae were oriented on Earth. As envisaged by
plan, the detachable capsules of both stations descended through the
planet's atmosphere on its night side. In the course of descent, scientific
equipment measured the chemical composition, pressure, density and
temperature of the planet's atmosphere. Experts analysed the graph of
temperature and pressure changes while the apparatus was approaching
. . . and found in it a resemblance with the . . . picture of the landing
of Venera 5. The apparatus performed with the same precision all
major operations of the landing." (SBD, 5/20/69, 84; AP, W Post,
5/18/69; upi, W Star, 5/18/69, A9)
• Apollo 10 astronauts would each carry out about two hours of head
exercises early in mission in attempt to prevent motion sickness which
plagued previous Apollo astronauts, MSC Deputy Director of Medical
Operations, Dr. A. Duane Catterson, said. Exercises — which included
nodding, rocking, and twisting head — would be done to point just
below threshold of illness until normal adaptation occurred. Since
pilots who regularly performed drastic maneuvers in aircraft seldom
suffered motion sickness, astronauts had flown aerobatic jet flights in
barrel rolls and high-gravity maneuvers during week before launch.
(Cohn, W Post, 5/18/69, A8)
May 18-26: NASA's Apollo 10 (AS-505), first lunar orbital mission with
complete Apollo spacecraft, was successfully launched from ksc Launch
Complex 39, Pad B, at 12:49 pm EDT by Saturn V booster. Flight
carried three-man crew and CSM— 106 and LM— 4. Primary objectives
were to demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and mission support facilities
during manned lunar mission with CSM and LM and to evaluate LM
performance in cislunar and lunar environment.

Launch events occurred as planned and spacecraft — carrying Astro-
nauts Thomas P. Stafford (commander), John W. Young (cm pilot),
and Eugene A. Cernan (lm pilot) — entered initial parking orbit with
118.1-mi (189.9-km) apogee and 114.6-mi (184.4-km) perigee. Check-
out followed lunar trajectory insertion; then CSM, code-named Charlie
Brown, separated from Saturn V 3rd stage (S— IVB) and lm, code-
named Snoopy. Crew successfully transposed CSM and docked with LM.
Excellent quality color TV coverage of docking sequences was trans-
mitted to Goldstone tracking station and seen on worldwide commercial
TV. Crew extracted lm from S— IVB and conducted 1st sps burn. All
launch vehicle safing activities were performed as scheduled and suc-
cessful propellant dump provided impulse to S— IVB for slingshot
maneuver to earth-escape velocity.

On second day, first midcourse maneuver was not required. Crew
conducted midcourse maneuver number two, which was so accurate
that third and fourth maneuvers were canceled. Five color TV trans-
missions totaling 72 min and showing excellent views of receding earth
and spacecraft were made during translunar coast. Spacecraft entered
moon's sphere of influence on fourth day, May 21, at 61:50 GET.
Crew conducted first lunar orbit insertion maneuver with 356-sec
sps burn to reduce speed to 5,474 fps and place spacecraft in initial
lunar orbit with 196.1-mi (315.5-km) apolune and 68.6-mi (110.4-km)
perilune. Second loi maneuver, 13.9-sec SPS burn, circularized orbit
with 70.8-mi (113.9-km) apolune and 67.8-mi (109.1-km) perilune.
Crew tracked lunar landmarks and transmitted 29-min color TV of lunar

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 18-26

surface. Cernan transferred to LM at 81:55 GET for two hours of house-
keeping activities and communications test.

On fifth day Stafford and Cernan entered LM and checked out all
systems before firing SM reaction control system thrusters to separate
CSM and lm about 30 ft and again for 2.3-mi separation. LM descent
propulsion system burn propelled lm to within 9.6 mi of lunar surface
over landing site No. 2. Crew had no difficulty identifying landmarks
and Stafford said, "It looks like all you have to do is put your tail
wheel down and we're there. . . . The craters [around No. 2 landing
site] look flat and smooth at the bottom. It should be real easy" for
Apollo 11 landing. LM crew took numerous photos of lunar surface and
provided continuous commentary on their observations after cameras
malfunctioned. Astronauts described volcanoes and light-colored craters
that glowed as if lit by radioactive substance.

Crew conducted LM radar test during low-altitude pass which indi-
cated 47,000-ft pericynthian (lowest point in orbit), dps phasing burn
raised apocynthian (orbital high point) to 218.6 mi (351.7 km). LM
descent stage was jettisoned and RCS separation maneuver and staging
were accomplished. Anomaly in automatic abort guidance system
caused LM ascent stage to undergo extreme gyrations. By taking over
manual control, Stafford reestablished proper attitude, aps insertion
maneuver burn at pericynthian established equivalent of standard LM
insertion orbit of lunar landing mission (51.8 by 12.9 mi), where LM
coasted for one hour. Concentric sequence initiation at apocynthian,
constant-delta-height maneuver, and terminal maneuver were con-
ducted, lm successfully docked with csm at 106:33 GET, after eight-
hour separation; and LM crew returned to CSM.

On sixth day LM ascent stage was jettisoned; its batteries burned to
depletion and it entered solar orbit. Crew made 18 landmark sightings
and took extensive stereo and oblique photos of moon. Two scheduled
TV periods were deleted because of crew fatigue and crew rested and
prepared for return to earth. SPS burn at 137:36 get injected csm into
transearth trajectory after 61.5 hrs (31 orbits) in lunar orbit. Ma-
neuver was so accurate that two other scheduled midcourse maneuvers
were not necessary. During return to earth astronauts made star-lunar
landmark sightings, live color TV transmissions, star-earth horizon
navigation sightings, and CSM S-band high-gain antenna reflectivity
test. Pictures of moon from receding spacecraft were spectacular.
Scheduled 10- and 29-min color TV broadcasts of earth, moon, and
spacecraft interior were later followed by unscheduled TV transmis-
sion, which provided beautiful pictures of earth and brought total color
TV broadcasts to 19 transmissions totaling almost six hours.

On eighth day crew prepared for reentry and SM separated from CM
on schedule. Parachute deployment and other reentry events occurred
as planned. Apollo 10 splashed down in Pacific at 12:52 pm edt May
26, 3.4 mi from recovery ship U.S.S. Princeton 192 hrs 3 min after
launch and precisely on time. Crew was picked up and reached re-
covery ship at 1 :31 pm edt.

All primary Apollo 10 mission objectives and detailed test objectives
were achieved. All launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed
according to plan, with only minor discrepancies, which were corrected.
Flight crew performance was outstanding; all three crew members

143

May 18-26

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

May 18-26: Apollo 10, first lunar orbital mission with complete Apollo spacecraft,
carried Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young, and Thomas P. Stafford {left
to right above) around the moon for the first demonstration of lunar orbit rendezvous.
Apollo 10 cm (at right), carrying Young, was photographed by the lm with Stafford
and Cernan aboard, 60 miles above the moon's far side. Craters below were unnamed.

remained in excellent health and their prevailing good spirits were
continually evident. Accomplishments included evaluation of LM steer-
able antenna at lunar distances; demonstration of lunar landing mis-
sion profile; low-level evaluation of lunar visibility; inflight demon-
stration of Westinghouse color TV camera; testing of landing radar
in near-lunar environment; and manned navigational, visual, and photo-
graphic evaluation of lunar landing sites 2 and 3, and in addition
other possible landing sites in highland areas.

Apollo 10 was seventh Apollo mission to date, fourth manned Apollo
mission, largest payload ever placed in earth and lunar orbits, and
first demonstration of lunar orbit rendezvous. Mission acquired major
quantities of photographic training materials for Apollo 11 and sub-
sequent missions and numerous visual observations and photos of
scientific significance. First manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 (Oct.
11—22, 1968), had achieved all primary objectives and had verified
operation of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar
orbital mission, Apollo 8 (Dec. 21—27, 1968), had proved capability of
Apollo spacecraft and hardware to operate out to lunar distances and

144

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

May 18-26

return through earth's atmosphere at lunar velocity. Apollo 9 (March
3—13, 1969) had proved capability of manned lm to operate in space.
Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight;
msc was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for Sat-
urn V launch vehicle, and ksc for launch operations. Tracking and
data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA
Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, (nasa Proj Off; NASA Release
69-68; W Post, 5/19-27/69, Al; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 5/19-27/69, Al;
W Star, 5/19-27/69)
May 18: On NBC TV program "Meet the Press" NASA Administrator, Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, said there was possibility U.S.S.R. would land men
and instruments on all planets before U.S. "The Russians have publicly

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May 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

taken the position that they are extremely interested in landing on the
planets, and . . . one of the popular songs in the Soviet Union right
now is a song about little apple trees growing on Mars." NASA felt with
Apollo lunar landing "we are really taking a lead in the ability to
operate on all other bodies. . . . the technology we are developing . . .
is a kind . . . that would be required." If July lunar landing succeeded,
"we will have enough hardware for nine additional flights to begin the
exploration of the lunar surface. In parallel with that, we see activities
in earth orbit which will be the precursors to the eventual emplacement
of a large permanent space station, a laboratory in the sky."

NASA expected to find "surprising amount" to study on moon. "In
fact, we have already radically changed our views of the moon just
with the activities we have carried out in preparation for the Apollo
landing. For example . . . men are beginning to seriously question
whether there may have been water at one time on the surface of the
moon. Indeed, whether the large mare areas, the smooth areas . . . may
even have been the beds of ancient seas. As we get more and more
familiar with the moon we realize how little we know about it. It will
take those ten flights and many other trips to the moon before man
really begins to understand his twin planet."

Dr. Paine said USAf's mol and NASA orbiting workshop were "two
very different projects." NASA's was "longer range program aimed at a
very substantial facility which would be really a university campus
type of research station in orbit." MOL was "program that is well ad-
vanced, and is designed to find out the military applications of space."
(Transcript)

• On ABC radio-TV program "Issues and Answers," Secretary of Defense

Melvin R. Laird said he did not favor increased military participation
in U.S. space program. "We've had very good cooperation between the
military and our civilian programs and I think that's the way it should
continue." (B Sun, 5/19/69, Al)

• Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl had rejected NASA request to install

communications equipment aboard his papyrus boat for July hookup
between Apollo 11 and Heyerdahl's voyage into the past, his navigator,
Norman Baker, said. Also rejected, Baker said, was request to install
satellite-controlled navigation system on replica of 4,700-yr-old vessel
in which Heyerdahl hoped to reach Mexico from Morocco in four
months, to reinforce theory that Egyptian adventurers reached Amer-
icas more than 2,500 yrs before Christ. Heyerdahl felt craft could not
safely carry 400-lb communications equipment load. He had refused
satellite navigation system because Egyptians had managed without
navigational aids. (AP, W Post, 5/19/69, A15)

• Tass quoted unidentified Soviet space scientist, described as chief de-

signer of automatic interplanetary stations, as saying U.S.S.R. favored
manned space flight, but only in earth orbit "so far." It would continue
probing planets with automatic apparatus. (Reuters, B Sun, 5/19/69,
Al)

• Soviet Embassy Second Secretary Oleg M. Sokolov said in Washington,

D.C., that U.S.S.R. definitely would display supersonic Tu-144 airliner
at 28th Paris Air Show, May 29— June 8. He said aircraft would beat
Anglo-French Concorde into operation and plans were under way to
set up worldwide logistics support for Tu-144. dot officials said West

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 18

would be watching closely to see whether U.S.S.R. could fulfill pledge
and, if so, would take good look at Tu-144, which could hurt com-
mercial market for SST if it had worldwide logistics backup. (Bentley,
B Sun, 5/19/69, A5)
May 19: At dedication of Robert Hutchings Goddard Library of Clark
Univ., Worcester, Mass., Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) said: "I
am for the space program. But I want to see it in its right priority:
One which will let it continue into the future and not have to be cut
back or abandoned because the nation that supports it is hobbled by
internal disorder. And so, once the lunar landing and exploration are
completed, a substantial portion of the space budget can be diverted to
the pressing problems here at home. We should develop a plan for an
orderly programmed exploration of outer space. But we no longer need
an accelerated program. . . . We should continue an orderly and ra-
tional space program for the advancement of man's knowledge of the
universe and for the considerable benefits it will bring us here at
home." NASA program "has been the first time, outside wartime, in
which the nation has organized its scientific and industrial disciplines
and techniques.

"Our challenge today is to use the same techniques and the same
discipline: To lower the cost of production of home building . . . ; to
develop command and control systems in the fight against crime; to
apply the versatility of computers to education and worker training and
the vital work of neighborhood health centers; to organize government
and scientific resources to find new and cheaper ways to end the de-
struction of our environment. The American team of government, in-
dustry and labor has been able to achieve Dr. Goddard's impossible
dream: Certainly the same industries, the same employees, the same
techniques and support can be applied to the urgent business here at
home." (Kennedy Off Release)

Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees were awarded to Sen. Edward M.
Kennedy (D-Mass.) ; J. Leland Atwood, President of North American
Rockwell Corp. and general chairman of Goddard Library program;
and Jack S. Parker, General Electric Co. Vice Chairman; and Doctor
of Science degree to Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Mrs.
Robert H. Goddard, widow of U.S. rocket pioneer, spoke during rib-
bon-cutting ceremony at which Dr. Charles G. Abbot, 97-yr-old Smith-
sonian Institution Secretary Emeritus and Dr. Goddard's close friend,
received ovation from audience of 4,000. MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher
von Braun, and North American Rockwell Corp. Vice President
Francis D. Tappaan received Clark Univ. chairs during luncheon after
ceremonies. (Program)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported,

without amendment, H.R. 11271, NASA FY 1970 authorization bill in-
troduced May 14. (House Rpt 91-255)

• William R. Frye described magnificence of Apollo 10 liftoff in Philadel-

phia Evening Bulletin: "TV cameras do not do it justice. It is like 100
claps of thunder, each following the other with machine-gun speed.

"The flame that leaps from behind the rocket could have come
straight from Dante's inferno. It is too bright to be seen with comfort
by the naked eye. The earth trembles beneath the feet, two miles away.
Then the towering rocket, nearly twice as high as Niagara Falls, two-

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May 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

thirds the height of the Washington Monument, creeps with agonizing
slowness the first few feet off the ground, enveloped by a white cloud.
"Then it is gone — and man is left to wonder and to pray." (P Bull,
5/19/69)

• NASA announced it would close transportable tracking station near Too-

woomba, Queensland, Australia, following August launch of ats— e and
relocate it later for use in advance versions of ATS series scheduled for
late 1972 launch. Emplaced in 1966, $6-million station included 40-ft
parabolic antenna and trailers containing electronic gear to maintain
communications and receive telemetry from ATS satellites. (NASA Re-
lease 69-77)

• Secretary of the Army Stanley R. Resor announced termination of pro-

duction phase of AH— 56A Cheyenne armed helicopter program for
default of contractor, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and said USA might
issue "cure notice" on R&D contract with Lockheed for same aircraft.
USA had concluded that any aircraft delivered in accordance with con-
tractual schedule would fail to meet performance specifications, par-
ticularly those for safe speed and maneuverability, (dod Releases 416-
69, 417-69)

May 19—20: Officials of Eurocontrol, seven-nation organization established
under Convention of Cooperation for the Security of Air Navigation,
met with dot and faa in Washington, D.C., to exchange information
on air traffic control and other aviation developments, (faa Release T
69-30; faa pio)

May 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXII from Plesetsk into orbit
with 321-km (199.5-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.7-min
period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered May 28. (gsfc SSR,
5/31/69; sbd, 5/22/69, 98)

• NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William H.

Dana, reached 50,000-ft altitude and mach 0.9 after air-launch from
B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude north of Four Corners, Calif. Flight
objectives were to complete pilot checkout and to obtain stability and
control data, (nasa Proj Off)

• Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, said to press representatives

in Houston he was "surprised and disappointed" by May 19 speech of
Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) suggesting slowdown in U.S.
space program after lunar landing and exploration. "He is wrong," Dr.
Paine said. "The United States should not weakly yield technological
supremacy in space to the Soviets. We should not ground our astro-
nauts after Apollo." He told press he did not want Apollo 10 astronauts
in flight to moon to hear news of speech and would not include item in
news reports sent up to spacecraft. {W Post, 5/21/69, A12)

• Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, presented paper "Space-Age

Management and City Administration" at 1969 National Conference on
Public Administration in Miami: "Mobilizing modern science, tech-
nology and management to accomplish bold ventures in space is clearly
far simpler than better organizing the extraordinarily complex human
interactions that comprise a modern metropolis, nasa's spectacular
advances in space are undoubtedly exacerbating public frustration with
urban failures, but . . . they are encouraging the nation to tackle its
more complex human problems with greater confidence on a bolder

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 20

scale. If America can go to the moon, it can indeed do much better
here on spaceship earth.

"nasa's range of management approaches is nearly as broad as the
range within an urban complex." Urban manager, like NASA manager,
"can and should directly manage only a limited part of the complex
interacting human enterprise for which he has responsibility. For the
important remainder he must structure a 'Darwinian Discipline' system
to encourage essential contributions from industry, from universities,
and from the entrepreneur, the free wheeler, the scientist, the brilliant
innovator, the gifted teacher, and other committed individuals. . . .
The greatest single achievement of the space age may have been the
formation of NASA; the rest followed as the energies and talents of
America were released and given direction." (Text)

• Stacked spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicle for Apollo 11, first lunar

landing mission, rolled out to Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at ksc. (ksc
Hist Off; McGehan, B Sun, 5/21/69)

• Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial on Apollo 10 color TV pictures:

"Of all the visions man sees from his new and precarious vantages in
space, the most compelling is still the planet from which he comes. In
the eye of Apollo 10's color TV camera, Earth is indeed the fairest
object, the 'oasis' the Apollo 8 astronauts saw last Christmas on
Earth's first manned mission to the moon.

"For a stranger entering the solar system from the outer reaches of
the Universe, surely Earth's mist-shrouded blues, browns and reds
would be a goal to satisfy the utmost yearning. Set against the cold
blackness of space, it would be a prize to draw bold and venturesome
inhabitants of other planets across incredible distances. It would be a
goal courageous strangers would endure incredible hardships to
win. . . .

"The awe expressed by the intrepid Apollo 10 astronauts ... is
further reminder that the greatest space prize presently within man's
comprehension is already in his keeping. And it is one to leave man
wondering whether beings on other planets strive and dream as he
does. For the moment certainly, it would not seem so. For what people
on another planet could resist the vision in the eye of Apollo 10 s TV
camera?" (P Bull, 5/20/69)

• Baltimore Sun noted Apollo iO's first day in space enabled men to be

"as near as they will ever come to being in two places simultaneously —
there in their own living rooms with their television sets before them
and, at the same moment more than 22,000 miles away, observing the
planet on which they live.

"What we saw with such marvelous cold clarity was, of course, a
round and mottled swirl of blue, brown and white, a small fragment of
the cosmos which until less than a decade ago had fixed absolute limits
upon all of mankind's history. Now suddenly we saw it as a unity, a
whole, as the habitation common to all of us, just as it would be seen
by a non-human visitor approaching it as the astronauts are approach-
ing the moon, silent, mysterious and seemingly lifeless and motionless.
The observer had to remind himself that this was indeed the earth he
knew " (B Sun, 5/20/69)

• Philadelphia Inquirer cited possible danger to Apollo spacecraft from

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May 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

"drifting junk" in space. "One notable sidelight to the Apollo 10 flight
came in a report that the spaceship brings the number of man-made
objects in space to 1691. Although the chance of Apollo 10 colliding
with any of the objects is infinitesimal, it is significant that there is so
much hardware floating around in space 12 years after Sputnik I. . . .
"U.S. and Soviet scientists should find ways of bringing back or
destroying rockets and satellites and their separate components after
they have become inoperable. If some sort of solution isn't found, it
may not be long before a tragic collision will occur." (P Inq, 5/20/69)

• NASA announced it had invited commercial and educational broadcast

organizations interested in experimental use of Applications Tech-
nology Satellites (ats) to send representatives to June 13 briefing at
NASA Hq. to learn possibilities for working with ATS. ATS I (launched
Dec. 6, 1966) and ATS III (launched Nov. 5, 1967) were in orbit but
had largely filled basic technical assignments. Their facilities could be
made available for additional experiments. Third ATS, scheduled for
August launch, might be available for additional experimental use on
completion of technical missions assigned, (nasa Release 69—74)

• aia released results of survey which showed expected decline of 4.5% in

aerospace industry employment between September 1968 and Septem-
ber 1969, from 1,416,000 to 1,353,000, because of continuing decline
in civilian space program and decreasing sales of civilian aircraft.
Employment in aircraft production and R&D plants was expected to
decline 4.6%, transport aircraft employment, 7%; general-aviation air-
craft employment, 0.3%; and missile and space employment, 5.7%.
Helicopter and nonaerospace employment, including oceanographic
research, was expected to increase slightly. Scientists and engineers
would continue to account for 16% of total aerospace employment.
(Text)

• USAF announced issue of $1,616,000 initial increment to $5,370,750 cost-

plus-incentive-fee contract with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for prototype
development and testing of system to improve navigation and guidance
of space vehicles, (dod Release 415—69)

• Lockheed Aircraft Corp. laid off 700 workers and reassigned 1,800 others

as result of May 19 USA cancellation of contract for AH— 56A Cheyenne
helicopter. Company's stock fell $2.50 per share to $32.37 on New
York Exchange. (AP, B Sun, 5/21/69, A6)

• At Wings Club luncheon in New York world aviation leaders honored

80th birthday of aeronautical pioneer Igor I. Sikorsky and presented
him with silver goblets and tray, (a&a, 7/69, 110)

• Sen. George Murphy (R-Calif.) introduced S. 2204, bill to establish

National Oceanic Agency. It was referred to Senate Commerce Com-
mittee. (67?, 5/20/69, S5403)
May 21—23: Intelsat-lII F—4 was successfully launched by NASA for Com-
SatCorp on behalf of International Telecommunications Satellite Con-
sortium. The 632-lb cylindrical satellite, launched from etr by
Long-Tank, Thrust- Augmented Thor (lttat) -Delta (DSV— 3E) booster,
entered elliptical transfer orbit with 22,802. 7-mi ( 36,689. 5-km) apogee,
183-mi (294.4-km) perigee, and 29.1° inclination. All systems were
functioning normally. On May 23 apogee motor was fired to kick
satellite into planned near-synchronous orbit over Pacific with 22,164.3-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 21-23

mi (35,644.2-km) apogee, 21,887.2-mi (35,216.5-km) perigee, and 5°
inclination.

Intelsat-Ill F—4 was third successful launch in Intelsat III series.
Intelsat-III F—3 had been launched Feb. 5, and Intelsat-III F—2, Dec.
18, 1968. Intelsat-III F— 1 had been destroyed minutes after launch
Sept. 18, 1968. New satellite was scheduled to begin commercial service
June 1, handling up to 1,200 voice circuits or four TV channels. (NASA
Proj Off; ComSatCorp Release 69-27)
May 21: USAF's C— 5A Galaxy jet became heaviest aircraft flown, in test
flight from Dobbins afb, Ga., with 728,100-lb takeoff weight. Manu-
facturer, Lockheed-Georgia Co., said weight exceeded design gross
takeoff load by 100 lbs. Its previous record was 703,826 lbs. (AP,
W Star, 5/22/69, A5)

• NASA announced it had issued 12 RFPs for definition and design of Earth

Resources Technology Satellite system including study of ground data-
processing system. Responses were due June 18. First of two planned
spacecraft, erts-a was scheduled for late 1971 or early 1972 launch
as R&D satellite to test new technology to verify effectiveness of earth
resources survey from space, erts— a sensors would obtain image data
in regions of near and infrared spectrum. Satellite, weighing 1,000 lbs,
would also carry experimental data-collection system for measurements
of remote, unattended sites. It would be placed in sun-synchronous,
near-polar orbit at 500-mi altitude to view entire earth in 100-mi-wide
increments in less than three weeks for at least one year. (NASA Release
69-73)

• aiaa submitted to President Nixon's Science Advisory Committee The

Post-Apollo Space Program: An AIAA View. While "remarkable prog-
ress of the Apollo-Saturn lunar program has erased almost all doubt
about man's ability to travel in space and return safely," program's
magnitude had overshadowed "very solid accomplishments" of un-
manned satellites. It was based largely on technology available at its
inception; neglected "growing accumulation of feasible, but unde-
veloped technology" in space vehicle design that could affect space
transportation costs; and failed to specify goals beyond manned lunar
landing.

Report rejected single national space objective for next decade. It
recommended programs to determine man's usefulness in space over
prolonged periods and to reduce cost of manned operations and urged
Government to give high priority to multifaceted applications satellite
program. It urged planning and funding for communications data
relay, meteorology data, earth resources data, and navigational aids
satellite programs and "well-integrated inter-agency plan to develop
data-management subsystems."

aiaa considered Apollo Applications program and MOL of "sub-
stantially greater importance" than last four or five lunar landing
missions and encouraged "their timely continuance." It urged designs
proceed for extensions of capability in aa and MOL orbital hardware
to permit continuation of manned orbital program after 1973, sup-
ported retention of at least one crew-carrying vehicle with increased
capability for 1973—1975; encouraged early steps to commit to flight
demonstration partially reusable low-cost space transportation system

151

May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

for 1974—1976; encouraged accelerated study of space station hard-
ware to succeed AA program and MOL; and encouraged early steps
toward commonality of NASA and DOD subsystems. It considered "com-
mitment to an entirely new station" was "less urgent than commitment
to a new logistics system."

aiaa recommended continued Apollo lunar program through at least
two or three missions and then evaluation, as well as immediate begin-
ning of "vigorous study and controlled funding" of advanced sub-
systems for 1973—1975 to permit continuation if early success provided
support for extension. It recommended manned planetary exploration
commitments await evaluation of current programs.

Search for extraterrestrial life was "perhaps the most exciting and
spectacular of all space-science program objectives" and might well
serve as one of "central themes for set of balanced space goals for the
1970s." (a&a, 6/69, 39-46)

• U.S.S.R. publicly demonstrated Tu-144 supersonic airliner in 90-min test

flight from Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport. Test pilot Eduard V.
Yelyan said aircraft had not yet exceeded speed of sound although it
was designed for speeds to 1,600 mph (mach 2). At airport press
conference Boris Savchenko, head of U.S.S.R. aircraft export agency,
said production had started on 120-seat, 130-ton airliner. In New York
Times, Bernard Gwertzman said observers believed purpose of demon-
stration was to dispel Western reports of accident to aircraft. {NYT,
5/22/69, 94; upi, W Post, 5/21/69, Cll)

• Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of nasc, issued statement on

Administration's attitude toward space program: "In response to those
who would denigrate our space effort, I think it is clear that this Ad-
ministration has already demonstrated its belief in the strength and
potential of America's space program." Administration was taking
steps to "evaluate the costs and alternatives available to us in extending
the program once man has been placed on the moon and returns." (AP,
W Post, 5/22/69, A5)

• Pope Paul VI hailed Apollo 10 flight and said man's presence in cosmos

was sign of God's presence "in our world and our life." Pope told
30,000 persons at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, "Even more than the
face of the moon, the face of man shines before us; no other being
known to us, no animal, even the strongest and most perfect in its
vital instincts, can be compared to the prodigious beings we men are."
{NYT, 5/22/69)

• Press commented on Apollo 10 mission:

Washington Post editorial: "The mission of Messrs. Cernan, Stafford
and Young, as dramatic and daring as it is, is only an interim step
between the first trip to the moon and the first landing on the moon.
It is, however, a crucial step since any major problems in this mission
or any major unanticipated discoveries about the moon's gravity might
well delay the ultimate landing. Because it is both so crucial and so
risky, the Nation will wait with special concern when they disappear
behind the moon for the first time this afternoon and when the lunar
landing craft breaks away from the mother ship tomorrow afternoon
for its descent toward the moon's surface. The hope hardly needs to be
expressed that these maneuvers, like those in the other Apollo flights,

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

May 21

May 21: The supersonic Soviet airliner Tu-144 following its landing at Sheremetyevo
Airport, Moscow, after a public-demonstration test flight. (AP tvirephoto)

will be executed with the same precision that marked the early stages
of this trip." {W Post, 5/22/69, A24)

John Lannan in Washington Evening Star: "Where manned space
flight once was fraught with fright and peril, it seems to have moved
into an era of fun and games. . . . The astronauts have learned to fly
their spacecraft, the ground crews to launch them and the Defense
Department to recover them. What remains is to use this accumulated
knowledge, and that's what NASA is attempting to do." It all pointed to
fact that "space flight has come of age." (W Star, 5/21/69, A4)

153

May 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Marquis Childs in Washington Post: "When the moon landing . . .
is completed the cost to the government will be just under $24 billion.
The achievement represents an unprecedented orchestration of the
resources of science and technology. The contrast with the failures here
on earth to begin to try to cure rudimentary ills could hardly at this
moment of grave uncertainty be sharper." {W Post, 5/21/69, A25)

Christian Science Monitor editorial: Apollo 10 mission "has again
posed the old, old question: If mankind can achieve so spectacularly
in space, why cannot we improve matters faster here on earth? The
answer, surely, is that it is simpler to mobilize the complex electronics
and space-science gadgetry to rocket a spacecraft to the moon than it
is to coordinate the manifold and conflicting human emotions, am-
bitions, and processes necessary for cleaning up the cities, thrusting the
black revolution forward with a minimum of friction, and banishing
earth's pollutants. The earth problem is more complex than the moon
problem. Yet success in the moon venture will offer assurance that the
earth challenge can be met.

"So let no one call the moon venture a waste of ambition, treasure,
achievement. The whole brilliant enterprise is immensely horizon-
widening, thought-expanding." (csm, 5/21/69)
May 22: Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, presented nasa Distin-
guished Service Medal to Jesse L. Mitchell, Director of Physics and
Astronomy in OSSA, and Joseph Purcell, OAO Project Manager at GSFC,
for their contributions to Oao II, at GSFC ceremonies. Dr. Frederick
Seitz, nas president, received Distinguished Public Service Medal, spe-
cial award, for leadership in solid-state physics. Without solid-state
circuitry, Oao II would not have been possible. Additional awards were
presented to 13 persons from Government, industry, and universities
for Oao II efforts, gsfc oao project team, Atlas/Centaur personnel
from LeRC, and launch operations personnel from KSC received Group
Achievement awards, (nasa Release 69—78)

• MSFC announced award of $4,620,310 contract modification to Chrysler

Corp. Space Div. for vehicle systems engineering and integration on
Saturn IB vehicles scheduled for NASA AA program flights. Work begun
Jan. 1, 1969, would extend through March 31, 1970. (msfc Release
69-133)

• nasa Wallops Station announced selection of Aerojet-General Corp. to

fabricate and support launch of two Orbiting Frog Otolith spacecraft
for basic research on frog's balance mechanism under $1,676,000 cost-
plus-fixed-fee contract. Project was part of NASA's human factor sys-
tems program to investigate functioning of primary balance mechanism
within inner ear under zero g conditions. (WS Release 69—11)

• In Washington Evening Star, Crosby S. Noyes said: ". . . it would be

a mistake to consider the space program itself as nothing more than
a kind of inspirational stunt to show us what we can do if we really
put our minds to it. The idea that once the demonstration is over, we
should divert all of its resources to domestic problems is excessively
simple-minded. Of all the resources that have gone into the space
program, the money that is so much on everyone's mind is undoubtedly
the least critical. The major resources . . . are people and organization
and a continuing process of research and application. These resources
cannot be 'diverted' into new areas; nor can a program such as this

154

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 22

be turned off and on again like a spigot. Once the process is interrupted
and the concentration of talent is broken up, it will be virtually im-
possible to reassemble it." (W Star, 5/22/69, A9)

• LeRC announced it had acquired F— 8 single-seater supersonic jet from

USN for use as chase aircraft during flights by its F— 106 research jet in
program to evaluate advanced inlets and exhaust nozzles. Although F— 8
could achieve mach 1.5 plus speeds, it would be flown at mach 1.2 —
top speed in F-106 flight plan. (LeRC Release 69-24)

• U.S. submitted draft treaty to Geneva Disarmament Conference to pro-

hibit emplacement of nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruc-
tion, and fixed launching platforms "on, within or beneath the seabed
and ocean floor." Proposal completed U.S. rejection of Soviet draft
treaty that would prohibit not only such weapons but also "all objects
of a military nature." U.S., Canada, Italy, and other coastal states
opposed ban on submarine detection devices included in Soviet treaty.
(Hamilton, NYT, 5/23/69, 12)

• F— 111A fighter-bomber crashed in northern Arizona on training mission

from Nellis afb, Nev. usaf said both pilots had ejected safely. (AP,
B Sun, 5/23/69, A6; W News, 5/23/69, 3)
May 23: usaf Titan IIIC booster launched from etr successfully orbited
five unmanned satellites — two Vela nuclear detection satellites and
three orbiting vehicle research satellites. Launch was 17th for Titan
IIIC and last in development program.

Vela IX entered orbit with 69,387-mi (111,643.7-km) apogee,
68.653-mi (110,462.7-km) perigee, 6,718.5-min period, and 32.7° in-
clination. Vela X entered orbit with 69,614-mi (112,008.9-km) apogee,
68.774-mi (110,657.4-km) perigee, 6,707.6-min period, and 32.8° in-
clination. Velas would monitor nuclear weapon detonations and natural
radiation sources.

OV V-5 (ERS-29), OV V-6, and OV V-9 entered orbits with
69,427-mi ( 111,708.0-km) apogee, 10,480-mi < 16,862.3-km ) perigee,
3,119-min period, and 32.9° inclination to study particles and fields
and solar processes. {Pres Rpt 70 [69]; gsfc SSR, 5/31/69; upi,
NYT, 5/24/69, 6)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman ended four-day visit to Czechoslovakia

— first visit by U.S. astronaut to any Communist country, (upi, W Post,
5/24/69, A3)

• Press commented on personal qualities of Apollo 10 astronauts during

crises and technological marvels.

New York Times: "Their courage and high technical skill were evi-
dent. There was total absence of posturing or pomposity. Notable, too,
was the absence of false patriotism or of any attempt to use the space
feat as the basis for claims of national or ideological superiority. The
astronauts' personal behavior added a warm human luster to the
superb scientific and technological feats they were and are perform-
ing." (NYT, 5/23/69)

Washington Evening Star: ". . . the flight of Apollo 10 has shown
something . . . about the durability of human nature. . . . However
rigorous the training, however unworldly and unreal the surroundings,
man is still capable of awe, error, fright, outrage and — when the occa-
sion calls for it — profanity. It's good to know." (W Star, 5/23/69,
A16)

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May 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Project research method of supporting principal investigators' research

within universities accounted for about 70% of NASA funds obligated
to universities and was serving NASA and schools well, Dr. George E.
Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said
in speech at Ohio State Univ. More than 10% of project research sup-
port funds had been invested in equipment in university laboratories
for continuing education and research. "More than 90% of balloon
borne experiments, more than 40% of sounding rocket experiments,
and more than 50% of satellite experiments flown on NASA vehicles had
principal investigators or co-investigators in our universities. A large
share of the significant discoveries in space science were made in uni-
versity originated experiments." NASA "supports about 13,000 project
oriented research grants and contracts in universities . . . [and] 32
universities in 21 states are now working with NASA on various aspects
of the earth resources satellite program." (Text)

• At Second Advanced Marine Vehicles Meeting in Seattle, Wash., Frank

E. Rom, Chief of LeRC Advanced Nuclear Concepts Branch, discussed
technical developments in reactor design which could make nuclear
propulsion feasible for use on hovercraft. Water-moderated nuclear
reactor would heat helium, which then would pass through heat ex-
changer where water would be boiled. Resultant steam would drive
6,500-hp steam turbines to power lift and thrust fans. Nuclear propul-
sion would increase hovercraft range, reduce cargo hauling costs, and
make vehicle competitive with freighters. (LeRC Release 69—26)

• faa Administrator John H. Shaffer announced allocations of $34,144,479

to construct and improve 177 U.S. airports under FY 1970 Federal-aid
Airport Program. Appropriations, based on $30 million authorized by
Congress and carryover funds from previous years, represented last
year of funding authorized under current Federal Airport Act. Pro-
gram stressed preservation and expansion of facilities at existing air-
ports to accommodate high-performance, sophisticated aircraft; in-
creasing airport capacity; relieving congestion; and continuing con-
struction of airports initiated under earlier programs, (faa Release
69-59)

• Use of new "alphanumeric" system — computer-originated display of

letters and numbers on radarscopes indicating aircraft identification,
direction, altitude, speed, and flight attitude at faa's Atlanta, Ga., con-
trol center — was described by Robert Lindsey in New York Times.
System, in which each airliner constantly radioed flight data to ground
where it was processed through computer and then displayed on radar
screen, would eventually be used by FAA throughout its traffic control
network. (NYT, 5/23/69, 92)

• U.S.S.R. announced completion of rocket tests begun in Pacific April 17.

Tests had been scheduled to end June 15. (SBD, 5/26/69, 109; W
Post, 5/24/69, A12)

May 23—24: NASA Astronomy Missions Board, chaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg
of Harvard Univ., met at msfc to evaluate potential astronomy mis-
sions for NASA. Board would submit formal recommendations for space
astronomy to NASA later in year, (msfc Release 69—135)

May 24: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and
Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., practiced splashdown and anticontamination pro-
cedures they would use after return from moon in July. Astronauts

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 24

donned plastic-coated biological isolation garments and sprayed each
other with Betadine disinfectant before leaving dummy spacecraft in
Gulf of Mexico, lupi, W Star, 5/25/69, A6)
May 25: Excited U.S. residents called air control towers, police depart-
ments, and newspapers to report citing NASA's Apollo 10 spacecraft
circling moon. Weather Bureau explained bright object actually was
planet Jupiter, which was approaching its nearest distance to earth,
i W Star, 5/26/69, A7 )

• New York Times — while urging precautions against contamination on

Apollo 11 lunar landing mission— praised Apollo 10 mission as "tri-
umphant scientific climax" of Apollo effort: "The breathtaking virtu-
osity of Apollo 10's equipment and crew leaves little doubt that similar
apparatus can deposit properly trained men on the moon and bring
them back safely to earth — always barring the possibility of unex-
pected mechanical or other malfunction. At the cost of more than $20
billion the United States has acquired the capability of manned travel
to the moon. Whatever the wisdom of concentrating such vast resources
on the space race, the accomplishment is brilliant and merits awed
congratulations for all those whose work and talent made it possible."
(NYT, 5/25/69, E16)
May 26: President Nixon telephoned congratulations to Apollo 10 crew fol-
lowing successful splashdown after lunar mission for its "magnificent
achievement" and invited astronauts and their wives to dinner at White
House. "This is a proud moment for the country," President said.
(NYT, 5/27/69, 29; PD, 6/2/69, 775)

• Soviet Embassy praised Apollo 10 mission as event that "inspires into us

pride for man." Message, written by academician Boniface Kedrov,
called astronauts "20th Century Columbuses" and said mission was an
"immeasurably more complex, dangerous and almost unrealizable aim
compared with that Columbus set before himself at the dawn of the
new era." Moscow TV showed splashdown. (W Post, 5/27/69, A9)

• Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of U.N. Committee on the Peace-

ful Uses of Outer Space had recommended new U.N. initiatives to
promote access to applications of space technology by small and non-
space powers, Richard S. Kahn said in Newsweek. Recommendations
included appointment of U.N. official to serve as contact point for
member states; panel meetings for promoting collaboration; U.N.
assistance for survey missions, panel meetings, and fellowships; inves-
tigation of use of earth resource satellites; and dissemination of in-
formation on opportunities for education and training in space-related
fields.

Points of debate between large and small powers were on whether
new technical assistance was required or whether existing machinery
was sufficient. NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs
Arnold W. Frutkin, as U.S. Representative on subcommittee, had ob-
served that the "only two applications of space technology substantially
available today are in . . . meteorology and communications, in both
of which U.N. agencies are active." (Newsweek, 5/26/69, 57—61)

• Lockheed Aircraft Corp. founder Allan H. Lockheed died in Tucson,

Ariz., at age 80. He had begun career at 16 as auto mechanic, taught
himself to fly, and in 1915 established aircraft manufacturing firm with
brother Malcolm. In 1926 he formed partnership with John K. North-

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May 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

rop which developed into Lockheed Aircraft Corp. They pooled re-
sources to produce Lockheed Vega aircraft, which set 27 records from
1928 to 1932. Lockheed resigned in 1929 but served as adviser to
several aviation companies, (upi, W Star, 5/28/69, B7; W Post,
5/28/69, CIO)
May 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXIII into orbit with 1,501 -km
(932.7-mi) apogee, 196-km (121.8-mi) perigee, 102.0-min period, and
81.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 10. (gsfc SSR, 5/31/69;
12/15/69; NYT, 5/28/69, 16)

• Special message to Apollo 10 crew from five Soviet cosmonauts was re-

leased by Soviet Embassy: "We Soviet cosmonauts followed your diffi-
cult work very closely. We sincerely admire the high accuracy with
which you carried out all the maneuvers planned, your excellent pre-
paredness and courage." Message was signed by Cosmonauts Gherman
S. Titov, Andrian G. Nikolayev, Aleksey Leonov, Georgy Beregovoy,
and Vladimir Shatalov. (upi, W Post, 5/28/69, A13)

• International comment on NASA's Apollo 10 mission:

U.N. Secretary General U Thant said flight was "a thrilling com-
pound of great skill, boundless courage and fabulous technology, as
impressive for its perfection as for its informality and its great
humor. ... It is refreshing to have been able to turn for a moment
from all our troubles on earth to this magnificent spectacle of man's
extraordinary capacity for achievement and peaceful quest."

Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.'s Jodrell Bank Experimental
Station, said mission represented almost miraculous achievement at-
tainable only by finest technology and engineering in world: "Every
part of the Apollo 10 concept now appears to have been performed
perfectly. . . . We are nearly about to enter an epoch when men and
materials can be transferred to other planets in the solar system."

U.K. Prime Minister Harold Wilson termed flight "a great triumph
in both human and technical terms."

Soviet space scientist, Dr. Vassily V. Parin, called mission "big
event in the history of cosmonautics," impressive because of "the accu-
racy of all its maneuvers."

Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, said of Apollo 10
crew, "These men who could have come back with moon dust on their
feet are leaving that for others in the true spirit of detachment of great
pioneers."

Heinrich Luebke, President of West Germany, said mission "brings
the United States to the brink of an historical high point — the landing
of the first man on the moon." {NYT, 5/27/69, 29; AP, B Sun,
5/27/69, Al)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman, as Field Director of Space Station

Studies for NASA, told Pasadena, Calif., press conference before ad-
dressing annual meeting of Chamber of Commerce there were five
valid reasons for continuing space program despite high cost: (1) need
for program that challenged U.S. in only way it could in time of peace,
(2) educational impact of space technology in lower grades as well as
among graduates, (3) scientific findings in space, (4) sheer quest and
exploration, and (5) tendency of all countries to cooperate and per-
haps realize earth's fragility. Borman said, "I hope we can isolate
successes and failures from funding because I think space exploration

158

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 27

is an important phase of American life." (LA Times, 5/28/69; Pasa-
dena Star-News, 5/28/69)

• nasa's Pioneer IX, launched into heliocentric orbit Nov. 8, 1968, to col-

lect data on electromagnetic and plasma properties of interplanetary
medium, was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft had transmitted
more than 6 billion bits of data and was continuing to transmit useful
data from all scientific experiments. Pioneer IX had passed through
inferior conjunction Jan. 30 and had reached perihelion of 0.75 au
April 7. It would pass through superior conjunction in November 1970,
when special experiments utilizing spacecraft-earth radio communica-
tion frequencies would be conducted, (nasa Proj Off)

• Discovery of microscopic evidence in lava on Deception Island, Antarc-

tica, indicated algae, fungi, and minute bacteria had begun to thrive
in previously sterile lava within 13 mos after volcanic blasts, NASA
reported. JPL scientist Dr. Roy E. Cameron and Virginia Polytechnic
Institute biologist Dr. Robert Benoit brought back samples in February
of lava rubble from Dec. 4, 1967, volcano-earthquake. Discovery indi-
cated sterile material could withstand invasion of growing things for
only limited time, (nasa Release 69-80)

• U.S. patent No. 3,446,999 was granted to Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, aaas

President-elect, for rolling device — toy that could move around circu-
lar track. Same propulsion method — attraction of electromagnets in
car to circuitry in rails, providing continuous revolving movement —
could be adapted to larger equipment. Patent had been assigned to
Experimentoy Corp. (Pat Off pio; Jones, NYT, 5/31/69, 29)
May 28: nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, flown by nasa test pilot John
A. Manke, successfully completed 19th flight after air-launch from
B— 52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude north of Four Corners, Calif. Manke
fired engine at full power for 66 sees and at half power for 40 sees,
reaching 64,500-ft altitude. Objectives — expansion of flight envelope
to mach 1.2 and collection of stability, control, and performance data
—were met. (nasa Proj Off; upi, W Star, 5/29/69, A16; SBD,
6/4/69, 152)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Sta-

tion carrying Dudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeoroids.
Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj Off)

• nasa released first of hundreds of photos and moving pictures taken by

Apollo 10 crew. Pictures showed moon from variety of positions and
CSM as seen from LM. Photo of Triesneck Crater showed network of
broad rilles which resembled tracks left by large snowballs rolled over
snow-covered plain. Photo of Sea of Tranquility, prime landing site,
had only few rugged features, including medium-sized Moltke Crater
and Hypatia Rille. Pictures showed striking resemblance to aerial
photos of Antarctica. Films included scenes of moon taken from LM
at pericynthian and of Astronaut John W. Young shaving in CSM.
^ (AP, B Sun, 5/29/69, Al; W Post, 5/29/69, A4)

• Soviet Deputy Minister of Aviation Vasily Kazakov told press in Paris

on eve of 28th Paris Air Show that U.S.S.R. would not bring Tu-144
supersonic airliner to show. U.S.S.R. would exhibit its An-22 700-
passenger turboprop and would make major effort to promote sales of
10 competitive Soviet aircraft. Cosmonauts Vladimir A. Shatalov and
Aleksey S. Yeliseyev said two Zond moon-orbiting capsules launched

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May 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Sept. 15, 1968, and Nov. 10, 1968, were large enough to have carried
men. Shatalov said he hoped in future U.S. and Soviet space crews
would be able to work together. (NYT, 5/29/69, 78)

• In letter to stockholders, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. said it had initiated

appeal to Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals against cancel-
lation of its Government contract to produce AH— 56A Cheyenne heli-
copter for USA and asked USA to defer demand for $50 million in re-
payment of progress payments until appeals board ruling, (upi, W
Post, 5/29/69, A7; WSJ, 5/29/69, 7)
May 29: Cosmos CCLXXXIV was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with
297-km (184.6-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.5-min
period, and 51.7° inclination. Satellite reentered June 6. (gsfc SSR,
5/31/69; 6/15/69)

• Specific objectives of lunar exploration were discussed in testimony by

NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E.
Mueller, before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences.
Evaluation of natural resources on 14.6-million-sq-mi lunar surface
would include minerals of yet undetermined nature and unique com-
bination of high vacuum and gravitational field one-sixth as strong as
earth's. "On the results of our evaluation will depend our decision
some years from now as to whether there is sufficient potential to jus-
tify establishing a lunar base." NASA also would investigate use of
moon as "island near our shores to which we can voyage ... to de-
velop man's potential to function as an explorer throughout the solar
system." (Testimony)

• NASA selected Martin Marietta Corp. for $280,000,000 cost-plus-incentive-

fee/award-fee contract for Viking lander system and technical inte-
gration of project to send two instrumented spacecraft to Mars during
summer of 1973. (nasa Release 69-82)

• At USN Symposium on Military Oceanography in Seattle, Wash., Naval

Oceanographic Office scientists Paul E. La Violette and Sandra E. Seim
said pictures taken by astronauts during Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
missions had been of greater value than expected. "The high resolution
of these color photographs has shown a wealth of detail impossible to
duplicate by television pictures." Surface and near-surface conditions
"appear as sea scars, rips, sea state, bathymetric features. . . ." Many
of these features had been shown to exist over large areas on a scale
previously unimagined. (AP, NYT, 6/1/69, 82)

• NASA published Significant Achievements in Space Science 1967

(SP— 167). Among achievements described were discovery of strong
x-ray-emitting objects in stellar astronomy; controlled, quantitative
testing of biological hypotheses provided by Biosatellite II data; in-
creased use of remote-sensing radio techniques in ionosphere and radio
physics; acquisition of data on surface temperature, total pressure, at-
mospheric composition, exospheric temperature and composition, and
strength of magnetic field of Venusian atmosphere by Soviet Venus IV
and simultaneous flybys of U.S. Mariner V in planetology. Develop-
ments in solar physics had led to revision of existing set of numbers
and had repercussions on interpretation of measurements from sun.
(Text)

• If NASA's Apollo 11 successfully landed on moon July 20, "it will be a

proud moment for Americans and a costly one for British bookmakers,

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 29

who will pay out at least $172,000 in bets they wish they had never
made," Karl E. Meyer reported in Washington Post. Big winner would
be David Threlfall of Preston, Lancashire, who in April 1964 bet £10
($24) that man would land on moon before January 1971. Since odds
were 1,000 to 1, Threlfall would collect $24,000 from William Hill
Organization betting firm. As one broker explained: "When you think
about it, it's a bit ridiculous. This is one of the few times we've made
a mistake — the man in the street knew more about space than we did."
(W Post, 5/29/69, A4)

• Terre Haute [Ind.] Star said: "In backing Columbus, according to

Samuel Eliot Morison, historian, Queen Isabella had two motives: To
make a buck in the spice trade, and to open new territories for her
Catholic missionaries. It did not occur to her that she was about to
change the history of mankind. That is the way of most turning points
in human history. The Manhattan Project which resulted in the atomic
bomb was basically a defensive move against the danger of Germany's
doing it first. It launched the atomic age. Johann Gutenberg found a
way to print with movable type for the simple reason that he wanted
more people to read the Bible. He had no idea that he was introducing
mass literacy. These great human adventures had two things in com-
mon: They were done for practical reasons, and most contemporaries
said, 'who needs it?' The space program began for practical, everyday
reasons. Russia's Sputnik scared the pants off most Americans. The
initial goal of catching up with the Russians has been achieved, and
this is part of the reason why there is now a slowing interest. However
. . . this country now has the potential of changing the world. . . . The
U.S. should continue in the forefront of space exploration, with a well-
funded and stable program. Space should continue to have a perma-
nent, though not extravagant, position in the priority of national
goals." (Terre Haute Star, 5/29/69)

• Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development transmitted to

House Committee on Science and Astronautics Centralization of Fed-
eral Science Activities. Report, prepared by Library of Congress Sci-
ence Policy Research Div., described centralization and potential
organization of Federal science activities, summarized arguments for
and against centralization, examined major functions of Federal Gov-
ernment in dealing with science and technology and present organiza-
tion, and presented historical summary of evolution of Federal
organization for science and of proposals for reorganization and con-
solidation. (Text)

• Wendell F. Moore, assistant chief engineer at Bell Aerosystems Co. and

developer of rocket belt which could lift man and carry him length of
football field, died in Niagara Falls, N.Y., at age 51. He had won John
Price Wetherill Medal of Franklin Institute of Philadelphia in 1964 for
his invention, first flight-tested in 1961. (upi, NYT, 5/30/69)
May 29— June 8: 28th Salon Internationale de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace
— Paris Air Show — featured nearly 550 exhibitors representing 14
nations. U.S., with largest pavilion, emphasized space achievements,
taking "Countdown Apollo" as theme. On opening day biggest display
attraction, said United Press International, was Apollo 8 spacecraft,
which Apollo 9 Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and
Russell L. Schweickart unveiled in ceremony attended by U.S. Ambas-

161

May 29-June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

sador to France, R. Sargent Shriver. U.S. exhibit also included F-l
and J-2 engines of 1st and 2nd stages of Saturn V rocket and full-scale
model of Apollo 11 LM.

French prototype of Concorde 001 supersonic transport was flown
over Paris for first time and later took its place on apron at Le Bourget
Airport among 150 aircraft, helicopters, and gliders.

Opening day also marked signing of agreement for joint develop-
ment of short-haul airbus by French Transport Minister Jean Chamant
and West German Economics Minister Karl Schiller. Spokesman for
U.K. manufacturer Hawker Siddeley said firm was still negotiating on
building wings for 250-seat airbus. U.S. exhibited 490-passenger
Boeing 747 but did not show Lockheed C-5A, world's largest aircraft
U.K. exhibits at Air Show included Concorde 002, British prototype:
Hawker Siddeley Harrier VTOL jet fighter; and Hawker Siddeley Nim
rod, maritime reconnaissance version of Comet. French exhibits in
eluded Dassault Mirage fighters and Dassault Hirondelle turboprop
U.S.S.R.'s chief entry was 500-passenger An-22 turboprop airliner
{Amer Av, 5/26/69, 33-6; upi, W Star, 5/29/69, A10; Reuters, NYT,
5/30/69, 40)
May 30: nasa's Biosatellite III, scheduled to carry monkey on 30-day earth
orbital mission June 18, was damaged when unexplained pressure blew
top off spacecraft at KSC. Accident, which severed electrical wire har-
nesses and caused minor structural damage, might delay launch. (AP,
W Star, 5/31/69, Al; 6/1/69, A8)

• Science magazine published letter from Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.),

Chairman of Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of
House Committee on Science and Astronautics, clarifying his views on
cost effectiveness evaluation of Earth Resources Satellite system. He
reiterated opinion he stated in Dec. 1968 Earth Resources Satellite
System report: "Precise determination of cost effectiveness at this early
stage ... is not possible. . . . The magnitude of the economic benefits
simply cannot be calculated in the absence of the type of data which
the system is designed to produce." Conclusions of studies already
completed had constituted "strong evidence that precision was not pos-
sible. Yet, I am reassured by the fact that all such studies . . . have
concluded that the potential economic benefits will exceed the costs of
such a system by a substantial margin and some predict that benefits
will someday be measured in billions of dollars annually. It is my per-
sonal conviction that an operational ERS system will ultimately prove
highly cost-effective."

Karth said he considered it "nasa's responsibility to experiment with
new space systems that appear to have potential, and to conduct the
necessary research and development which will lead to a firm founda-
tion for a subsequent determination as to whether operational systems
should be built. In this context, I believe cost effectiveness is not an
appropriate standard to apply in advance to nasa's experimental work,
though it is certainly applicable when the time comes to decide whether
to go forward with an operational system." {Science, 5/30/69, 1009)

• In Science editorial, Kenneth V. Thimann said: ". . . there is no doubt

that some of our most thoughtful young people see science as a destruc-
tive force. Some of this disillusionment stems from a preoccupation

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 May 30

with the failings of science, and especially the failings of technology."
But people complaining had forgotten past history of far worse air
and water pollution and malnutrition. "On the contrary, the record of
steady progress can give us confidence that the residual blemishes and
pockets will indeed be wiped out as the power of science and tech-
nology is increasingly brought to bear on them." In some fields "scien-
tist wields almost unlimited power for good." International Rice
Research Institute, with staff of 16 Ph.D.s, had apparently changed
"whole nutritional future of Asia in a scant 5 years" by doubling or
even tripling rice yields. Discovery of penicillin and streptomycin had
saved countless lives. (Science, 5/30/69, 1013)

• There was "growing conviction that Soviet authorities have taken ad-
ministrative measures to punish the noted physicist Andrey R. Sak-
harov," said Bryce Nelson in Science. Washington, D.C., sources had
said Sakharov was summoned for verbal criticism after July 11, 1968,
publication in New York Times of his essay "Progress, Coexistence,
and Intellectual Freedom." Discipline was thought to have been per-
formed in early 1969. Fragmentary accounts in Western publications
indicated he had been deprived of work as consultant to ministry, re-
moved from position as chief consultant at State Committee for Atomic
Energy and from work in restricted physics institute at Chernogolovka,
barred from research institute at Dubna, and possibly expelled from
Soviet Academy of Sciences. (Science, 5/30/69, 1043—4)

May 31: New York Times said dot had received detailed proposals for con-
struction of 150- to 300-mph, air-cushioned vehicle guided by track
or guideway. Agency hoped to design vehicle that could avoid prob-
lems of steel train wheels and rails, which lost traction and spun at
speeds of 150—200 mph. dot expected to award contract for Tracked
Air Cushion Vehicle (tacv) within three months, with completion of
prototype and several miles of test track by mid-1971. (NYT, 5/31/69,
46)

During May: Space/ Aeronautics said: "Reshaping of the budget, in com-
bination with a flurry of new activity among NASA, the Air Force and
the President's in-house and specially commissioned science advisors,
has left no doubt that the Administration favors continuation of a
strong manned space flight program and a total space effort much
more national in character than the current one. The latter point in-
volves greater pressure on the Air Force and NASA to bring their future
programs together, particularly in the space station and support areas.
"Although manned space flight was the clear victor in the Repub-
lican amendments to the NASA budget, the surgery on the unmanned
sectors was artfully performed." Although $41 million was cut from
OSSA, none of it came from Earth Resources Survey satellite program.
Although $14 million was cut from OART, none came at expense of
nerva program. Only notable individual reductions in areas other
than manned space flight came in deferral of Sunblazer program, can-
cellation of Biosatellite-F, and deferral for one year of new Planetary
Explorer project. In net increase in OMSF, NASA essentially traded off
slippage in aa program for resumption of Saturn V production and
insurance that lunar exploration would continue into early 1970s.
(S/A, 5/69, 31-6)

163

During May ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• nas-nrc Space Science Board had formed 13-member standing Commit-

tee on Space Medicine to respond to requests from NASA on problems
in manned aspects of national space effort, NAS-NRC-NAE News Report
said. Chairman was Dr. Shields Warren of Cancer Research Institute
of New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, who was noted for his
work on effects of radiation, (nas-nrc-nae News Rpt, 5/69, 1)

• oar Research Review summarized 1968 research activities of Air Force

Cambridge Research Laboratories: During 1968 afcrl scientists had
"placed more instruments on board more research vehicles than any
other research group" in U.S. Experiments included 46 research
rockets, 75 small meteorological rockets, 110 research balloons, and
374 research flights by 6 flying laboratories. Eight of nine satellite
experiments were successfully orbited; most significant was 600-lb
OV 1—16 ("Cannonball") low-altitude-density satellite launched July
11 to measure atmospheric density, (oar Research Review, 5—6/69, 9)

• nsf published R&D in the Aircraft and Missiles Industry, 1957—68 (nsf

69—15). In 1967 aircraft and missiles industry spent record $5.6 billion
for R&D — 34% of all industrial R&D spending and 116% increase from
1957 level of $2.6 billion. Federal Government had continued to fi-
nance more than 80% of industry R&D. In 1967 this was $4.5 billion,
of which estimated $2.7 billion was supplied by dod, $1.6 billion by
NASA, and $0.2 billion by all other Federal agencies combined. How-
ever, Federal spending in 1967 was $100 million less than in 1964.
Companies' own R&D funds rose from $445 million in 1964 to $1.1
billion in 1967, with growing emphasis on nonmilitary and nonspace
areas, particularly commercial aircraft and general-aviation fields.
(Text)

• Flying magazine issued special report on F— 111, including "The People

vs. the F-lll" by John Fricker and "The F-lll— a Pilot's Verdict"
by Richard B. Weeghman. Fricker called F— 111 "not guilty" of
charges that concept of commonality was invalid, that selection of
General Dynamics Corp. instead of Boeing Co. as prime contractor
was result of "political consideration," that F— 111 suffered from ex-
cessive flight restrictions, that it was unsafe, and that it was "opera-
tional flop." To charge that cost escalation of F— 111 program had been
excessive, Fricker delivered verdict "Guilty, with mitigating circum-
ctances" — factory, engineering, and research costs had risen twice as
much as originally estimated. {Flying, 5/69)

• Copy of original tape recording of excited voices of astronomers as they

discovered first optical pulsar on night of Jan. 15—16 had been de-
posited in Niels Bohr Library, American Institute of Physics News-
letter noted. Tape, made accidentally during moment when optical
pulses from Crab Nebula were discovered, had been preserved by dis-
covery team, W. J. Cooke, M. J. Disney, and D. J. Taylor at Steward
Observatory, Univ. of Arizona. ( aip Newsletter, 5/69)

• In Communist Party cultural weekly Kultura, Warsaw, Janusz Wilhelm

said: "Once more the world is experiencing a sense of exultation over
the universe. Man's latest cosmic achievements have caused talk, writ-
ing and speculation everywhere. Moreover they are almost personally
experienced by all." Exultation over man's ability to cope with uni-
verse "surpasses all national and political boundaries." It was rare for

164

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Durin- May

people to react "just as human beings without any special differences
or distinctions." Moon flight was not going to solve "dramatic prob-
lems and conflicts besetting earth," but exultation represented "the
essence of rationalism and pragmatism to a much greater extent than
most of our emotions." What we felt was "the unity ( or oneness) of
humanity. ... So it carried with it a hope." i Atlas, 5/69, 23)

165

June 1969

June 1: Special Task Force report submitted to President Nixon Jan. 8 but
not released by White House called for NASA revamping and shift in
space priorities, John Lannan said in Washington Sunday Star. Panel,
chaired by Univ. of California at Berkeley physicist Dr. Charles H.
Townes, included Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air
Force, then NASA Deputy Administrator; Dr. James A. Van Allen of
Univ. of Iowa; Dr. Harry H. Hess, chairman of nas-nrc Space Science
Board; and Dr. Walter Orr Roberts of National Center for Atmos-
pheric Research.

Report recommended continuation of $6-billion space effort, with
$2 billion for dod and rest for NASA; disapproved of any commitment
to large orbiting space station; and urged commitment to unmanned
planetary probes. It considered NASA's present structure inappropriate
for post-Apollo program and urged bringing "an outstanding scientist
into its top administrative ranks." It was desirable to avoid manned
versus unmanned operations argument and to focus on search for most
appropriate role for human being in entire system. NASA organization
was not "adapted to this approach."

nasc should be chaired by President rather than Vice President.
Panel advocated lunar exploration and gave high priority to use of
space for commercial and civil benefits. It urged space spending at
Vl°/o to 1% of GNP and proposed U.S. intensify efforts toward inter-
national cooperation in space, Lannan reported. (W Star, 6/1/69, Al)

• nasa's Mariner VI spacecraft (launched Feb. 24) was 21,731,091 mi

from earth and would fly past Mars July 30. Mariner VII (launched
March 27) was 19,526,893 mi from earth and would fly past Mars
Aug. 4. Both spacecraft were operating normally, (jpl Release 521)

• Atomic scientist Dr. Edward Teller thought nuclear explosion on moon

would be scientifically useful, Associated Press reported after New
York interview. Vibrations would be source of seismographic measure-
ment for study of moon's interior. "The best information on earth"
came from nuclear explosions, "because the energy-generating event is
confined very sharply both in space and in time." Factors making
moon extremely inhospitable to life — absence of air and water — were
highly desirable to researchers, since "change that has taken place
billions and billions of years ago is still visible today." Dr. Teller also
favored development on moon of research station powered by nuclear
reactor that heated lunar rocks to high temperature and liberated
oxygen for breathing purposes. There was probability rocks also con-
tained water, which reactor could reduce to hydrogen and oxygen for
making rocket fuel to power short-range rocket trips on moon and soft-
landing interplanetary spacecraft. Moon's environment might lead to
advances in low-temperature physics and surface chemistry in elec-
tronics, which could result in development on earth of smaller, more

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efficient, and more sophisticated electronic equipment, particularly for
information-storing and information-reordering. (Nicholson, AP, W
Star, 6/1/69, Al)

• Retiring Chief Justice of Supreme Court Earl Warren said at Lincoln

Univ. commencement in Oxford, Pa., "We're going to be on the moon
— perhaps by July, they tell us. But it would be better if our universities
taught us how to live in our great cities." (AP, W Post, 6/3/69, A9)
June 2: NASA announced preliminary flight plan for Apollo 11 lunar landing
mission. Spacecraft, carrying Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (com-
mander), Michael Collins (cm pilot), and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (lm
pilot), would be launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by
Saturn V booster at 9:32 am edt July 16, with touchdown on moon's
Sea of Tranquility at 2:22 pm edt July 20. At 12:12 am edt July 21
Armstrong would step onto lunar surface, followed hour later by Al-
drin. Astronauts would collect up to 50 lbs of lunar surface samples
for return to earth, take photos, and deploy experiments package before
leaving moon at 12:00 pm edt July 21 and returning to csm piloted
by Collins. They would complete eight-day mission with splashdown
in Pacific at 12:52 pm edt July 24, 195 hrs 20 min 42.2 sees after
launch, (nasa Release 69-83)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman acknowledged that he had discussed

possibility of running for Governor of Arizona or U.S. Senate with
Rep. Morris K. Udall (D-Ariz.) but said he did not "foresee right
now" that he would do so, Associated Press reported. (W Post,
6/4/69)

• Prearranged meeting at Paris Air Show between Apollo 9 Astronauts

James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart and
Cosmonauts Aleksey S. Yeliseyev and Vladimir Shatalov and wives
developed from brief technical exchange into what U.S. officials called
an epic of all space meetings. After inspecting interior of Apollo 8
spacecraft and joining astronauts for drinks in vip lounge at U.S. pa-
vilion, cosmonauts escorted astronauts through U.S.S.R. pavilion, pro-
vided technical explanation of 1968 Soyuz missions, and entertained
with vodka and caviar in Soviet trijet Yak-40 on display field and
later in 500-passenger An-22. {NYT, 6/3/69, 78; AP, B Sun,
6/3/69, Al)

• Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Administrator, received honorary Doctor of

Science degree from Brown Univ., his alma mater. (NASA Off of
Administrator)

• X-ray, one of science's foremost photographic tools, was being supple-

mented by revolutionary process of neutron radiography called "neu-
rography," said New York Times. It had been used to check safety of
components in Apollo 10 spacecraft and was subject of Government-
supported research in U.K., France, West Germany, and Japan. In
U.S., commercially oriented studies were being pursued by General
Electric Co., Aero j fit-General Corp., and North American Rockwell
Corp. Process — in which object to be radiographed was placed in
large, high-density beam of neutrons that passed through object and
registered data concerning its internal structure on film — had applica-
tions in inspection of pyrotechnic devices and nuclear reactor fuel and
detection of excessive moisture or minute cracks. Critical welds, guid-
ance components, and "honeycomb" bonding used in NASA program

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 2

could also be inspected — as well as home TV sets, telephones, radios,
missiles, and sst. (NYT, 6/2/69, 39)

• North American Rockwell Corp. announced it had reduced its activity

on lsaf's Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA) but was main-
taining team effort in connection with program. Reduction was made
to permit maximum attention to F— 15 fighter weapon system compe-
tition. Inar Release NN-28; Wilson, W Post, 5/31/69, Al)
June 3: usaf launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afh by Titan
IIIB-Agena D booster. Satellite entered orbit with 265.3-mi
(426.9-km) apogee, 86.4-mi (139.0-km) perigee, 89.8-min period,
and 110.0° inclination and reentered June 14. (gsfc SSR, 6/15/69;
upi, W Post, 6/4/69, A18; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXV into orbit with 493-km

(306.3-mi) apogee, 266-km (165.3-mi) perigee, 92.1-min period,
and 71.0° inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 7. (GSFC SSR, 6/15/69;
10/15/69; AP, NYT, 6/4/69, 5)

• International team of scientists might man first U.S. permanent space

laboratory, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said at London
news conference. Work on project would begin about 1975 and ad-
ditional sections would be added each year for decade, eventually pro-
ducing laboratory for about 50 scientists. Dr. Paine, on his way to
Paris Air Show, said it was too early to say if there would be perma-
nent U.S. lunar space station or to predict if man would land on Mars.
He had no information to support rumors of imminent Soviet moon
landing. I Reuters, W Post, 6/5/69, E5)

• Boeing Co. pilot Don Knutson flew 362-passenger version of Boeing

747 — world's largest passenger aircraft — on 9-hr 8-min maiden At-
lantic crossing from Seattle-Tacoma Airport, Wash., to Le Bourget
Airport, Paris, for 28th Paris Air Show. Aircraft was fourth 747 off
assembly line and acquired one-third of its 27 hrs flying time during
transatlantic flight at average 570-mph and maximum 656-mph
speeds. (NYT, 6/4/69, 74; Amer Av, 6/9/69, 16-7)

• House adopted resolution electing Rep. Barry M. Goldwater, Jr.

(R-Calif.), to Committee on Science and Astronautics. ( CR, 6/3/69,
H4401)

• London Times published four-page space supplement On the Edge of the

Moon. Man had been traveling to moon for centuries in transport
which was "romantic, ingenious, foolish and brilliant: chariots of
swans, giant guns, artificial clouds and enormous metal springs; even
rockets." Journeys, "dreams that ranged between ludicrous fantasy
and prophetic imagination," had not been recorded much before sec-
ond century A.D. "But later, as writers discovered science fiction and
the appetite men had for it, the stories proliferated." At times, either
by luck, reasoning, knowledge of science, or uncanny inspiration, they
foresaw details of voyages like Apollo 10's and that planned for next
month." Article traced 1,800 yrs of space travel "from dream to
reality." Supplement also described stage sequences planned for NASA's
lunar landing, specifications of lunar module and its achievements,
data which scientists hoped to extract from lunar explorations, and
possible construction of lunar observatory. Costs of observatory would
be justified "only as part of a space programme much larger than
what is envisaged for the immediate future, and too large, perhaps,

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June 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

for the resources of any one nation." (London Times, 6/3/69, I— IV)
June 3—5: NASA held Spacemobile Conference in Washington, D.C., to fa-
miliarize all personnel with Vice President's Summer Space Education
Program for the Cities conducted by NASA in cooperation with Presi-
dent's Council on Youth Opportunity. (Program)
June 4: President Nixon addressed Air Force Academy commencement in
Colorado Springs, Colo.: "A nation needs many qualities, but it needs
faith and confidence above all. Skeptics do not build societies; the
idealists are the builders. Only societies that believe in themselves can
rise to their challenges. Let us not, then, pose a false choice between
meeting our responsibilities abroad and meeting the needs of our
people at home. We shall meet both or we shall meet neither.

"This is why my disagreement with the skeptics and the isolationists
is fundamental. They have lost the vision indispensable to great leader-
ship. They observe the problems that confront us; they measure our
resources and then they despair. When the first vessels set out from
Europe for the New World these men would have weighed the risks
and they would have stayed behind. . . .

"Our current exploration of space makes the point vividly, here is
testimony to man's vision and man's courage. The journey of the as-
tronauts is more than a technical achievement: it is a reaching-out of
the human spirit. It lifts our sights; it demonstrates that magnificent
conceptions can be real.

"They inspire us and at the same time they teach us true humility.
What could bring home to us more the limitation of the human scale
than the hauntingly beautiful picture of our earth seen from the moon?

"When the first man stands on the moon next month every Ameri-
can will stand taller because of what he has done, and we should be
proud of this magnificent achievement.

"We will know then that every man achieves his own greatness by
reaching out beyond himself, and so it is with nations. When a nation
believes in itself — as Athenians did in their Golden Age, as Italians
did in the Renaissance — that nation can perform miracles. Only when
a nation means something to itself can it mean something to others.

"That is why I believe a resurgence of American idealism can bring
about a modern miracle — and that modern miracle is a world order
of peace and justice." \PD, 6/9/69, 797-802)
• In Huntsville interview, Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, said
accomplishment of first lunar landing would not necessarily mean U.S.
was first in space race. ". . . whether the Russians have this particular
objective in their program, I just don't know." It was no longer pos-
sible to decide in simple terms who was ahead. ". . . today the space
program has so many facets that it may be impossible for all eternity
from now on to be ahead of them in all fields. And . . . impossible for
them to be ahead of us in all fields." It was still possible for U.S.S.R.
to reach moon first if July launching date for Apollo 11 was delayed.
Russians now had rocket more powerful than Saturn V, which would
allow direct lunar flight. "If this rocket is flown in the very near
future — which it might — they may still have a chance of landing a
man on the moon in the latter part of 1969." As for Soviet unmanned
lunar landing, Dr. von Braun said, "I think the Russians very defi-
nitely have the capability as far as their equipment is concerned to

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 4

soft land enough payload on the moon to take a sample of lunar soil
and fly it back to earth." (upi, NYT, 6/6/69, 18)

• Tass released reports which revealed that neither Venus V (launched

Jan. 5) nor Venus VI (launched Jan. 10) had reached Venusian sur-
face intact in May. Data radioed from two spacecraft suggested terrain
was very uneven, with height differences of more than 50,000 ft. Re-
ports also conceded that Venus IV, which purportedly had landed on
Venus Oct. 18, 1967, had not relayed data from Venusian surface, but
had apparently been crushed during descent by extreme atmospheric
pressure. "The pressure might have pushed in the upper lid of the in-
strument department and affected the instruments of the radio com-
plex," Tass said. Data suggested that Venus V had descended over deep
basin where temperature was almost 1,000°F and pressure was 140
times that on earth. Venus VI had descended over plateau where tem-
perature was 750°F and pressure was 60 times that on earth. Since
spacecraft had not been designed to withstand pressures greater than
25—27 times that on earth, they had not sent data from below 12 mi.
(Sullivan, NYT, 6/5/69; W Post, 6/5/69, A25)

• ComSatCorp announced selection of General Telephone & Electronics In-

ternational as contractor for construction of earth station for satellite
communications near Talkeetna, Alaska. Contract price was $3,558,000.
(ComSatCorp Release 69—32)
June 5—8: NASA's 1,393-lb Ogo VI (OGO— f) Orbiting Geophysical Observa-
tory, carrying 25 experiments to study sun's influence on earth's near-
space environment during period of maximum solar activity, was suc-
cessfully launched from wtr at 7:42 am put by Thorad-Agena D
(SLV— 2G) booster. Spacecraft entered orbit with 682.4-mi
(1,098.2-km) apogee, 246.4-mi ( 396.6-km ) perigee, 99.8-min period,
and 82.0° inclination.

Primary mission objective was to conduct correlative studies of
latitude-dependent atmospheric phenomena during period of maximum
solar activity. Secondary objectives were to search for celestial hydro-
gen Lyman-alpha radiation, conduct neutron and cosmic-ray observa-
tions, measure solar uv and x-ray radiation, make detailed observations
of vlf radio emissions, and exceed one year of active, three-axis sta-
bilization. By June 8, all experiments except one — Naval Research
Laboratory's x-ray spectrometer, which was expected to have humidity
problems — had been turned on and were operating satisfactorily. Two
30-ft antennas had been deployed.

Ogo VI was sixth and last spacecraft in NASA's ogo series. Scientific
instrumentation for Ogo VPs 25 experiments had been provided by
10 U.S. universities, 1 foreign university, 4 Government centers, and
5 private companies. Ogo VI joined four other operational oco's —
Ogo I (launched Sept. 4, 1964), Ogo III (launched June 6, 1966),
Ogo IV (launched July 28, 1967), and Ogo V (launched March 4,
1968) — which had provided more than 1.2-million hrs of scientific
data on earth-sun relationships and on near-earth environment. Ogo II
(launched Oct. 14, 1965) had been turned off in November 1967. Re-
sults from ogo program included: first observation of protons re-
sponsible for ring of current surrounding earth at distance of several
earth radii during magnetic storms; first satellite global survey of
earth's magnetic field, resulting in proposed new magnetic field model

171

June 5-8

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

June 5-8: Ogo VI— sixth and last of nasa's Orbiting Geophysical Observatory series-
carried 25 experiments into orbit to study the suns influence on the earth's near-space
environment during a period of maximum solar activity. The satellite was launched
from wtr by a Thorad-Agena D booster into near-polar orbit. By June 8, all but one
experiment had been turned on and were operating satisfactorily.

172

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 5-8

for International Geomagnetic Reference Field; clear identification of
controlling influence of earth's magnetic field on ion population; veri-
fication of existence of inward boundary (plasma-pause) surrounding
region of stable trapped radiation ; first evidence that region of low-
energy electrons completely enveloped trapped radiation regions; first
observation of daylight auroras; and first worldwide map of airglow
distribution.

OGO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. LeRC was
responsible for Thorad-Agena D launch vehicle, and ksc for launch
operations, (nasa Proj Off; nasa Releases 69-81, 69-92)
June 5: Electronic disorder in NASA's Oao II orbiting astronomical observa-
tory (launched Dec. 7, 1968), first noted June 2, had been successfully
adjusted from ground, NASA announced. Spacecraft's inability to re-
ceive ground commands or maintain correct orientation was similar to
malfunction April 12 which had almost caused spacecraft's death, gsfc
controllers corrected problem by adjusting ground command trans-
mitters and computer programs and switching attitude control system
from gas-operated to gyro stabilization, (nasa Release 69—88)

• Investigating board headed by Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., reported

primary cause of Dec. 8, 1968, crash of nasa's lunar landing training
vehicle (lltv) No. 1 was "that the vehicle entered a region of flight
where aerodynamic moments overpowered the control system . . . such
that attitude control was lost. The source of the control problem was
not identified ... in time to add (use) a second control system which
could have restored control capability." Crash did not involve any mal-
functions of systems. Adverse region of flight was entered because the
aerodynamic limitations of LLTV were not completely understood, wind
conditions were insufficiently accounted for, and displays in lltv and
support van were inadequate for conditions. Board made 11 recom-
mendations— including wind-tunnel tests to assess lltv aerodynamic
characteristics — for improved safety, (nasa Release 69—87; AP, H
Chron, 6/6/69)

• U.S.S.R.'s Tu-144 supersonic aircraft exceeded mach 1 for first time

during flight test, according to Tass. No further details were released.
{ InteraviaAirLetter, 6/9/69, 5)

• At Paris Air Show Sud Aviation test pilot Andre Turcat demonstrated

Concorde 001. During engine checks before takeoff, noise level at 300
m to side and behind was not excessive even with afterburners switched
in. Fly-pasts at various speeds and configurations showed good han-
dling characteristics and low noise levels. Aircraft landed smoothly and
stopped in relatively short distance on wet runway with brake chute.
(InteraviaAirLetter, 6/6/69, 4)

• Dr. Eugene G. Fubini, former Assistant Secretary of Defense, was sworn

in as consultant to NASA Administrator. He would advise NASA senior
officials on scientific and engineering aspects of agency programs and
review and advise on work of President's Space Task Group and nasa—
dod cooperation on space shuttle. Before joining nasa Dr. Fubini had
been Vice President and Group Executive at IBM. (nasa Release
69-85)

• nasa announced selection of United Aircraft Corp. for $4-million, three-

year contract to design and develop life support and environmental

173

June 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

control systems to sustain astronauts for long-duration earth orbital
space flights. {WSJ, 6/5/69)

• Secretary of State William P. Rogers told Washington, D.C., news con-

ference Nixon Administration was resolved to continue test firings of
advanced strategic missiles. He said tests would not affect chances for
U.S. success in disarmament talks with U.S.S.R., scheduled for summer,
and that they should be continued even after negotiations had begun.
(Grose, NYT, 6/6/69, 1)
June 6: nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter Hoag
(usaf), successfully completed 20th flight over Buckhorn, Calif. Ve-
hicle was air-launched from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude and
glided to landing, (nasa Proj Off)

• At New York meeting sponsored by Goddard Institute for Space Studies,

MSC, and Columbia Univ.'s Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory,
MSC scientist Wilbur R. Wollenhaupt said Apollo 8 computer had erred
in prediction of spacecraft's position by 15,000 ft in range and 1,500
ft in elevation. Apollo 10 computer erred only 2,000 ft in range and
500 ft in elevation with programming of more accurate model of
moon's asymmetrical gravity field. Apollo 10 results made it likely
Apollo 11 could be guided to extremely accurate landing in July.

Dr. Richard Lingenfelter of UCLA described study of meandering
tracks across moon's surface which showed evidence that at least 130
river-like rilles around large circular lunar mare had been formed by
flowing water. Evidence was presented from gravity studies and mag-
netic observations in nearby space that moon's interior was homoge-
neous rather than subdivided into heavy core surrounded by lighter
mantle. (Sullivan, NYT, 6/7/69, 16)

• In Life, Hugh Sidey said: "It was just exactly eight years ago that John

Kennedy set the moon goal and called the nation into 'the exciting ad-
venture of space.' There have been great space moments in these years,
but they have faded rather rapidly as the earth problems pressed in.
Now there is a lasting excitement which will build to the big launch
[Apollo 11] this summer and probably will linger for months or years.
. . . History suggests that man, despite his obvious and obsessive
miseries, craves something to lift him beyond himself. War too often
has been one outlet. Americans in particular have needed a quest,
across the mountains or the continent, into the sky and the sea, to the
poles or inside the atom." This pointed up "classic dilemma in presi-
dential leadership." Did national pride in space achievement and its
technological and military benefits mean more to nation than plans
for aid to education, welfare programs, or feeding the hungry? "It
could be that the world's ills are not too great to allow such dreams.
It could also be that Americans cannot live without them." (Life,
6/6/69, 4)

• President Nixon announced intention to appoint Stanford Univ. physicist

Hubert B. Heffner as Deputy Director of Office of Science and Tech-
nology, succeeding Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., who had resigned. Nomination
was submitted to Senate June 9. (PD, 6/9/69, 806; 6/16/69, 845)

• nas and nae issued Scientific and Technical Communication: A Pressing

National Problem and Recommendations for Its Solution. Committee
on Scientific and Technical Communication (satcom) emphasized
need for maintaining pluralistic, diverse communication activities in

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 6

science and engineering as opposed to monolithic, centralized system
and recommended 55 methods for meeting accelerating growth of
technical data — product of $27-billion R&D enterprise in U.S. Recom-
mendations included creation of Joint Commission on Scientific and
Technical Communications responsible to nas— nae councils to stimu-
late greater coordination among private organizations and facilitate
interaction with government. (Text; NAS Release; nas-nrc-NAe News
Rpt, 5-7/69, 1)

• Florida Legislature passed concurrent resolution asking President Nixon

and Congress to restore name "Cape Canaveral" to Cape Kennedy,
subject to agreement by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.), brother
of late President John F. Kennedy. Original Spanish name meant
"plantation of cane." (AP, W Star, 6/7/69, Al)
June 7: World's largest passenger airliner, 629,000-lb Boeing 747, landed
at Dulles Airport, Washington, D.C., en route from Paris Air Show.
Pan American World Airways would take delivery of its first 747 in
September and inaugurate passenger service shortly after first of year.
(W Star, 6/8/69, A23)

• Since "any contamination of the earth from the moon would affect all

men and all nations," said New York Times, protective arrangements
"should be approved by an international group, preferably by a formal
United Nations committee. In the future men will go to Mars and other
parts of the solar system where the prospects of finding living or-
ganisms are much greater than they are on the moon. If Americans
now monopolize the key decisions regarding protection of the earth's
environment, they will have no grounds for objecting later on if
Russians, Chinese, Germans, Japanese, Brazilians or others monopolize
similar decisions affecting human beings returning from more distant
celestial bodies." (NYT, 6/7/69, 32)

• In Nature, Stanford Univ. astronomer Dr. Edward K. Conklin reported

recording earth's motion using background radiation believed to have
been produced at early stage in universe's expansion. If theory was
correct, radiation defined extremely distant reference frame for meas-
urement of earth's motion. Recording showed 100-mi-per-sec move-
ment in direction midway between direction of Big Dipper and star
Arcturus. (Nature, 6/7/69, 971-2)
June 8: NASA's Echo II comsat, launched Jan. 25, 1964, reentered atmos-
phere at 60.3° north latitude and 148.1° east longitude, north of
Siberian Sea of Okhotsk after orbiting earth more than 28,000 times.
Launched as passive comsat and air-density research satellite, 532-lb,
135-ft-dia, laminated mylar plastic and aluminum balloon had been
used as reflector for bouncing radio transmissions between ground
points and for geodetic studies. (NASA Release 69—90)

• New York Times Magazine profile quoted NASA Administrator, Dr.

Thomas O. Paine: Late President John F. Kennedy's decision to try
to put man on moon by end of 1960s was "bold act that is standing the
test of time damned well," Dr. Paine had said. "Our ability to function
now in a new environment a decade after Jack Kennedy is going to be
a very challenging test for us. Do we understand that environment?
Can we achieve a new consensus without the 'Pearl Harbor' of a Rus-
sian lead in space? We're not really talking about the space program
anymore. The space program is finished. You wouldn't speak about

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June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Columbus's voyage as the sail-powered water craft program. What
Columbus's journey was all about had nothing to do with water. It
was the extension of man's dominion, new life styles, new forms of
government, new societies." Dr. Paine believed U.S. had no choice but
to push ahead. "A nation that turns down a challenge like this is a
nation that's on its way out." (Buckley, NYT Magazine, 6/8/69,
34-63)

• William Hines in Washington Sunday Star criticized nasa's Lunar Re-

ceiving Laboratory and plans to protect U.S. from lunar contamina-
tion: ". . . there is ample doubt that (1) the quarantine will really be
air-tight and (2) it will make very much difference if the contamina-
tion shield leaks a little." He also commented that, earlier, "great lip
service was paid to the necessity for avoiding contamination of the
moon and other celestial bodies by lifeforms from Earth. The rationale
was pragmatic, not moral, and purely anthropocentric: If we contam-
inate the surface we won't be able to say with certainty whether the
lifeforms we eventually find are native or imported. This line is still
being hewed to — after a fashion — in the case of Mars, but for the
moon the game has proved too costly to be played with strict attention
to rules." (W Star, 6/8/69, C4)
June 9: Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops
Station carrying Dudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeor-
oids. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Proj Off)

• faa announced there were 10,470 airports, heliports, and seaplane bases

on its records on Dec. 31, 1968: net increase of 344 over 1967. They
included 555 heliports, 411 seaplane bases, and 28 landing facilities
outside U.S. Of total, 3,986 were publicly owned and 6,848, privately.
Airlines served 183 airports with turbojets and were expected to extend
this service to additional 215 airports by 1973. (faa Release 69—68)
June 10: House passed by vote of 328 to 52 H.R. 11271, FY 1970 nasa
authorization of $3,966 billion, allocating $3.26 billion for R&D, $58.2
million for construction of facilities, and $643.8 million for research
and program management. House had adopted amendment canceling
$327 million authorized for FYs 1967, 1968, and 1969 for which ap-
propriations had not been made. It also adopted amendment requiring
emplacement of U.S. flag, exclusively, on moon or any other planet by
U.S. astronauts during visits financed entirely by Government funds.
Act would be symbolic gesture of national pride in achievement, not
declaration of national appropriation by claim of sovereignty. (Text;
CR, 6/10/69, H4615-56)

• Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard announced cancellation by

dod of Manned Orbiting Laboratory (mol) program because of "con-
tinuing urgency of reducing Federal defense spending" and "advances
in automated techniques for unmanned satellite systems." Cancellation
would save "several hundred million" of $525 million proposed for
mol in FY 1970 budget authorization. Remainder would be needed
for termination costs and usaf unmanned space programs. Cancellation
also would save $1.5 billion in FY 1970 through 1974.

Since 1965 initiation of mol program, dod had accumulated much
experience in unmanned satellite systems and "profited from both
manned and unmanned space exploration of nasa" for "the many, ad-
vanced technologies in the mol effort." Some mol technology and

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 10

hardware would be used in other dod unmanned space programs and
dod was exploring with nasa "the usefulness of some MOL develop-
ments to NASA programs." (dod Release 491—69)

• In Bonn Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, and West German

Science Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg signed Memorandum of Under-
standing calling for NASA and West German Ministry for Scientific-
Research cooperation on Helios. Most advanced international scientific
space program, Helios would consist of two solar probes carrying 10
scientific experiments 28 million mi — closer to sun than any other yet
scheduled — in 1974—75 to provide new understanding of fundamental
solar processes and sun-earth relations by studying solar wind, mag-
netic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust, nasa would
launch two German-built spacecraft on Atlas-Centaur vehicles one year
apart. Seven experiments would be provided by German scientists and
three by GSFC in cooperation with U.S., Australian, and Italian experi-
menters, (nasa Releases 69-86, 69-91)

• At Smithsonian Institution ceremony, X— 15 No. 566670, one of three

rocket-engine aircraft built to test flight environment in upper atmos-
phere, took its place near Wright brothers' Kitty Hmvk Flyer and
Charles A. Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis. Aircraft had been officially
retired with completion of joint NASA— USAF X— 15 program in De-
cember and flown from Edwards afb, Calif., as cargo to be refurbished
by Smithsonian. First X— 15 built, it made first captive flight March 10,

1959, and flew first glide and power flights June 8, 1959, and Jan. 23,

1960. It completed last flight in test program Oct. 24, 1968, to total 81
free flights and 142 flights with B— 52 mothership.

Of three X— 15s built by North American Rockwell Corp. and Thio-
kol Chemical Corp., No. 3 had been destroyed in Nov. 15, 1967, crash
which killed pilot, Maj. Michael J. Adams (usaf) ; No. 2 was being
displayed at Air Force Museum, Wright-Patterson afb, Ohio. X— 15
program had cost $300 million and established records for 354,200-ft
altitude and for 4,520 mph (mach 6.7) speed.

At ceremony Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force,
said it was difficult to believe designer's dream of 15 yrs ago had al-
ready found its way into museum. (Program; NASA Release 69—56;
dod Release 327-69; NYT, 6/15/69, 70)

• msfc announced award of $1,712,000 contract change to Bendix Corp.

for construction of three additional control computers for Apollo Tele-
scope Mount project, to be delivered from April 1970 through July
1970. (msfc Release 69-141)

• Space Business Daily said poll of 1,400 U.S. adults conducted after

Apollo 10 splashdown by A. Singlinger & Co. had found 51.3% in
favor of lunar exploration program. Of those polled, 39% disapproved
of program and 9.7/* had no opinion. {SBD, 6/10 69, 1741

• Rep. Lester L. Wolff (D-N.Y.) proposed in House that Apollo 11 space-

craft be commissioned "The John F. Kennedy." (CR, 6/10/69, H4639)

• In Washington Evening Star Crosby S. Noyes noted: "There are ... a

number of questions about interplanetary travel that remain to be
answered, the most obvious being why take the trouble. It is, no doubt,
a magnificent conception. But whether it can or should be made real
is still open to some doubt." (W Star, 6/10/69, All)
June 11: nerva nuclear experimental engine (XE) was successfully ground-

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June 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tested by NASA and AEC in Jackass Flats, Nev., reaching full power for
first time under simulated altitude conditions. Reactor operated at
50,000 lbs thrust for 3y2 min during 13-min test, (aec/nasa Release
M-144)

• NASA Associate Administrator, Dr. Homer E. Newell, and Assistant Asso-

ciate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology John L.
Sloop presented paper "Planning Space Technology for the 1970's" to
National Security Industrial Assn. in Washington, D.C. Technology
readiness for manned missions beyond the moon depended "very
heavily upon (1) carrying the technology through proof-of-concept
or prototype phase in order to assure long-life, reliable flight equip-
ment and operations, and (2) precursor missions, particularly an
Earth orbiting laboratory and lunar exploration that provide an op-
portunity to obtain the needed technology." Technology needed for
manned Mars exploration "represents capabilities that are very useful
in many space missions and for some non-space applications as well,
particularly with regard to long-life equipment and man's performance
under stress." (Text)

• Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, MIT Dean of Engineering, received faa's

highest honor — Extraordinary Service Award — in Washington, D.C,
ceremony for service as technical adviser on SST program. Gold medal,
lapel ribbon, and citation for exceptional contribution were presented
by Under Secretary of Transportation James M. Beggs. He noted Dr.
Bisplinghoff's extraordinary competence and knowledge of aeronautics
had played significant role in analyzing complex technical aspects of
SST development program. Dr. Bisplinghoff had served as technical
adviser to faa Administrator on sst program since April 1966, had
held key scientific posts with NASA since 1962, and was member of
NASA Historical Advisory Committee, (faa Release 69—69)

• Congressional sources quoted by John Finney in New York Times said

White House had ordered cancellation of dod's mol program [see
June 10] over dod and ijsaf objections and in response to mounting
congressional pressure to hold down military spending. (NYT,
6/12/69, 1)

• Washington Post Federal Diary column noted Astronaut Neil A. Arm-

strong would receive $2-per-day travel allowance as civil servant
during Apollo 11 mission. As GS— 16 at NASA, Armstrong collected
maximum per diem of $16 when traveling on duty. But for Apollo 11
mission, it had been ruled that he would be enjoying Government
billeting and subsistence. (Clopton, Causey, W Post, 6/11/69, Bll)
June 12: l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf), Apollo Program Director, an-
nounced NASA would proceed with plans for July 16 Apollo 11 launch.
He stressed, however, that NASA would not hesitate to postpone launch
if officials did not feel "ready in every way. Nor, once the voyage
has begun, would we hesitate to bring the crew home immediately if
we encounter problems." (nasa Special Release)

• Bullpup Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

carried GSFC payload to 45.1-mi (72.5-km) altitude to study capability
of Bullpup Cajun as sounding rocket system and to test prototype ozone
payload. Rocket performed satisfactorily but loss of signal at payload
separation prevented analysis of payload performance. Parachute de-
ployed as planned but payload was not recovered, (nasa Rpt srl)

• nsf released Scientists, Engineers, and Physicians from Abroad, Fiscal

178

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 12

Years 1966 and 1967 (nsf 69-10). More than 12,500 scientists and
engineers had been granted immigrant status in U.S. in FY 1967,
increase of 74% from 1966 and 134% from 1956. Immigrant physi-
cians and surgeons increased 30% from 1966 and 65% from 1965, to
3,300. Number of immigrant scientists and engineers was estimated
roughly at one-tenth of gross addition to domestic science and engi-
neering manpower. (Text)

• New York Daily News editorial said: "For some years, the U.S. Air Force

has had an entirely feasible project for orbiting by 1972 a 30,000-lb.
space laboratory carrying two men, at a cost of around S3 billion. About
$1.3 billion having been spent on the program, Deputy Defense Secre-
tary David M. Packard announced Tuesday that it has been junked,
scrapped, scrubbed, in order to save the taxpayers some money. We're
hot for government economy. But this looks to us like a most dubious
move in that direction. You can bet that Soviet Russia, poverty-stricken
though it is, is not skimping in its drive to make space serve the
Kremlin militarily." (NY News, 6/12/69)
June 13: In letter to NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and
Applications, Dr. John E. Naugle, ComSatCorp President Joseph V.
Charyk offered plan for NASA-ComSatCorp cooperation in demonstra-
tions of TV and other satellite services between U.S. areas, including
Alaska, using existing earth stations at Brewster, Wash., and Paumalu,
Hawaii, plus two new small stations, and NASA ats satellite or possibly
in-orbit commercial satellite. (ComSatCorp Release 69—33)

• Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil,

carried Brazil-Univ. of California payload to conduct stellar x-ray
studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj
Off)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from wsmr with

VAM— 20 booster to 106.6-mi (171.5-km) altitude carrying Univ. of
Colorado payload to measure height profile of nitric oxide, nitrogen,
and ionized nitrogen and to test Mariner-Mars UV spectrometer. Rocket
and instruments functioned satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt srl)

• NASA announced addition of two lunar orbits to Apollo 11 flight plan,

which would increase revolutions to 30 and total time in lunar orbit
to 59 hrs 30 min. Addition of orbit before Lm/csm undocking would
improve communications during critical maneuver by bringing LM
within radio sight of 210-ft dish antenna at Goldstone Tracking Station
during its descent to lunar surface. Addition of orbit after redocking
and before LM jettison would allow astronauts two more hours for
decontamination of equipment exposed to lunar environment. I nasa
Release 69-83 A)

• Catastrophic contamination of earth by returning Apollo 11 astronauts

and lunar samples was "extremely unlikely," Philip H. Abelson ex-
plained in Science. "One argument is that a form of life adapted to
the absence of H2O, O2, and organic compounds could scarcely be
expected to survive on earth, much less infect earth's creatures. The
most compelling argument, however, is that the lunar-return experi-
ment has been conducted many times in the past. It has been estimated
that millions of tons of unsterilized lunar material have reached the
earth as a consequence of meteor impact. . . . Sterile containment of
lunar specimens during the journey to Houston is assured. . . .

"Procedures involving the astronauts are more controversial. Careful

179

June 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

effort to keep to a minimum the amount of adventitious material re-
turned to earth is a substantial factor in the procedures that have been
adopted. The astronauts face a difficult and dangerous mission. Were
their procedures to be made even more complex because of panicky,
last-minute objections, their chances of a safe return could be need-
lessly jeopardized." (Science, 6/13/69, 1227)

• Discovery of approximately 621.4-mi-dia ( 1,000-km-dia) mascon — mass

concentration of gravitational pull — on moon's far side and of fact
that Mare Marginis at eastern edge was flooded fraction of mascon
basin was reported in Science by Cornell Univ. radiophysicists Dr.
Malcolm J. Campbell, Dr. Brian T. O'Leary, and Dr. Carl Sagan. Dis-
coveries were made from study of Lunar Orbiter and Apollo 8 photos
and gravitational data. New mascon was 2.8 times heavier than mas-
cons associated with Mares Imbrium and Serenitatis on moon's near
side. If mare material was confirmed in basin, discoverers proposed
calling it Mare Occulum (Hidden Sea). Dr. Campbell said they be-
lieved mascons explained moon's entire "out-of-balance" appearance
as seen from spacecraft. While some Apollo mission planners believed
moon to be pear-shaped because of its effects on spacecraft, Cornell
team believed moon was nearly perfect sphere. Mascons explained un-
expected variations in lunar gravity which, according to msc officials,
had dragged Apollo 10 off course. With mascons, scientists were close
to answering question of origin of lunar seas, Dr. Campbell said, "But
we haven't quite gotten the whole story." (Science, 6/13/69, 1273—5;
Cohn, W Post, 6/14/69, Al)

• President Nixon submitted following nominations to Senate: Gen. John

D. Ryan (USAf) to be USAF Chief of Staff, Adm. Thomas H. Moorer
(usn) to be Chief of Naval Operations for additional two-year period,
and Gen. Earle G. Wheeler (usa) for reappointment as Chairman,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, for additional one-year term. ( PD, 6/16/69, 845)

• Disruption of circadian rhythms — cycles in life processes dependent on

biological mechanism operating like internal clock — placed stress on
long-distance air traveler, said faa medical officials Dr. Peter V.
Siegel, Dr. Siegfried J. Gerathewohl, and Dr. Stanley R. Mohler in
Science. In modern aviation environment man was exposed abruptly
to disruptions, particularly during long east-to-west and west-to-east
flights. (Science, 6/13/69, 1249-55)
June 14: Madrid ceremony marked takeover by Spanish crew of operations
at U.S. Deep Space Network tracking facility. Attending were nasa
Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine; Spanish Space Research Council
President, Gen. Luis Azcarrago; U.S. Ambassador Robert C. Hill; and
Gen. Antonio Perez-Marin, President of Spanish Instituto Nacional de
Tecnica Aeroespacial. Dr. Paine sent final U.S. signal to Pioneer VIII
(launched Dec. 13, 1967) orbiting sun. Short time later Gen. Azcarrago
sent first signal under Spanish control. Dr. Paine said, "Spanish de-
termination to participate in this exciting 20th Century form of ex-
ploration reminds us that five centuries ago Columbus' great voyage
of exploration was carried out under the flag of Spain." ( NASA Release
69-93)

• Washington Post published letter from John M. Raymond, Jr., of Wash-

ington, D.C., which praised decision of Florida Legislature to ask for
return of original name "Canaveral" to Cape Kennedy [see June 6].

180

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 14

"It is for us today a thrilling thought that men will leap to the moon
from a cape discovered by Spanish adventurers early in the 16th
century — a cape with one of the very earliest American place names
to be retained to the present day. Or almost to the present day. Let the
NASA center bear the name Kennedy. It is an appropriate tribute to the
man who set us on the course to the moon. But let us restore to the
cape the proud name it carried for 400 years." (W Post, 6/14/69, A24)

• Washington Post commented on DOD's cancellation of MOL program:

"While few tears . . . will be shed for mol, the process by which it
fell from grace deserves scrutiny. Many of the suggestions for taming
the defense budget have posited some kind of non-Pentagon review
mechanism, either inside or outside government. Yet mol lost its place
not through such a review but through intense general pressure, which
became focused inside the Pentagon upon this particular item. The
choice of which project to save, which to sacrifice, was made by the
military on the basis of an obscure bureaucratic struggle with high
Darwinian overtones. Like the brontosaurus, MOL came upon the
tougher conditions of a new environment and was found unfit to sur-
vive. This may be an effective way to exercise a measure of occasional
control over a swollen defense budget, but it is a crude way and one
not at all guaranteed to leave the right elements intact. Both the spend-
ers and the critics ought to keep looking for a more refined and selec-
tive approach." (W Post, 6/14/69, A24)
June 15: Cosmos CCLXXXVI was successfully launched by U.S.S.R. from
Plesetsk. Orbital parameters: apogee, 322 km (200.1 mi) ; perigee,
197 km ( 122.4 mi) ; period, 89.7 min; and inclination, 65.4°. Satellite
reentered June 23. (gsfc SSR, 6/15/69; 6/30/69; SBD, 6/17/69,
205; Reuters, W Post, 6/16/69, A16)

• LT.S.S.R. was watching U.S. missile debate "with keen interest but with-

out any sign of serious concern," said Bernard Gwertzman in New
York Times. Moscow diplomats were pessimistic about chances of U.S.—
U.S.S.R. disarmament agreement being reached within three years,
which meant LT.S.S.R. "must go ahead with new systems." Even pos-
sibility of eventual agreement on slowdown in arms spending was
clouded by emergence of Communist China as possible missile threat
to U.S. and U.S.S.R. (NYT, 6/15/69, E3)

• London Sunday Times article by Francis James said Communist China

would soon test nuclear missile with 6,000-mi range that could afford
second-strike nuclear capability in 1970s. ( W Post, 6/16/69, A14)

• Current Book-of-the-Month Club selection, The Andromeda Strain by

Michael Crichton, would "hardly gladden the hearts" of those at NASA,
said Walter Sullivan in New York Times. It dramatized dangers of
back contamination that had "suddenly become a subject of sharp
debate on the eve of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon." {NYT,
6/15/69, E8)

• New York Times said Dr. Carlos Varsavsky, Director of Argentine Radio

Astronomy Institute at La Plata, and 23 team members engaged in
international research in radioastronomy faced dismissal for joining
general strike May 10 in defiance of Argentine government. They had
received notifications of termination of appointment. [NYT, 6/15/69,
24)
June 15—16: Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong successfully completed four simu-

181

June 15-16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

lated lunar landings in third lunar landing training vehicle (lltv) at
Ellington afb, Tex. Armstrong piloted lltv to 100- and 300-ft alti-
tude and practiced touchdown maneuvers in preparation for lunar
landing during Apollo 11 mission, to be launched July 16. Armstrong
told newsmen lltv did "excellent job in simulating the landing charac-
teristics of the lunar module." Flights were first for Armstrong since
crash of second lltv Dec. 8, 1968. First lltv, piloted by Armstrong,
had crashed May 6, 1968. (upi, NYT, 6/16/69, 1; msc Release 69-49;
W Star, 6/17/69, A5)

June 16: Apollo 11 preparations were proceeding well toward launch to moon
at 9:32 am edt July 16, Apollo Mission Director George H. Hage told
Washington, D.C., press conference. Hypergolic propellant loading
would begin June 18, wet phase of countdown demonstration test
(cddt) would begin July 1, and crew participation in cddt without
propellants would begin July 2.

After landing on moon astronauts would descend ladder to lunar
surface. When Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong reached second rung of
ladder, he would pull D-ring to activate camera for TV coverage of
descent to lunar surface. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., would descend
about 15 min after Armstrong. Entire 2V2-hr period during which
astronauts explored lunar surface, set up experiments, and collected
lunar samples within 100 ft of landing site would be telecast live to

V TV viewers on earth. (Transcript)

• President Nixon sent message to Congress urging approval of 5-million,

10-yr program for expanding planning effort and construction and
improvement of airports. He called for increased taxes on users to fund
major part. Levies would include increase from 5% to 8% in tax on
domestic flight tickets; new $3 tax on tickets for international flights
originating in U.S.; new 5% tax on air freight waybills; and increase
from two to nine cents per gallon on fuels used by general aviation.
(PD, 6/23/69, 861-5)

• First stage of Saturn V (SA— 508) launch vehicle, to be used on Apollo

13, reached KSC. Second stage, scheduled to leave mtf June 25, would
reach KSC June 30. Third stage had arrived at KSC June 13. Instrument
unit would be flown from mtf to KSC July 7. I msfc Release 69-148)

• In Physical Review Letters, Univ. of Maryland physicist Dr. Joseph

Weber described detection. of gravity waves from unknown source but
in two places simultaneously. Coincidences were observed on gravita-
tional-radiation detectors over 1,000-km base line at Argonne National
Laboratory and at Univ. of Maryland. Probability that coincidences
were accidental was "incredibly small." NSF-supported study provided
first real evidence of existence of gravity waves postulated by Prof.
Albert Einstein more than 50 yrs ago. (Physical Review Letters,
6/16/69, 1320-24; Lannan, W Star, 6/15/69, A25)
June 17: Apollo Program Director, l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf), gave
go-ahead to Apollo 11 lunar landing mission for launch July 16. Nine-
hour flight readiness review had revealed only one major problem —
in guidance system. "Although this problem is not completely resolved
at this time," Gen. Phillips said, "I am confident this will not become
a constraint to the July launch." (AP, W Star, 6/18/69, Al)

• Dr. Arthur Rudolph, former Saturn V Program Manager at msfc, was

honored by W. Randolph Lovelace II Award at American Astronautical

182

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 17

Society banquet in Denver, Colo. Award was presented for his sus-
tained contribution to space travel in directing Saturn V launch
vehicle program 1963 through 1968. It was accepted for Dr. Rudolph
by Dr. Helmut G. Krause of MSFC. (Release 69-144)

• Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, discussed need

for improved manned bomber at joint national meeting of American
Astronautical Society and Operations Research Society of America, in
Denver, Colo.: "Those who criticize the bomber as an obsolete system
in the missile age are often the same people who refer to our alleged
4-to-l superiority over the Soviets in individually targeted warheads."
Ratio would be "nearly 1-to-l, with total payload running heavily
against us, if it were not for our bomber force with its multiple
weapons on each aircraft. If our bombers are to continue to provide
deterrence, they must be able to survive an attack and then penetrate
the ever-improving Soviet defenses. The B-52 is still a good aircraft,
but the prototype was flying in 1952 and the latest models were pro-
duced in 1962. An advanced bomber will take advantage of the many
improvements that have been made in airframe and engine design. It
would have short take-off and landing capability needed for dispersal
and payload, structure, and speed necessary for penetration."

In security terms, space age presented dangers, but also afforded
opportunities for increasing strategic stability. "Each generation of
space vehicles will provide additional improvements in our ability to
monitor enemy activities. We are now working on a satellite early
warning system that would detect missiles as they are launched from
land or sea. With the aid of such a warning system a dispersed bomber
force would be able to take off from its bases before the impact of
enemy weapons, even if the time of flight of the latter were greatly
reduced." (Text)

• Australian marathon runner Bill Emmerton left Houston, Tex., on

1,034-mi jog to Cape Kennedy, Fla., where he would watch Apollo 11
launch. He would travel on foot approximately 40 mi per day, arriving
morning of July 16. Purpose of run was to publicize benefits of physi-
cal conditioning, pay tribute to fitness of lunar crew, and commemorate
Apollo 11 flight. (Spaceland News, 6/69, 11; PMR Release 916-69)

• Sen. Edward W. Brooke (R-Mass.), for 37 cosponsors, introduced on

Senate floor S.R. 211, "sense of the Senate" resolution urging President
Nixon to propose to U.S.S.R. immediate suspension by U.S. and
U.S.S.R. of flight test of multiple missile warheads and strongly sup-
porting prompt negotiations with U.S.S.R. on weapon issues. (CR,
6/17/69, S6538)
June 18: NASA successfully deployed and recovered 40-ft-dia parachute in
final Project shape (Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment)
test to evaluate possible use of parachute for aerodynamic deceleration
for soft landings on planets with thin atmospheres. Parachute was
ejected from five-foot-long canister carried to 33-mi altitude and 1,800
mph (mach 2.7) by three-stage rocket. Previous tests had been con-
ducted Oct. 23 and Dec. 11, 1968. (nasa Release 69-95)

• USAF announced that data from preliminary investigation of effect of SST

wing shape in creating sonic boom indicated that varying shape to
reduce pressure field beneath wing might decrease wing's flight effi-
ciency. Tests had been completed at Arnold Engineering Development

183

June 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Center in Tullahoma, Tenn. Tests also had been made to determine
lift-to-drag characteristics of wing shapes upon which aircraft range
and efficiency were dependent, (afsc Release 100.69)
June 19: NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John
A. Manke, successfully completed 21st flight after air-launch from B— 52
aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Objectives were
to obtain stability, control, and performance data at speeds up to
mach 1.35. (nasa Proj Off)

• House Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 12307,

Independent Offices and hud appropriations bill, which provided
$3,696 billion for NASA — $63,544 million below original budget,
$18,544 million below revised budget, $298,290 million below 1969
appropriation, and $269,394 million below total authorizations ap-
proved by House. Bill provided $3 billion for NASA R&D, $53,233 mil-
lion for construction of facilities, and $643,750 million for research
and program management. With unobligated carryover from 1969 of
$117,473 million, total $3,117 billion would be available for obligation
in 1970.

H.R. 12307 also provided $418 million for nsf— $79 million below
amount originally budgeted but $18 million above FY 1969 appro-
priation. It provided $500,000 for nasc, $24,000 below budget estimate.
(Text; Committee Rpt 91-316)

• Senate confirmed nomination of Apollo 8 Astronaut William A. Anders

as Executive Secretary of National Aeronautics and Space Council.
(CR, 6/19/69, S6736)

• President Nixon announced intention to nominate Dr. William D. Mc-

Elroy, Chairman of Johns Hopkins Univ. Dept. of Biology, as Director
of National Science Foundation. Dr. McElroy would replace Leland J.
Haworth, whose six-year term had expired. He was director of Mc-
Collum-Pratt Institute at Johns Hopkins, former member of President's
Science Advisory Committee, and member of nas, aaas, American
Chemical Society, and American Society of Biological Chemists. {PD,
6/23/69, 877)

• Library of Congress announced acquisition of more than 500 kinescope

films of "Meet the Press" TV series covering 1949-65, presented by
producer and panel moderator Lawrence E. Spivak on behalf of NBC
News. Collection included interviews with aviation expert Maj. Alex-
ander de Seversky; MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von Braun; atomic
energy expert Dr. Vannevar Bush; NASA pioneers Dr. T. Keith Glennan
and Dr. Hugh L. Dryden; former NASA Administrator James E. Webb;
AEC Chairman, Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg; Sen. Thomas J. Dodd (D-
Conn.) ; and members of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space
Sciences. (LC Info Bull, 6/19/69, 1; LC Motion Picture Dept)
June 20: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR
with VAM-20 booster carried Princeton Univ. observatory payload to
112.5-mi (181-km) altitude to study uv radiation of hot stars in con-
stellation Scorpius with 1 A and 0.3 A resolution. Rocket and instru-
ments functioned satisfactorily, but camera and stabilization were
completely demolished because of fall after parachute failed, (nasa
Rpt srl)

• "There is a good chance there is some form of life on Mars," Los Angeles

Herald-Examiner quoted Dr. William H. Pickering, J PL Director, as

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 20

saying in interview. "The planet has a thin atmosphere, the climate is
tough but not completely unreasonable." Changes of colors on Mars
could be vegetation. Mars' seasons were like earth's but twice as long.
Its days were same length as earth's. (Smith, LA Her-Exam, 6/19/69)

• S— II stage for ninth Saturn V launch vehicle was successfully test-fired

at mtf for almost six minutes. All test objectives were met. (Marshall
Star, 6/25/69, 2)

• MSFC announced appointment of Saverio F. Morea, former manager of

F— 1 and J— 2 engine projects, as manager of new lunar roving vehicle
project. Small manned vehicle would weigh 400 lbs and would be
carried on board LM in 1971 to provide lunar surface transportation
for two astronauts, hand tools, lunar samples, and other equipment.
(msfc Release 69-150)

June 21-26: NASA successfully launched 174-lb Explorer XLl Iimp-g)
Interplanetary Monitoring Platform from WTR by Thrust-Augmented
Improved Thor-Delta (DSV— 3E) booster at 1:48 am pdt during major
electric power failure. Spacecraft entered nearly polar orbit with
110,722.5-mi 1 178,191-km) apogee, 213. 1-mi (343-km) perigee, 4,906-
min period, and 87° inclination. Primary objectives were to place
spacecraft into orbit with apogee of at least 92,000 mi ( 148,028 km I
and to obtain for 90 days adequate measurements from plasma and
energetic particle experiments for continuation and extension of studies
of environment within and beyond earth's magnetosphere during
period of high solar activity. Solar proton data would be transmitted
to msc as needed to support Apollo missions. Explorer XLl carried 12
experiments — greatest number ever carried by imp spacecraft — pro-
vided by universities, NASA centers, and industry to measure cosmic
rays, solar plasmas, and magnetic fields in interplanetary space.

Explorer XLl was seventh in series of 10 IMP spacecraft planned by
nasa. Two of six previously orbited satellites — Explorer XXXIII
(imp-d), launched July 1, 1966, and Explorer XXXV (imp-e),
launched July 19, 1967 — were still providing scientific data, imp pro-
gram was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction, (nasa Proj Off;
nasa Release 69^89)

June 21: Cancellation of MOL program had left USAF with $1 billion in
space hardware and 14 highly trained astronauts, Ralph Dighton of
Associated Press wrote. Most of $1 billion already spent on program
had been for undisclosed number of Titan IIIM boosters and satellites
built or on order. USAF had said launch facilities would be finished on
schedule in September because they would have to be paid for anyway.
They could be used for unmanned spacecraft. The $1.3-million MOL
administration building at Vandenberg afb, Calif., and $1.6-million
medical and training structure could be adapted for office space. MOL
astronauts had been offered to NASA but no decision had yet been
reached. Aerospace workers in seven firms had been hit by MOL can-
cellation, with McDonnell Douglas Corp. most affected. It had 7,200
employees on project. (AP, W Star, 6/21/69, A5)

• Soviet academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov said in Moscow interview:

"Exploration of moon and planets is a most noble task and our gen-
eration can rightly be proud it has opened the space era. Any scien-
tific achievement accomplished in any country in the long run becomes
an achievement of world science. Space efforts of the United States and

185

June 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

the USSR sometimes complement one another." (upi, P Bull, 6/22/69)

• NASA was combining Apollo 11 spectacular with "bit of spectacular lobby-

ing," Washington Evening Star said. It had invited all 533 members
of House and Senate to fly at NASA's expense to witness Apollo 11
launch from Cape Kennedy. Total bill could come to nearly $28,000.
(W Star, 6/21/69, A3)
June 22: NASA had raised limit on amount of samples Apollo 11 crew could
bring back from moon, Washington Post writer Thomas O'Toole re-
ported in Los Angeles Times. Instead of 50 lbs of samples originally set
as maximum, astronauts would be permitted to collect as much as they
could carry — probably up to about 100 lbs. (LA Times, 6/22/69)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil,

with VAM— 20 booster carried Univ. of California at Berkeley payload
to 102.3-mi (164.6-km) altitude. Objective was to search sky for
diffuse and point x-ray sources in Yg- to 10-kev range and for possible
existence of soft x-ray galactic corona and x-ray emission from Magel-
lenic clouds. Rocket — first live Aerobee 150 launched from rail
launcher — functioned satisfactorily. One source counter failed after
one-third of flight; other counter operated perfectly, but door failed to
open. Objective was not achieved, but some data on x-ray sources were
obtained, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• William Hines in Washington Sunday Star said June 10 cancellation of

usaf mol program would eliminate "wasteful, ill-conceived and costly
project set in motion four years ago principally to still the clamoring
of aerospace lobbyists for 'military presence in space,' whatever that
might mean." Longer term effect would be "inevitable blurring of a
meaningless and arbitrary — but still restrictive — line separating U.S.
civilian and military space activities." (W Star, 6/22/69, C4)

June 23: New York Times interview of m/g Jewell C. Maxwell (usaf),
Director of Supersonic Transport Development, reflected optimism
about SSt's future despite fact program had slipped "two quarters"
while Administration deliberated allocation of funds for prototype con-
struction. Gen. Maxwell said program currently was "marking time"
at cost of $11 million monthly and had $90 million to $100 million left,
but he had no doubts U.S. would push ahead with construction. Gen.
Maxwell was leaving project to become Commander of Armament De-
velopment and Test Center at Eglin afb, Fla. (Phelps, NYT, 6/23/69,
62)

June 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXVII from Baikonur into orbit
with 254-km (157.8-mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 88.9-min
period, and 51.7° inclination. Satellite reentered July 2. (gsfc SSR,
6/30/69; 7/15/69; SBD, 6/25/69, 244; W Star, 6/24/69, Al)

• House passed by vote of 388 to 6 H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent

Offices and hud appropriations bill which provided NASA $3 billion
for R&D, $53,233 million for new facilities, and $643,750 million for
research and program management — to total $3,696 billion. Bill cut
NSF budget request by $80 million to total $418 million. (Text; CR,
6/24/69, H5154-5; W Post, 6/27/69, A4)

• Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences ordered favorably

reported with amendment in form of substitute bill H.R. 11271, FY
1970 NASA authorization of $3,716 billion. Committee recommended
$250,851 million reduction from amount authorized by House [see

186

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 24

June 10], adjusting total to President's revised budget— $45 million
less than authorization requested in his original budget. Recommended
authorization would provide S3. 020 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for
construction of facilities, and $637.4 million for research and program
management. Recommendation was lowest made by Committee since
1962— $435 million less than its FY 1969 recommendation. {CR,
6/24/69, D543; Committee Rpt 91-282)

• With Apollo 11 launch "minus-23 days" MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von

Braun, visited 3,000-yr-old temple of Apollo at Delphi, Greece. After
consultation with oracle, Dr. von Braun said, "I am convinced that we
will succeed because no other space operation was ever so well pre-
pared in advance." Oracle, he said, "was ambiguous, as usual." (Time,
7/4/69, 35; AP, W Post, 6/25/69)

• MSFC issued RFPs on eight-month study of integration of Centaur and

Saturn S— IVB stages for possible use for future unmanned high-
velocity missions. Proposals for study, which would include six launch
vehicle configurations, were due July 10. (msfc Release 69—153)

• Willy Ley, space author and rocket expert, died at age 62, apparently

from a heart attack. Ley — also planning consultant to NASA — had been
one of founders of German Rocket Society, fellow of British Inter-
planetary Society, and member of American Institute of Aeronautical
Science. Among his last published books were Rockets, Missiles and
Men in Space and Watchers of the Skies. ( AP, W Star, 6/25/69, B5;
NYT, 6/25/69, 41)
June 25: NASA published Lunar Orbiter I Preliminary Results (SP— 197),
including assessment of lunar terrain and results of secondary experi-
ments in selenodesy, micrometeoroids, and radiation. Launched Aug.
10, 1966, spacecraft had been first U.S. vehicle to orbit moon, first to
obtain detailed photographic coverage of near and far sides of moon,
and first to photograph earth from moon's vicinity. Photos showed
fractured and faulted lunar crust with mass-wasting where large boul-
ders had tumbled into craters. Moon appeared to have been highly
dynamic and affected by volcanic activity, but despite overall rough-
ness, some photos showed regions of relative smoothness. Surface of
far side appeared much rougher than near side with higher terra-to-
mare ratio. Meteoroid sensors registered no impacts during mission,
indicating meteor activity near moon was no greater than that near
earth. Radiation dose rate during transit to moon corresponded to that
produced by galactic cosmic rays, but dose rates as high as 70 mrad
per hr and 7 rad per hr were experienced during solar flares Aug. 26
and Sept. 2, 1966. (Text)

• U.S. and Spain exchanged notes in Madrid confirming 10-yr extension —

to Jan. 29, 1984 — of 1964 agreement establishing NASA space tracking
and acquisition facility near Madrid. Since June 1965, facility had
supported all Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter flights to moon, four Mar-
iner flights to Mars and Venus, four Pioneer interplanetary probes, and
all manned Apollo flights. It would support Apollo 11 and passage of
Mariners VI and VII near Mars during summer; 210-ft-dia parabolic
antenna for tracking and communication in interplanetary space would
be built during next three years. (NASA Release 69—97)

• NASA announced appointment of Astronaut James A. McDivitt as Man-

ager for Lunar Landing Operations in Msc's Apollo Spacecraft Program

187

June 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Office. McDivitt, who would remain in USAF, would be responsible for
planning lunar landing missions subsequent to first landing and would
no longer be candidate for space flight crew assignments, (nasa Re-
lease 69-96)

• At Salzburg news conference preceding celebration of his 75th birthday,

German rocketry pioneer Prof. Hermann Oberth proposed that man
extract usable raw materials from moon and store them suspended in
gravity-free zone between moon and earth. Materials could then be
retrieved from area and brought to earth. He suggested erection of
giant concave "space mirrors" to gather celestial light and reflect it on
earth as heat to melt polar caps and improve earth's climate. He pre-
dicted development of electrically propelled spacecraft and electromag-
netic catapults to launch spacecraft without consuming fuel. During
celebration, sponsored by Hermann Oberth Society of Nuremberg, Dr.
Wernher von Braun, msfc Director, said Oberth's ideas on rocketry
published in 1923 remained valid to date. (NYT, 6/29/69, 3)

• faa announced it had proposed rule establishing "area navigation routes"

to relieve air congestion. Multiple flight paths had been made possible
by increasing availability of computerized airborne navigation equip-
ment, (faa Release 69-70)
June 26: Javelin sounding rocket launched by NASA from Natal, Brazil,
carried Southwest Center for Advanced Studies experiment to 481.6-mi
(775-km) altitude to study ionosphere-protonosphere transition region
by measuring vertical profiles of ionospheric parameters. Rocket and
instruments functioned satisfactorily. Excellent data on electron tem-
perature, ion temperature, and ion composition were obtained. (NASA
Rpt srl)

• m/g Edmund F. O'Connor, Director of Program Management at msfc,

would return to duty with USAF after Apollo 11 mission, msfc Deputy
Director, Technical, Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, announced. Maj. O'Con-
nor would be replaced by Lee B. James, Manager of Saturn Program
Office, (msfc Release 69-155)

• jpl Director, Dr. William H. Pickering, announced appointment of Dr.

Clarence R. Gates as manager of JPl's newly established Mission
Analysis Div. New division would incorporate Systems Analysis section,
Systems Analysis Research section, and JPL Navigation Program which
Dr. Gates had headed since 1968. (jpl Release 524)

• Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-11) caught on fire in test stand at Mississippi

Test Facility during acceptance test, scheduled to last 125 sees. Test
was terminated automatically after 96 sees when temperature on No. 3
engine turbopump exceeded limit. Fire was extinguished by fire-control
system built into test stand after burning for over half hour, (msfc
Release 69-156)

• NAS and nae formed joint committee chaired by Gen. Bernard A.

Schriever (usaf, Ret.) to advise hud on scientific and technical aspects
of "Operation Breakthrough" — HUD program to develop low-cost,
mass-produced housing — and to encourage broad industrial and pro-
fessional participation in program, (nas-nrc-nae News Rpt, 8-9/69,
1; NAS pio)

• Sealab III medical officer Cdr. Paul G. Linweaver said extreme cold —

result of breathing helium gas under pressure — was major contributor

188

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 June 26

to Feb. 17 death of Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon in usn's Man-in-the-Sea
project. Autopsy reports had indicated Cannon had been asphyxiated
by carbon dioxide from faulty breathing apparatus. Linweaver said
Cannon was so cold he did not know anything was wrong with
apparatus. (AP, NYT, 6/27/69, 17)
June 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXVIII into orbit with 270-km
(167.7-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and
51.7° inclination. Satellite reentered July 5. (gsfc SSR, 6/30/69;
7/15/69)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from NASA Wallops Sta-

tion carried Univ. of Colorado experiment to 65.9-mi (106-km) alti-
tude to measure density of hydroxyl radical between 43.5- and 62.1-mi
(70- and 100-km) altitudes, using scanning uv monochromater. Rocket
and instruments performed satisfactorily and all experimental objec-
tives were achieved, (nasa Rpt srl)

• In Science, JPL scientist Dr. Leonard D. Jaffe said despite successful

landing of seven unmanned spacecraft on moon controversy over den-
sity of lunar surface material continued. Further analysis of data
showed relation of density of lunar surface layer to depth was best
determined from spacecraft measurements of bearing capacity as func-
tion of depth. Comparison of these values with laboratory measure-
ments of bearing capacity of low-cohesion particulate materials as a
function of percentage of solid indicated bulk density at lunar surface
was approximately 1.1 gr per cc at depth of 5 cm. (Science, 6/27/69,
1514-6)

• NASA announced selection of Collins Radio Co. to provide two 210-ft

space communications antennas and supporting concrete pedestals for
nasa Deep Space Network stations near Canberra, Australia, and
Madrid, Spain, (nasa Release 69-98)

• U.S., U.S.S.R., and 26 other nations agreed during Geneva meeting of

subcommittee of Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space that inter-
national law, rather than national law, should determine liability for
damage caused by spacecraft. Question of whether to fix ceiling on
damage claims remained unanswered. (Reuters, NYT, 6/29/69, 2)

• Philip M. Boffey in Science said nomination by President Nixon of

William D. McElroy to head nsf [see June 19] "was particularly in-
teresting because it seemed to carry out a pledge made by Nixon on
28 April that politics would play no part in selection of a new NSF
director." Choice had been "greeted with enthusiastic praise and a sign
of relief by leaders of the scientific community," since it had been
difficult to find scientist willing to take the $42,500-a-year post.
(Science, 6/27/69, 1504-6)

• aec announced it had implanted two compact, 10-w, nuclear-power gen-

erators in Pacific Ocean off San Clemente Island, Calif., in depths of
60 and 130 ft to subject devices to marine growth in one- to two-year
test to determine their long-term behavior in ocean environment. Deep-
water testing would follow in AEC program to develop second genera-
tion of highly reliable, long-endurance, economic, radioisotope-power
source for terrestrial and marine applications, (aec Release M— 152)
June 28: nasa's Biosatellite III ( Biosatellite-D ) primate experiment was
successfully launched from ETR at 11:16 pm edt by two-stage, Long-

189

June 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Tank, Thrust- Augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3N) booster into orbit
with 245.1 -mi (394.4-km) apogee, 224.4-mi (361.1 -km) perigee, 92.1-
min period, and 33.6° inclination.

The 1,535-lb spacecraft carried 15-lb male pigtail monkey named
Bonny in two-gas atmosphere similar to earths (20% oxygen and
80% nitrogen)- — being used for first time — with sea-level pressure
(14.7 psi) and 75°F temperature. Primary objective was to provide
suitable physiological environment for instrumented monkey and
measure functioning of central nervous system or cardiovascular and
metabolic systems. Secondary objective was to evaluate monkey's per-
formance in orbit. Monkey was carefully instrumented so that scientists
could monitor wave patterns from 10 brain areas for first detailed
studies of brain activity in orbit ever made. Scientists would also
record heart action and respiration, monitor circulatory and urinary
systems, and observe performance on two behavioral tasks — short-term
memory and eye-hand coordination. Some 80% of the experimental
data would be radioed to earth by high-speed telemetry at rate of
22,400 bps 18—26 times per day. Spacecraft would be retrieved in mid-
air or off ocean surface after reentry. Monkey would be flown to
Hawaii laboratories, where scientists would examine him for changes
in bone density, muscle tone, blood cell mass, fluid balance, and repro-
ductive system. [See July 7—8.]

Biosatellite III was third and last spacecraft in Biosatellite series.
Biosatellite I (launched Dec. 14, 1966) had failed to deorbit on com-
mand after three days in orbit because of retrorocket system failure
and had not been recovered. Biosatellite II, successfully launched Sept.
7, 1967, and recovered Sept. 9, 1967, had demonstrated that plants
required gravity to maintain orientation and showed effect of radiation
on living organisms. Biosatellite project was managed by arc under
ossa direction, (nasa Proj Off; NASA Release 69-79)

• U.K.'s three-stage Black Arrow booster exploded 50 sees after launch

from Woomera Rocket Range during first full-scale test, (upi, W Star,
6/28/69, A3)

• White House announced President Nixon would observe Apollo 11

splashdown and recovery aboard U.S.S. Hornet and proceed to Philip-
pines, Indonesia, Thailand, India, and Pakistan. He would meet with
Asian leaders "to reemphasize his longstanding concern with peace and
progress in Asia." Announcement was released in New York City.
I PD, 7/7/69, 926)
June 29: aec's SNAP— 3A nuclear generator, launched on board usn's
Transit IV— A navigational satellite June 29, 1961, completed eight
years in orbit — three years longer than five-year design lifetime — after
circling earth 40,530 times and traveling more than 1 billion mi. First
nuclear generator to operate in space, 5-in-dia, S^-in-high SNAP— 3A
converted heat given off by plutonium directly into 2.7 w of electricity.
Five snap (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) generators had been
launched to date, including two on NASA's Nimbus III (launched April
14). Atomic-fueled generator would be placed on lunar surface by
Apollo 12 astronauts to power instrument package, (aec Release
M-150)

• New York Times editorial said: "The Administration's action in ordering

production started on mirv multiple warhead missiles before opening

190

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 June 29

negotiations for a moratorium with Moscow touches the most sensitive
point in the projected missile-curb talks. Equally grave is the manner
in which the Air Force quietly awarded the $88-million contract to
General Electric, on the day President Nixon spoke favorably of propo-
sals for a Soviet-American moratorium on mirv flight testing to head
off production and deployment of the weapon by either side. Given this
situation, the country is entitled to an explanation from the President
of his intentions in the Soviet-American missile-control talks, which he
has personally held up for more than seven months." \NYT, 6/29/69,
10)
June 30: At small White House dinner, Apollo 10 Astronauts Thomas P.
Stafford, John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan presented President
Nixon and Vice President Agnew with four wrinkled flags which had
been carried aboard spacecraft during mission. Stafford told President,
". . . these flags have been to the moon and 31 times around it, so
we thought you'd like to have them just the way we brought them
back. That's why we didn't press out the wrinkles when we had them
framed." (Dean, W Star, 7/1/69, Dl)

• Intelsat I I Early Bird) comsat, which had been retired in orbit during

December 1968, had been reactivated and was working with Intelsat-II
F—3 to provide communications between North America, Europe, and
Latin America, ComSatCorp announced. Reactivation would compen-
sate for failure of Intelsat-Ill F—2, which malfunctioned when mechan-
ically despun antenna locked. (ComSatCorp Release 69—37)

• Univ. of Chicago scientist Anthony Turkevich had found by analysis of

data from three Surveyor spacecraft that rocks on lunar surface con-
tained sufficient oxygen to maintain life without supplemental sources,
upi reported. In interview Turkevich had said that, with nuclear or
solar power sources, oxygen extraction from moon might cost less than
shipping oxygen supplies to moon from earth. Also, there was little
danger that moon rocks and dust carried into LM by returning astro-
nauts would create explosion hazard because of oxygen lack. He had
been unable to determine whether moon had sufficient hydrogen to
allow chemical creation of water by future colonists or valuable min-
erals in commercially exploitable quantities and had found no evidence
of fossil fuel supplies. (W Star, 6/30/69, A5)

• usaf announced award of $718,009 increment to $1,177,125 cost-plus-

incentive contract with Avco Corp. for design, fabrication, test, and
support through orbital infancy of satellite for investigation of funda-
mental processes of magnetic storms, (dod Release 554—69)

• l/g Ira C. Eaker (usaf, Ret.) criticized mol cancellation in Detroit News:

Although 80% of U.S. space budget had been devoted to peaceful pur-
poses in space, "it has been recognized generally that prudence dic-
tated that we should ultimately possess the capability of intercepting,
inspecting and, if need be, destroying hostile weapons in space. . . .
Cancellation of the MOL project concedes to the Russians control of
space. After about 1972 the Russians will have the capability of over-
hauling and destroying our reconnaissance satellites, and they will also
be capable of placing weapons in space which we can neither intercept,
identify nor disarm." (Detroit News, 6/30/69)

• In Aviation Week Robert Hotz wrote: "There need be no tears shed over

the passing of the U.S. Air Force manned orbiting laboratory ( mol I ."

191

Jum. 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Program "has been so stretched out by funding cuts and low keyed
management that its technology has become obsolete and its costs
astronomical. It is a classic example of what happens to a major
technical development program that is not permitted to pursue its goals
at the maximum pace possible. In contrast, the icbm development and
Apollo lunar landing programs have proved what can be achieved in
a relatively short period at relatively economical funding." (Av Wk,
G/30/69)
During June: nasa's plans for two three-planet Grand Tours — 8- to 11-yr
missions to outer planets — were described by JPL scientist James E.
Long in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Envisioning 1,200-lb spacecraft
launched by Titan-Centaur, Long described missions that had been
identified and analyzed: four-planet missions, including Jupiter, Sat-
urn, Uranus, and Neptune, from 1976 to 1979 (earth-launch dates),
with 1977 and 1978 giving best combination of closest-approach alti-
tude, flight time, and launch energy; three-planet missions to Jupiter,
Saturn, and Pluto from 1976 to 1979, with 1977 and 1978 preferred;
and three-planet missions to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune from 1977
to 1980. Long said, "The fortuitous concurrence of mission technology
and experience suitable for the challenges of missions to the outer
planets, with a unique outer-planet alignment in the 1976—80 period,
should make exploration of these planets, as a class, a high-priority
candidate for program support." {A&A, 6/69, 32—47; NASA Release
69-84)

• Laser range-finding equipment was installed at afcrl's Lunar Laser

Observatory near Tucson, Ariz. Constructed largely with NASA funding,
Observatory was built specifically for lunar laser-ranging experiments.
I oar Research Revieiv, 3-4/70, 31)

• President Nixon's Space Task Group had established that less expensive

space operations in future depended on nasa and usaf development of
lower cost boosters, J. S. Butz, Jr., said in Air Force and Space Digest.
Joint effort on booster selection would be made within understanding
signed by Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Robert C.
Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force. Two major complicating
factors existed: "First NASA and the Air Force must overhaul their
bureaucracies." Second was "requirement for a compromise between
military and civil needs." While usaf needed vehicle which could be
launched quickly in large numbers and carry sufficient fuel for ex-
tensive space maneuvers, NASA wanted larger vehicle to carry more
people and large cargo volume. More difficult would be choice of re-
entry vehicle. Both NASA and usaf wanted winged configuration for
operational flexibility and airliner-style landings, but development costs
would be high. (AF/SD, 6/69, 79-81)

• Kurt Stehling reviewed Space Age Management by former nasa Admin-

istrator James E. Webb in aiaa Astronautics & Aeronautics: "Despite
the bumpy course of NASA's history — technically, fiscally, and mana-
gerially; despite Webb's motherhood ways, as reflected in this book;
and particularly despite the Johnson Administration's retrenchment of
the space program and our sudden awareness of the backstage noises
in our society which have moved up front so discordantly (it would
have taken a superhuman individual to have foreseen these) — if we
see a manned lunar landing next month we will owe it in no small

192

ASTRON \l TICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During June

measure to the managerial role played by James Webb and his asso-
ciates. And in assessing the event, the historian will be forced to try to
make sense of this book." \A&A, 6/69, 74)

• Commentary in West Berlin's independent Tagesspiegel: "Some people

take off for the moon while others try to learn to operate a farm
tractor. Our culture will depend on mastering this schizophrenic situa-
tion." (Atlas, 7/69, 16)

• Aerospace Industries Assn. released 1969 Aerospace Facts and Figures.

During 1968 industry sales reached $29.5 billion, up 8.1% over 1967,
with civil transport aircraft accounting for major share. These sales
were expected to decline in 1969 when current models were phased out
before third-generation jet transports were delivered in substantial
quantities. Total industry sales were expected to decline to $28.7 billion
in 1969 but 1968 backlog for 60 major companies was $31 billion —
approximately 21/} times that in 1960.

Overall space program expenditures during FY 1969 were estimated
$6.3 billion — $4.1 billion for NASA, $2.1 billion for dod, $117 million
for AEC, and $34 million for other agencies. Space expenditures de-
clined approximately $300 million from 1967. Aerospace R&D, includ-
ing NASA's, reached $8 billion. (Text)

• NSF published Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Govern-

ment, 1967 (NSF 69-26). Professional scientific and technical per-
sonnel in Federal Government numbered 204,200 in October 1967—
5r/c increase over October 1966. Engineers, numbering 81,200, were
largest of three major groups — scientists, engineers, and health pro-
fessionals— comprising 40% of 1967 total. DOD continued as major
Government employer, with 76,900 scientific and technical employees,
of which 93rr were engineers and scientists. (Text)

193

July 1969

July I: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family flew from New York
for nine-day tour of U.S.S.R. Institute for Soviet-American Relations
in Moscow had extended invitation through Soviet Embassy in Wash-
ington, D.C. Itinerary included Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, and
Crimea. (W Post, 7/1/69, A15; AP, W Star, 7/1/69, A4)

• Preliminary investigation had revealed leak in small fuel line on Saturn

V 1st stage (S-IC-II) No. 3 engine had caused June 26 fire, msfc
announced. Board had been convened to conduct further investigations
and recommend preventive measures. Stage's No. 3 and No. 5 engines
would be replaced; other three engines received minor damage and
would be repaired in place. Accident would not affect launch prepara-
tions for Apollo 11 mission; inspection of Apollo 11 vehicle SA— 506
had confirmed that its high-pressure fuel lines were in good condition.
(msfc Release 69-156)

• North American Rockwell Corp. consolidated its Rocketdyne Div. and

Atomics International Div. into new Power Systems Divs. headed by
Jay D. Wethe, Vice President of Aerospace and Systems Group, (nar
Release N-14)

• U.K. Defence Ministry said it had transferred its nuclear strike force

from delta-wing bombers to Polaris submarines. Seven eventually
would be brought into service. (Reuters, B Sun, 7/2/69, A2)
July 2: Preliminary countdown demonstration test (cddt) for July 16
Apollo 11 launch was successfully completed at ksc. Except for 3-hr
18-min hold during which technicians repaired leaky fuel valve, 5Vi>-
day test had run smoothly. (AP, B Sun, 7/3/69, A4)

• Unofficial Communist sources said U.S.S.R. would launch Luna spacecraft

July 10, which would attempt to scoop up lunar sample and return it
to earth, Associated Press reported. Sources said launch would be third
attempt to conduct successful mission; first had reportedly exploded on
launch pad at Baikonur in early April, and second had exploded in
flight June 14, when 2nd stage ignited. One source said Soviet space
officials were "very disturbed over the success of the American Apollo
program. Losing the moon race will be a terrible blow to them."
(B Sun, 7/3/69, Al)

• Cosmonauts Gherman S. Titov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, and Georgy T.

Beregovy were among Soviet officials who met Astronaut Frank Bor-
man and family on arrival at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport at start
of nine-day U.S.S.R. visit. Asked if Soviet cosmonaut might visit U.S.,
Borman said, "I'm sure that will be discussed. Cooperation in space
activities is an important aspect of the space program." Bormans break-
fasted in Moscow and returned to airport for flight to Leningrad.
Schedule called for visit to Zvezdny Gorodok — Star City — where cos-
monauts lived and to space communications center in Crimea; nothing

195

July 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

in program indicated visit to U.S.S.R. launching center at Baikonur in
Kazakhstan. (AP, W Star, 7/2/69, A14)

• Time-Life, Inc., would pay minimum of $400,000 for exclusive book

rights of lunar landing story to the combine established by NASA astro-
nauts in 1959, Don Kirkman said in Washington Daily News. Money
would be split equally into 60 shares for 52 active astronauts and
widows of 8 deceased. {W News, 7/2/69, 7)

• NASA announced award to Bendix Field Engineering Corp. of $30 million,

one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract extension for operation and
maintenance of major portion of Manned Space Flight Network. Exten-
sion was third exercised under option and brought total funding to
$139,215,832. (nasa Release 69-100)
July 3: European Launcher Development Organization (eldo) attempt to
place Italian eldo F-8 spacecraft into polar orbit from Woomera
Rocket Range failed when West German 3rd stage of Europa booster
malfunctioned. U.K. 1st stage and French 2nd stage performed satis-
factorily. (SBD, 7/16/69, 14; AP, W Star, 7/3/69, A3; nasa Int Aff)

• Apollo 11 booster, spacecraft, and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael

Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., completed final countdown rehearsal
test. Astronauts achieved simulated liftoff at 9:32 am EDT — exact time
of scheduled July 16 launch. Final countdown for manned lunar land-
ing mission would begin July 10. (AP, B Sun, 7/4/69, A10)

• Apollo 11 astronauts would leave three items on lunar surface to com-

memorate landing, NASA announced. Silicon disc, li/o-in-dia, would
carry statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and
Nixon; messages of goodwill from leaders of 73 countries; list of
leaders of Congress and members of four congressional committees
responsible for NASA legislation; and names of NASA's top management,
past and present. Statements, messages, and names had been etched on
disc by process used to make microminiature electronic circuits. Each
message had been reduced 200 times, to barely visible dot.

Three- by five-foot nylon American flag with tubing along top edge
would be erected on eight-foot aluminum staff on airless moon. Two
other U.S. flags and flags from 136 nations and 50 U.S. states would
be carried to moon and returned to earth. Plaque left on LM descent
stage would bear images of two hemispheres of earth and inscription
"Here men from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon July
1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." It would bear names
of Apollo 11 crew — Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin,
Jr., and Michael Collins — and President Nixon, (nasa Releases 69-83E,
69-83 F, 69-83H)

• At Leningrad news conference during U.S.S.R. tour, Astronaut Frank

Borman said he hoped U.S. and Soviet spacemen would fly together in
joint mission by mid-1970s. (Reuters, W Post, 7/4/69, A3)

• Editorial in Washington Post entitled "Our Man on the Moon" criticized

White House decision to leave on moon plaque on Apollo 11 LM de-
scent stage with signature of President Nixon: "The proposed plaque
would state that 'we came in peace for all mankind.' That message, to-
gether with the names of the three brave men who made the voyage
would seem to us to be enough." Editorial erroneously cited April 1968
article by NASA Historian Eugene M. Emme, "Historical Perspectives
on Apollo," saying that nowhere did Mr. Nixon's name appear. Name

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did appear with reference to post-Sputnik statements in October 1957
and to promises of lunar landing by 1971 in 1960 election campaign.
( W Post, 7/3/69, A14; Joum of Spacecraft and Rockets, 4/68,
369-81)

• Apollo 11 might signal end to KSC area's economic boom, Wall Street

Journal said. NASA had announced slack in Apollo launchings and cut
in KSC employment from 23,500 to 18,500 persons. Brevard County
(site of KSC) housing construction had fallen some 40%, from 3,438
units in 1967 to 2,080 in 1968, and was currently down another 40%.
I Prugh, WSJ, 7/3/69, 28)

• Message from President Nixon was read at opening of summer session of

18-nation Disarmament Committee in Geneva: ". . . draft agreements
have been submitted by the United States and by the Soviet Union to
prevent an arms race on the seabeds. Although differences exist, it
should not prove beyond our ability to find common ground so that a
realistic agreement may be achieved that enhances the security of all
countries. . . . Our goal should be to present a sound seabed arms con-
trol measure to the 24th General Assembly of the United Nations."
I PD, 7/7/69, 929-30 )

• At Paris press conference Sud-Aviation President Henri Ziegler denied

reports that France was dropping Concorde supersonic transport proj-
ect for economic reasons. Milan aerodynamic system developed for
Mirage supersonic fighter-bomber was being tested on French proto-
type. It consisted of two small nose wings which shortened takeoff and
landing runs and retracted in flight to reduce resistance. (NYT,
7/5/69, 28)
July 4: NASA officials ordered technicians to repaint Saturn V 3rd stage
(S— IVB) after they discovered old coating had begun to peel. Thermal
paint would help protect super-cold hydrogen fuels from sun's heat.
Repainting of stage, scheduled to boost manned Apollo 11 spacecraft
toward moon July 16, would not affect launch date. ( AP, W Star,
7/5/69, A13)

• At U.S. Embassy Independence Day Party in Moscow Apollo 8 Astronaut

Frank Borman signed autographs with Cosmonauts Gherman S. Titov,
Georgy T. Beregovoy, and Konstantin P. Feoktistov. Among 1,000 per-
sons attending reception given by U.S. Ambassador Jacob D. Beam
were Vasily V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S.R. First Deputy Foreign Minister, and
Mikhail P. Georgadze, Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet. They were highest ranking Soviet officials to attend annual
July 4 reception since 1964 attendance of Nikita S. Khrushchev as
head of government and Communist Party. (Clarity, NYT, 7/5/69, 28;
AP, B Sun, 7/5/69, A2)

• Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, addressed Independ-

ence Day celebration at Dearborn, Mich.: "For untold millions of
years the human animal was chained to the earth. Sixty years ago he
found a way of soaring into its atmosphere. Ten years ago he learned
to break the chains of gravity and to soar out into space. This month
the first man will set foot on another world. Later this month two
spacecraft will reach Mars and send back new information about that
Planet. Americans will have no reason to be ashamed of their nation
on those days. Is it worth while? Is it worth while to lift the spirits of
millions of human beings? If not, what else is worth while?"

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Developing lunar landing technology was relatively easy. "The laws
of nature which made it possible have been well known for a long
time. The engineering skills required . . . were available and were
brilliantly organized. Hundreds of thousands of Americans worked
together to make this dream come true. They had faith and they had
hope.

"The problems of our cities and the other social problems which be-
set us are not all that easy. In this area human beings are not working
together but are in conflict. We find that we do not yet know the cause
of these troubles nor do we yet have the mechanisms for curing them.
Hence we must study, we must experiment, we must try and we will
often fail. . . . And we shall learn from our failures." (Text; CR,
7/29/69, E6415-7)

• Analysis of lunar surface would provide key to earth's history by indi-

cating whether moon's origin was catastrophic or noncatastrophic, Dr.
H. Alfven and Dr. G. Arrhenius of Univ. of California at San Diego
said in Science. Radiometric dating of igneous lunar rocks might pro-
vide information on time of their solidification. If catastrophic alterna-
tive was correct, rocks should date to less than 4.5 eons, minimum age
of moon, and predominant age should be approximately 0.7 eon, with
major surface and subsurface features less than 0.7 eon. If noncata-
strophic alternative proved correct, predominant age of lunar rocks
should exceed 4 eons, at least, since it was likely moon predated earth.
(Science, 7/4/69, 11-7)

• Japanese freighter had been hit by wreckage of Soviet spacecraft, Japa-

nese diplomats reported to five Western delegations on legal subcom-
mittee of U.N. Committee on Outer Space meeting in Geneva. June 5
damage to Dai Chi Chinei while outside territorial waters and near
Siberian coast had previously been attributed to unidentified object. It
was believed to be first authenticated case of terrestrial damage caused
by falling space objects. (Hamilton, NYT, 7/5/69, 28)
July 5: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (commander), Edwin E.
Aldrin, Jr. (LM pilot), and Michael Collins (cm pilot) held press con-
ference at msc. Astronauts were seated 50 ft from nearest newsmen and
were partially enclosed in plastic booth as part of plan to limit crew's
contacts during 21 days immediately preceding flight and prevent de-
velopment of illness. Collins told press that from CM viewpoint, Apollo
11 should not be very different from previous manned Apollo missions.
He did not feel "slightest bit frustrated" about going to moon without
landing on it: "I'm going 99.9 . . . percent of the way there, and that
suits me fine."

LM flight plan would pick up where Apollo 10 left off with phasing
maneuver, Aldrin explained. There would be number of "firsts": "the
ultimate test," actual touchdown; 1/6 g environment; new thermal
conditions; two-man EVA on lunar surface; sleeping in LM on moon;
star sighting technique with alignment telescope on lunar surface; and
powered ascent from moon with seven-minute engine burn. One of im-
portant early activities after exiting from LM on moon would be deter-
mining best pace for moving about: ". . . there have been several
different techniques employed in the partial zero gravity training. And,
it looks like you can walk conventionally one foot after another. It also
looks as though you can do a two-footed hop — kangaroo style." In

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training in aircraft flown at 1/6 g, "a fairly rapid pace" appeared
quite easy to perform. "It looks like we shouldn't have too much diffi-
culty in moving at something like 6, 8, or 10 miles per hour."

Armstrong said crew would use "somewhat hybrid methods of
manual and automatic" for descent to moon. "The predicted method at
this point, although we have a great deal of flexibility and choice,
based on the situation at the time, would be to maintain manual con-
trol of attitude and automatic control of throttle through the final de-
scent from an altitude of somewhere between 500 and 1000 feet until
such time as the automatic throttle rated descent was unsatisfactory, at
which time we'll go full manual on the throttle . . . flying it in a
manner like a normal VTOL machine."

Code names for CM and LM had been selected as "representative of
the flight, the nation's hope," Armstrong revealed. LM would be called
"Eagle" for U.S. national emblem, and CM would be called "Columbia"
for U.S. symbol, statue on top of Capitol, and Jules Verne's fictional
spacecraft, "Columbiad," which flew to moon 100 yrs ago. ( Tran-
script; O'Toole, W Post, 7/6/69, AD

July 5-6: In Moscow Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman placed wreaths at
tombs of Vladimir I. Lenin, founder of Soviet state; rocket designer
Sergey Korolev; and Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M.
Komarov. Later he placed wreath at tomb of Soviet Unknown Soldier.
Borman and family visited Star City, home of cosmonauts outside
Moscow, where he presented color film of Apollo 8. Cosmonauts pre-
sented Borman with model of Vostok I, first manned spacecraft. Later
Borman toured major space tracking station at Eupatoria near Yalta
in Crimea. (AP, W Star, 7/5/69, A13; upi, W Star, 7/7/69, A2)

July 6: NASA's Mariner VI (launched Feb. 24) and Mariner VII (launched
March 27) were performing well and had traveled 41 million mi and
39 million mi from earth. Mariner VI, scheduled for July 31 flyby, was
9 million mi from Mars; Mariner VII, scheduled for Aug. 5 flyby, was
11 million mi from Mars. (NASA Release 69-102)

• Dept. of Commerce announced it had successfully tracked free-drifting

buoy in deep ocean with satellite telemetry in test off east Florida
coast. Navigational data were relayed via satellite to GSFC for proces-
sing. Experiment proved ocean currents could be traced accurately and
atmospheric and oceanographic data could be obtained from sensors on
drifting buoy and transmitted with navigational information from re-
mote regions of world. ( NASA Release 69—41 )

• In Washington Sunday Star, David Van Praagh discussed President

Nixon's planned Asian tour, to follow mid-Pacific recovery of Apollo
11 crew: Nixon would find "the problems of this planet's most popu-
lous continent present a striking contrast. They are not subject to
quick, rational, scientific or dramatic solutions. Usually they can not
even be tackled through modern communications. The vast majority
of Indians and Pakistanis for example, can't read or write and do not
own a tiny transistor radio or TV set to monitor the Pacific splash-
down. They live in a rather backward age and most of them are
hungry." (W Star, 7/6/69, D14)
July 7: U.S. News & World Report published interview with Dr. Thomas O.
Paine, NASA Administrator. Apollo 11 lunar landing would be "culmi-
nation of America's satisfying everyone that it is indeed the leading

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technological nation that it thought it was before Sputnik blazed across
the skies." U.S.S.R. would continue to put great stress on space and
move ahead steadily. ". . . there's always the danger that we may feel
we can relax now — having attained the lunar goal — and perhaps slack
off. ... if we were not to start new programs now, I think the situation
might well reverse and the Soviets might once again develop superior
technological capabilities in space." Space technology could affect fu-
ture defense posture. In the past, "wherever man has flown farther and
higher and faster, wherever he has developed new capability to observe
from higher areas, to carry out operations in new media, this has had
a major effect on the equations of international power. We're quite
confident that this will probably be true again in space." Application
of space to defense area was dod's job. "We do not consider Apollo
applications as any kind of substitute for MOL."

Journey of man to another solar system was "completely out of the
realm of possibility" for next generation; "but in the more distant
future, if it were ever possible ... to control the energy of nuclear
fusion and adapt it in some efficient way to the propulsion of space-
craft, it might be possible to think in terms of longer voyages to an-
other star." Fundamental breakthrough would have to be made.

Chance that life existed in other solar systems seemed "absolutely
100 per cent." (US News, 7/7/69)

• Bonny, pig-tailed monkey launched on board NASA's Biosatellite III June

29, was showing marked decrease in interest and efficiency. Although
he was still in satisfactory physical condition, Bonny was becoming
much less energetic and was consuming less food and water. (AP,
W Star, 7/5/69, A3; W Post, 7/5/69, A6)

• Apollo 10 commander Thomas P. Stafford received Flying Tiger Pilot

Trophy, presented every two years by Flying Tigers, group of World
War II veterans. Trophy was presented during 27th reunion in Ojai,
Calif. (AP, W Star, 7/7/69, A2)

• White House announced President Nixon had canceled plans to dine with

Apollo 11 astronauts July 15, eve of launch. MSC Director of Research
and Medical Operations, Dr. Charles A. Berry, had expressed concern
that crew might catch earthly illness from President, which could com-
plicate lunar landing mission. (AP, B Sun, 7/8/69)

• Apollo 11 lunar samples would not be first moon material to reach earth

and to undergo scientific examination, Los Angeles Times quoted Dr.
Dean R. Chapman, Chief of arc Thermo- and Gas-Dynamics Div., as
saying in interview. Tektites — molten pieces of lunar surface in form
of chunks of black glass — had fallen to earth when meteorites struck
moon with tremendous force. Most recent tektite shower had occurred
700,000 yrs ago. While tektites' origin was matter of scientific dispute,
Dr. Chapman believed most commonly held theory — lunar origin. In
working out shower's trajectory, he had determined tektites came from
Tycho crater on moon's southern hemisphere. He believed Tycho to be
700,000 yrs old and that crusts of earth and of moon were intimately
related. (Getze, LA Times, 7/7/69)

• Neivsiveek's 42nd space age cover story since October 1957 contained

comments from "opinion makers" on Apollo 11 mission.

Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of nasa's Goddard Institute for Space
Studies, said scientific basis for mission was to discover secret of

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 7

earth's past through study of lunar rocks. Resolution of "cold moon"
versus "hot moon" theory controversy — whether moon was formed
cold, or cooled off shortly after its birth, or whether it was like earth
molten or partly molten inside with volcanic surface — "may ride with
Apollo 11."

Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, the Rev. Ralph
D. Abernathy, said: "A society that can resolve to conquer space; to
put man in a place where in ages past it was considered only God
could reach; to appropriate vast billions; to systematically set about to
discover the necessary scientific knowledge; that society deserves both
acclaim and our contempt . . . acclaim for achievement and contempt
for bizarre social values. For though it has the capacity to meet extraor-
dinary challenges, it has failed to use its ability to rid itself of the
scourges of racism, poverty and war, all of which were brutally scar-
ring the nation even as it mobilized for the assault on the solar
system."

Anthropologist Dr. Margaret Mead said: "This can be a first step,
not into space alone, but into the disciplined and courageous use of
enhanced human powers for man, ennobled as he is today, as the first
men step on the moon."

Philosopher Lewis Mumford said: "Space exploration ... is strictly
a military by-product; and without pressure from the Pentagon and
the Kremlin it would never have found a place in any national budget."
Best hope was "that this colossal perversion of energy, thought and
other precious human resources may awaken a spontaneous collective
reaction sufficient to bring us down to earth again. Any square mile of
inhabited earth has more significance for man's future than all the
planets in our solar system." (Newsweek, 6/7/69, 3, 60—1)

• Original equipment of field-sequential color TV system which would be

used by Apollo 11 to transmit pictures from moon [see April 5] was
presented to Smithsonian Institution by inventor Dr. Peter C. Gold-
mark, President of CBS Laboratories. Apollo 11 would carry three-
pound miniaturization of system in Westinghouse camera. (Schaden,
W Star, 7/8/69, Bl)

• dod announced award of $356,713,045 fixed-price contract to McDonnell

Douglas Corp. for F— 4 Phantom II high-performance jet fighter air-
craft for usn and usaf use. (dod Release 568-69)
July 7—8: NASA terminated Biosatellite III mission to determine long-term
effects of weightlessness on living organisms when Bonny, pig-tailed
monkey on board, registered extremely low metabolic state and refused
to drink water after receiving 10 emergency water commands. Space-
craft had been scheduled to remain in orbit 30 days after launch June
29, but monkey's condition — as indicated by steadily lowering body
temperature, reduced heart rate, shallow breathing, substantial periods
of sleep during day, and general sluggishness — had declined steadily
for several days.

Spacecraft separated and parachute deployed successfully, but re-
covery aircraft was unable to retrieve spacecraft in midair as planned
because of clouds and rainstorms. Capsule was recovered from Pacific
off coast of Kauai at 7:36 pm EDT, minutes after splashdown, and
flown to Hickam afb, Hawaii, laboratories, where monkey was re-
moved from capsule immediately and given intensive care. Without

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July 7-8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

prior warning from changes in physiological parameters being re-
corded, Bonny died suddenly at 6:04 am edt July 8. Detailed analyses
of data would be made during next six months and formal report
would be issued after Jan. 1, 1970. Despite curtailed mission, experi-
menters expected significant information, (nasa Proj Off; arc Astro-
gram, 7/17/69, 1)
July 8: Rep. John V. Tunney (D-Calif.) introduced H.J.R. 810, "designating
the day which man lands on the moon, and the anniversary of that day
each year thereafter as a national holiday to be known as 'Space Ex-
ploration Day.' " Resolution was referred to House Judiciary Commit-
tee. (CR, 7/8/69, H5725)

• CBS Enterprises Inc. announced first agreement for regular satellite trans-

mission of news stories had been reached with cbs Newsfilm sub-
scribers in Australia and Japan. It would eventually lead to daily,
instantaneous, intercontinental transmission of TV news by satellite,
company said, (cbs Enterprises Release, 7/8/69)
July 9: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman met in Moscow with Mstislav V.
Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, and spent 40 min
with U.S.S.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny in talk which Borman
said was "encouraging and beneficial" in efforts to achieve U.S.—
U.S.S.R. cooperation in space. (AP, W Post, 7/10/69, A23)

• Apollo Program Management: Staff Study was submitted to House Com-

mittee on Science and Astronautics by Subcommittee on NASA Over-
sight. It identified key concepts contributing to successful evolution of
NASA-industry management team and areas where additional studies
would be useful in application of its expertise. Key factors included
clear definition of primary objective, monitoring and auditing systems
that allowed vertical and horizontal information flow, refinement in
program-control techniques using incentive contracts, correlation and
definition of multiple-program interfaces by use of systems-oriented
staff groups, real-time and flexible management reporting system, and
balance between governmental in-house capability and industrial capa-
bility. (Text)

• Die proof of 1.05- by 1.80-in 10-cent airmail stamp commemorating

"First Man on the Moon," attached to envelope, would be carried by
Apollo 11 and canceled on Moon by Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and
Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced.
On return to earth, die would be used to produce commemorative
stamps for August issue. Hand-canceled "Moon Letter" would undergo
21-day decontamination period at LRL and be returned to Post Office
Dept. for display in Washington, D.C., and later throughout U.S. and
abroad. Stamp was designed by Paul Calle, modeled by Robert J.
Jones, and engraved by Edward R. Felver and Albert Saavedra. It de-
picted astronaut stepping from spacecraft onto lunar surface. (PO Dept
Releases 107, P-37; W Post, 7/10/69, A13)

• Some observers on earth might be able to see moon-bound Apollo 11 on

two occasions, NASA announced. At 2:44:18 GET, exhaust plumes from
S— IVB firing in parking orbit over Gilbert Islands in South Pacific
would be visible to naked eye for several minutes over large part of
sky. For several hours after translunar injection burn, csm/lm, S— IVB,
and four spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter (sla) panels would be vis-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 9

ible through telescope to observers in U.S., Mexico, Central and South
America, and western Africa. (NASA Special Release)

• As NASA prepared for Apollo 11 lunar landing, space contractors, engi-

neers, and scientists cited thousands of "space technology transfers,"
down-to-earth rewards from space program, Wall Street Journal said.
Side benefits ranged from medical innovations and safer highways to
new management techniques, commercial products, and industrial
tools. They included liferaft with bucket keel to prevent capsizing in
rough water and inner tube that inflated automatically to keep craft
afloat if outer skin was punctured, computer system to track down
fathers behind in child support payments, inertial navigation systems
that were standard equipment on new 360- to 400-passenger Boeing
747, and thermal mapper developed for satellites, being used to seek
oil formations, diagnose cause of sinking airport runways, and find
sources of water pollution. Other space age spinoffs were plastic resin
marketed as commercial laminates, adhesives, and coatings; devices to
monitor internal stress in dams during earth tremors; data-processing
techniques to record train traffic and to match power-generating capaci-
ties to demand; electromagnetic hammer that smoothed and shaped
metal without weakening it; and luminous devices for aircraft exit
signs, map reading, and gun sites. Medicine was benefiting from mini-
aturized electronic devices in cardiac pacemakers, remote-handling and
manipulation equipment that had improved prosthetic devices like arti-
ficial limbs, space-helmet-like hoods to measure oxygen consumption
while patient exercised, and computer to provide sharper x-ray photos.
(Tanner, WSJ, 7/6/69)

• MSFC announced it would exercise option in existing contract with Com-

puter Sciences Corp. to allow continued support services through June
30, 1970, at cost of $6,081,887. (msfc Release 69-157)
July 10: Apollo 11 countdown began at ksc at 8:00 pm EDT in preparation
for launch toward moon at 9:32 am edt July 16. (Apollo 11 Status
Rpt)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLXXXIX from Plesetsk into orbit with

324-km (201.3-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.2-mi) perigee, 89.6-min
period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered July 15. (gsfc SSR,
7/15/69; SBD, 7/15/69, 5)

• Four-stage Pacemaker rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station

carried 58-lb instrumented payload to 65,000-ft altitude and reentered
atmosphere at 7,000 mph. Primary objective was to evaluate perform-
ance of carbon phenolic, synthetic resin, as ablative material. Second-
ary objective was to evaluate performance of low-density ablative
materials — pyronne foam, polymer blend, and phenolic nylon — for pos-
sible use on manned lifting-body reentry vehicles. (WS Release 69—12;
WS pio)

• American Academy of Achievement presented 1969 Gold Plate "Man of

Achievement" Awards to Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, and
to Apollo 8 Astronauts William A. Anders and Frank Borman. (LA
Her-Exam, 6/19/69; AFJ, 6/21/69, 30)

• Sen. Spessard L. Holland (D-Fla.), for himself and Sen. Edward J.

Gurney (R-Fla.), introduced S.J.R. 133 "to redesignate the area in the
state of Florida known as Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral." Measure

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July 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

was referred to Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. (CR,
7/10/69, S7819)

• National Geographic Society cartographer and "backyard stargazer"

David Moore was one of few amateur astronomers selected by NASA to
help nearly 200 professionals who had volunteered to attempt sightings
of Apollo 11 spacecraft, Washington Evening Star said. Through tele-
scope in yard of his Wheaton, Md., home he would watch for "small
brilliant flashes when rocket engines are turned on or 'burned' or . . .
when waste water is ejected from the spacecraft." In ejection, water
froze instantly and resultant ice crystals flared in sunlight. NASA had
credited Moore with one of few sightings of earthbound Apollo 10.
(Radcliffe, W Star, 7/10/69, D2)

• Apollo 11 and current nationwide water shortage were "two illustrations

of man's efficiency in achieving the thrills of life and man's inefficiency
in not achieving the necessities of life," Drew Pearson said in Wash-
ington Post. "At Cape Kennedy, the United States is about to launch
the most carefully rehearsed, most expensive, most unnecessary project
of this century by which man will reach a piece of drab, radioactive,
lava-like real estate hitherto romantic because of distance — the moon.
The launching will succeed because a vast amount of money and the
best scientific brains in America over a period of seven years have been
lavished on this moon shot. Meanwhile, up the Atlantic Coast, the Capi-
tal which voted the $20 billion to reach the moon is desperately short
of the second essential to man's life — water — all because of lack of
planning, lack of foresight, and lack of money — the same ingredients
which have put the moon shot on the verge of success." (W Post,
7/10/69, Fll)
July 11: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Ed-
win E. Aldrin, Jr., underwent last major preflight medical examination
at ksc and were cleared for July 16 launch. (Apollo Status Rpt; upi,
W Post, 7/12/69, A4)

• At Cape Kennedy press conference, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman

termed "totally ridiculous" cancellation of President Nixon's dinner
with Apollo 11 crew on eve of launch to avoid contaminating crew
with presidential germs. He had delivered invitation to dinner to White
House and President Nixon had accepted when MSC Medical Director,
Dr. Charles A. Berry, criticized dinner [see July 7].

Borman said his talks with U.S.S.R. officials during recent tour had
left him convinced they planned lunar landing soon but, "from the
people on the subways to their president, all I heard was that they are
wishing success for Apollo 11." (Greider, W Post, 1/13/69, A4)

• nas published Plan for U.S. Participation in the Global Atmospheric Re-

search Program. It recommended five-year effort including Pacific test
of global weather observing system and large-scale atmospheric study
in 1973, series of small regional studies beginning in 1969 or 1970,
and experiments to improve numerical models of atmosphere for com-
puter forecasting, with continued development of computer 100 times
faster than currently available. Total effort would require 10 yrs, with
plans for second portion to be based on information gained during
first 5 yrs.

Report, prepared by NRC committee, said developments in computers

204

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Jul) >•

and satellites had made it possible "to advance toward the goal of ac-
curate two-week forecasts and, eventually, toward intelligent modifica-
tion of the weather." Use of satellites such as Nimbus III, launched
April 14, and expansion of other observing systems made it technically
and economically possible to provide adequate global observations for
long-range forecasts. Recommended test of global observing system
would require 2 satellites with advanced instrumentation, nearly 1,000
balloons, and 135 instrumented buoys. Simultaneous cloud-cluster study
would require 12 additional aircraft, several ground stations, and com-
puter facility. Participating Government agencies would be responsible
for determining program costs. (Text; NRC Release)

• NASA and USAF announced cooperative flight test program using two USAF

YF-12A aircraft and spares, ground equipment, maintenance per-
sonnel, and base support at Edwards afb, Calif, nasa would budget for
and fund $10 million for program through FY 1974. About $4 million
had been made available by completion of X— 15 and XB— 70 flight pro-
grams. USAF purpose in two-part program was to gather data on air-
craft operational factors, procedures, limitations, and possible bomber
penetration tactics. NASA would seek data on altitude-hold at supersonic
speeds, boundary layer noise, heat transfer under high speed, airframe-
propulsion system interactions, and other characteristics. ( DOD Release
581-69)

• msfc issued RFPs for design, development, test, and delivery of four flight

models of manned lunar roving vehicle. Four-wheeled, 400-lb vehicle
would be carried to moon on board lm in 1971, to transport astro-
nauts, tools, lunar samples, and other equipment and experiments.
(nasa Special Release)

• Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia toured msc during five-day visit to

U.S. (Reuters, W Post, 7/10/69, A23; Apollo Status Rpt; nasa pao)
July 12: NASA program of returning man from lunar landing was based on
conclusion there was no risk, Stanford Univ. geneticist Dr. Joshua
Lederberg said in Washington Post. "We could not mount an effective
quarantine against a real peril of global infection unless we were pre-
pared to sacrifice the astronaut, which is unthinkable." Arguments for
zero risk were "quite persuasive" — lack of atmosphere on moon, "an
absolutely necessary condition for life to flourish," and fact that earth
had experienced lunar material samples from secondary meteorites.
Main purpose of quarantine was "to protect the samples from earthly
contamination — not altogether successfully, in view of the exhalations
from the landing rocket and from the astronauts' space suits. It was
then reasonable to add on whatever additional precautions against
back-contamination were possible without impeding the mission." Proj-
ect had helped show lunar arrangements would be "quite inappropri-
ate to a real risk, for example a sample return from Mars." For Mars
program, "we must learn a great deal more by instrumented observa-
tions left there, before we can begin to design the precautions needed
for samples, or men, returned to earth." {W Post, 7/12/69, A15)

• "Poor People's Campaign" Director, the Rev. Hosea Williams of

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, said "hungry" people from
five southern states would demonstrate at Cape Kennedy July 15 on
eve of Apollo 11 launch and would try to get "as close as possible" to

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July 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

launch site with mules and wagons. "We're not against things like the
space shot, but there's been a miscalculation in priorities." (Reuters,
W Post, 7/13/69, A5)

• NASA said Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin had rejected U.S. in-

vitation to watch Apollo 11 launch. U.S.S.R. originally had accepted,
but Soviet Embassy in Washington said Dobrynin would be out of the
country. (AP, W Star, 7/13/69, A9)

• usn reported eight-ship Soviet Naval fleet was heading south 25 mi east-

southeast of Miami, Fla., on course that could provide view of Apollo
11 launch. U.S. carrier aircraft and destroyer escort Gary shadowed
squadron, officially en route to Havana for July 26 commemoration of
Cuban revolution. (Homan, W Post, 7/12/69, Al; AP, W Post,
7/13/69, A5)
July 13: U.S.S.R. launched Luna XV unmanned spacecraft from Baikonur
into selenocentric orbit to conduct "further scientific studies of the
moon and near lunar space," Tass announced. Spacecraft was expected
to reach moon late July 16 — scheduled date of launch of NASA's Apollo
11 manned lunar landing mission. There was speculation that Luna XV
was Soviet attempt to land spacecraft on moon and return it to earth
with sample of lunar soil before U.S. landed. {W Post, 7/14/69, Al;
SBD, 7/18/69, 22; B Sun, 7/14/69, Al; gsfc SSR, 7/15/69)

• Washington Sunday Star published Associated Press interview with Dr.

Charles A. Berry, msc Director of Medical Research and Operations:
While 4,514 hrs of weightlessness endured by U.S. astronauts in space
had produced no serious medical problems, on moon "we will be plac-
ing men in an entirely new environment." After four days of weight-
lessness, they would step onto surface where gravity field was one-sixth
that of earth.

At Mission Control Center in Houston, Dr. Berry would be watching
Apollo 11 astronauts' heart rate, oxygen consumption, and temperature
of water that cooled spacesuits. Preflight physicals had enabled doctors
to draw metabolic profile of each astronaut, including work capacity
on earth at various heart rates, oxygen consumption, and body heat
generated. "We know the heat production level which the portable life
support system can handle without being overburdened. If it reaches
that point for five minutes, we will tell the astronauts to stop and rest."
Because of spacesuits' bulk astronauts would start with simple tasks
and work up to tougher ones. Excitement could affect ability to sleep
in four-hour rest period planned before lunar walk. "We might have to
make a real-time decision on whether to give them a sleeping pill or
perhaps a stimulant."

Apollo had taught one "amazing medical fact — that the loss of red-
blood-cell mass apparently is caused by a pure oxygen atmosphere."
Results of using mixed nitrogen-and-oxygen atmosphere in spacecraft
since January 1967 Apollo fire had indicated nitrogen apparently pro-
tected cells. (Benedict, AP, W Star, 7/13/69, A9)

• From summer residence, Castel Gondolfo, Pope Paul VI asked Christians

worldwide to pray for Apollo 11 astronauts and said mission showed
man was a "giant." (AP, B Sun, 7/14/69, A5)

At White House religious service the Rev. Paul H. A. Noren of
Mount Olivet Church in Minneapolis led 300 people in prayer: "We

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 13

ask Thy divine protection for our space pioneers who will soon make
footprints on the moon." (AP, NYT, 7/14/69, 23)

• New York Times editorial: "This is the week of the moon. The count-

down is on at Cape Kennedy and, if all goes well, a week from today a
manned vehicle will for the first time alight on another celestial body.
... all mankind will share in the exhilaration of discovery. Ever since
man evolved he has been exploring, extending his domain over all
parts of his planet. Now that insatiable curiosity is bursting its ter-
restrial bounds to provide our first personal knowledge of the nearest
neighbor in the cosmos. It is an inspiring adventure, a testimony not
only to man's imagination in amassing knowledge of nature, but to his
courage, his perseverance and his indomitable spirit." {NYT, 7/13/69)

• In Washington Evening Star William Hines said: ". . . Space Adminis-

trator Thomas 0. Paine was dead right when he acclaimed Project
Apollo as 'a triumph of the squares.' " While word "square" was in
disrepute, "you will find no umbrage taken by the clean-cut stars of
this week's cosmic drama if you called them squares. They are, and
probably proud of it. There was no fight from Neil Armstrong when
Congress told him to plant an American flag on the surface of the
moon. . . . The Apollo program is not only run by squares, but for
squares, as well; its thrills and glories appeal to the vast majority of
Americans who, at the bottom, are just as square as any Armstrong on
Earth— Jack or Neil or any other." (W Star, 7/13/69, D2)

• Wing of Lockheed C— 5A static test specimen cracked during stress tests

at point below aircraft's contract specifications but above its design
limit, usaf later said cause of crack was overloading of wing area
where spar attached to lower rear beam cap; it would not require ex-
tensive redesign. It was first major performance failure reported for
C— 5A. Contractor was planning modification and retesting of static
specimen, (usaf Memo 8/18/69; W Post, 7/15/69, A2)
July 14: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and
Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., appeared in nationally televised press conference.
Interview with four newsmen was conducted over closed-circuit TV,
with astronauts at ksc and press 15 mi away. TV cameramen allowed
in auditorium with crew had undergone thorough medical examina-
tions. Armstrong, mission commander, said that after decade of plan-
ning and hard work astronauts were "willing and ready to attempt to
achieve our national goal. This is possible because very many Ameri-
cans across the nation have dedicated themselves to quality craftsman-
ship and ingenuity."

In response to question on astronauts' attitudes toward mission,
Armstrong said fear was not unknown, but added: "Fear is charac-
teristic particularly of a knowledge that there may be something that
you haven't thought of and feel that you might be unable to cope with.
I think our training and all the work that goes into the preparation for
a flight does everything it can towards erasing those kinds of possi-
bilities and I would say that as a crew we . . . have no fear of launch-
ing out on this expedition." ( Wilford, NYT, 7/15/69, 1, 20)

• Chances of U.S.S.R.'s Luna XV successfully returning to earth with lunar

sample were small because of complexity of operations required, NASA
Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E.

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July 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Mueller, told ksc Center Directors' Briefing. Landing, deploying equip-
ment, collecting and storing samples, and then lifting off "are not
simple things to do . . . and doing it remotely is more difficult than
doing it with men in space. I don't think by any means impossible, but
. . . the chances of being able to carry it out on the first mission are
relatively low compared to the kind of probability that we would as-
sociate with our own landings."

If Luna XV were able to successfully retrieve lunar sample, feat
would be "significant technological step and one that represents a con-
siderable degree of prestige," he said, but "each country [U.S. and
U.S.S.R.] will obtain its proper share of credit. . . . The first sample
returned if it were possible to do so and the first man landing on the
moon are significant events, each in their own right, and are to be
treated as such." (Transcript)

• iaf announced official endorsement of absolute world's records for Dec.

21-27, 1968, Apollo 8 mission's 10 lunar orbits: altitude, 234,672.5
mi; greatest mass lifted into earth orbit, 282,197 lbs; total time in
space for an astronaut, James A. Lovell, Jr., 572 hrs 10 min 16 sees.
Apollo 8 world class records: duration of lunar mission, 146 hrs 59
min 49 sees; duration in lunar orbit, 20 hrs 14 min 13.2 sees.

To obtain iaf certification of Apollo 11, crew would be given torn
halves of four $1 bills for comparison with other halves on return as
proof same men returned as took off. naa would submit claim for ab-
solute world record for extravehicular activity (eva) for successful
Apollo 11 mission. (AP, NYT, 7/15/69, 20)

• New York Post published results of Louis Harris poll which showed

American people favored manned lunar landing by 51% to 41%. In
February poll public opinion had been opposed by 49% to 39%. Harris
attributed change to feeling "if we have gone this far, we ought to finish
the job." He said 56% of 1,607 adults polled from June 16 to 22 were
opposed to annual $4-billion outlay for space program, while 37%
favored it — little change from 55% for to 34% against in February.
Reaction to Apollo 10 flight had been generally favorable. (NYT,
7/15/69, 20)

• Expectation of one million tourists to witness Apollo 11 launch had led

to extraordinary precautions at Cocoa Beach, Fla., Washington Post
said. Tank truck would be stationed at City Hall to fuel police cars;
airboats would stand by to rush casualties to hospital if ambulances
could not penetrate automobile traffic; and officials were concerned
about scores of aircraft circling overhead to glimpse spacecraft.
(Greider, W Post, 7/14/69, Al)

• Washington Evening Star special supplement, "Voyage to the Moon,"

commented: "Hanging in the sky, attracting man's attention for untold
generations, the moon has been the reputed home of gods and god-
desses of all religions, primitive and modern. If all these deities lived
there at any one time, the reasons for its battle-scarred appearance
would be obvious. But assuming that none did . . . that pock-marked
face still poses more questions than it answers." (W Star, 7/14/69)

• Aerospace Systems Laboratory had been established at Princeton Univ.

to investigate U.S. space program and other broad areas of applied re-
search, including transportation systems, New York Times said. Project

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 14

was assisted by NASA and other Federal agency grants. (NYT,
7/14/69, 23)

• NASA announced availability of 16-in-dia globe of moon prepared by

USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from NASA photos
made by Lunar Orbiter series. Lovell Observatory, Ariz., prepared art
work with exaggerated color tones showing lunar landscape bathed in
morning sunlight and large Ring Plains, or explosive craters, on far
side. One globe had been presented to President Nixon by Apollo 10
astronauts. (NASA Release 69-83G)

• Harold W. Adams, Deputy to Vice President-Chief Engineer of Douglas

Aircraft Co., received aiaa Aircraft Design Award of citation and $500
honorarium at aiaa Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting in Los
Angeles. Citation read: "In recognition of your outstanding contribu-
tions to the safety and economic practicality of commercial air trans-
portation during the past 38 years by development of aircraft design
principles for high reliability and ease of maintenance." Adams was
specialist in electric and hydraulic systems, (aiaa Release, 7/9/69)

• Oceanographer Jacques Piccard cast off in 48-ft research submarine

from West Palm Beach, Fla., for rehearsal of 1,500-mi Gulf Stream
Drift to study ocean depths [see April 7]. If four- to five-day trial run
was successful, team would remain submerged for 30 days and drift to
Boston, (upi, W Star, 7/14/69, A10)
July 15: President Nixon sent telegram to Apollo 11 astronauts: "On the
eve of your epic mission, I want you to know that my hopes and my
prayers — and those of all Americans — go with you. Years of study and
planning and experiment and hard work on the part of thousands have
led to this unique moment in the story of mankind; it is now your
moment and from the depths of your minds and hearts and spirits will
come the triumph all men will share. I look forward to greeting you
on your return. Until then, know that all that is best in the spirit of
mankind will be with you during your mission and when you return
to earth."

President also telephoned astronauts: ". . . as you lift off to the
moon, you lift the spirits of the American people as well as the world.
. . . You carry with you a feeling of good will in this greatest adventure
man has ever taken. . . ." (PD, 7/21/69, 997)

• First notables to arrive at Cape Kennedy on eve of Apollo 11 launch in-

cluded former President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and Southern
Christian Leadership Conference President, the Rev. Ralph D. Aber-
nathy. Johnsons arrived in military aircraft assigned by President
Nixon, to attend luncheon honoring James E. Webb, former NASA
Administrator.

Abernathy led 25 poor southern families to protest Federal funding
priorities. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, met group of 150
poor people outside ksc gate where Abernathy requested 40 vip passes
to launch, asked Dr. Paine to join fight against poverty, and urged
that NASA technology be converted to finding new ways to feed poor.
Dr. Paine agreed to admit members of group to launch and pledged to
do what he could to adapt space-developed food concentrates to aid
undernourished. "It will be a lot harder to solve the problems of
hunger and poverty than it is to send men to the moon." But, "if it

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July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

were possible for us not to push that button tomorrow and solve the
problems you are talking about, we would not push the button." He
said space program and science could be used to help solve poverty
problems. "I want you to hitch your wagon to our rocket and tell the
people the NASA program is an example of what this country can do."
The poor people said they would pray for Apollo 11 astronauts.

By evening 500,000 tourists had arrived in Brevard County, site of
ksc, with total one million expected by early morning. Air traffic had
quadrupled, with 10 local airfields handling over 1,200 small aircraft,
and 200 private jets. Aircraft were to bring Vice President Spiro T.
Agnew, over 200 Congressmen, 60 ambassadors, 19 governors, 40
mayors, and other public figures July 16. More than 1,000 police
struggled to control road traffic, and hordes settled to sleep on beaches
from which they could see illuminated spacecraft on launch pad.
(Weinraub, NYT, 7/16/69, 22; Greider, W Post, 7/16/69)

• Proximity of probable date of lunar landing to date of arrival of Mariner

VI and VII cameras near Mars surface would provide U.S. TV viewers
with "double space feature," nasa said. Gerald M. Truszynski, nasa
Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition, credited
feat to advances in electronics through which streams of signals could
be returned from moon and from Mars into tracking centers and
switching points on earth, thence via comsats into TV networks
throughout globe. Apollo 11 mission would include eight color telecasts
from spacecraft. Lunar telecasts would be black and white since LM
would lack power for color TV. Mars telecasts from Mariner VI would
produce 50 photos; Mariner VII would deliver 91. Best resolution
from closeup would be 900 ft; it had been 2 mi in 1965 Mariner IV
photos and was 100 mi by best optical means from earth, (nasa Re-
lease 69-831)

• Europeans were "as excited as many Americans" about Apollo 11 launch,

New York Times reported. But "only the sharpest observer of the
Soviet news media could guess, as he went to bed tonight, that Ameri-
cans will try to send men to the moon tomorrow," according to Balti-
more Sun. Last mention of Apollo 11 in Soviet press had been July 9
meeting of President Nikolay V. Podgorny with Astronaut Frank
Borman.

In U.K., bbc and commercial TV were planning extensive Apollo 11
coverage, some live via comsat. British newspapers were competing
with special space supplements and guides. Exceptions to generally
"adulatory" reportage was The Times of London article in which phi-
losopher Lord Russell had said: "Men will not be content to land upon
the moon and try to make it habitable. They will land simultaneously
from Russia and the United States, each party, complete with H-bombs
and each intent upon exterminating the other."

American Embassy in Warsaw was packed every day with Poles
viewing space films. Spain's Evening Daily Pueblo had sponsored con-
test to send 25 readers to Apollo 11 launch. In France 22-page space
supplement issued by France-Soir had sold 1.5 million copies at $1
each. Bild Zeitung in Germany had noted 7 out of 57 Apollo super-
visors were of German origin. Austrian press had lionized Dr. Wernher
von Braun during recent visit to Salzburg.

Volume of Western European newspaper space devoted to lunar

210

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 15

landing mission rivaled that in U.S., New York Times said, and "the
whole story of the moon effort is improving the 'prestige' of the United
States. . . . But . . . respect voiced by individuals is often for America's
technological power, not her humanity or civilization." (Lewis, NYT,
7/16/69, 20; B Sun, 7/16/69, A8, Mills, A9)

• Across U.S. on eve of Apollo 11 launch, newspaper editorials commented

on lunar landing mission :

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: "It is with an almost breathless sense
of awe that we await tomorrow's blast-off from Cape Kennedy — the
launching of three space explorers on the most ambitious and fearsome
adventure in all human history. Mere words cannot capture the im-
mensity of the flight of Apollo 11. Quite literally, man will be attempt-
ing a final break of the chains which have bound him to this earth."
(LA Her-Exam, 7/15/69)

Newport News, Va., Times-Herald: "Now, this triumph of human
courage and knowledge stands poised on the threshold of accomplish-
ment. For a few fleeting moments, the attention of the world will follow
the Eagle as it ferries its two astronauts toward a destiny until now
only dreamed of in our history. Then, most probably, our attention
will filter back to the pressing problems on earth." (Times-Herald,
7/15/69 )

Milwaukee Journal: "Apollo 11 is providing insight into the mean-
ing of life and the imperatives of human society. It is forcing us to
face the grim paradox of exploiting human reason and the marvels of
machinery to soar into the majesty of space while the world becomes
fragmented into selfish national sovereignties — some armed, some arm-
ing, with the hideous capacity to end life itself." (Miltvaukee Journal,
7/15/69)

Denver Post: "The Soviet attempt to send an unmanned spaceship to
the moon in advance of Apollo 11 is a bold bid to draw attention to
Soviet space prowess. But even if it succeeds ... in mechanically
scooping up samples of the moon and returning to earth, the Soviet
project will not overshadow the American mission. Instead, the Soviet
flight will serve to underscore the expensive duplication of effort cre-
ated by the space race. If the Russians and Americans had cooperated,
rather than competed, the risks and the costs involved in landing a
man on the moon would have been far less." (Denver Post, 7/15/69)

Washington Evening Star: Soviet Luna XV seemed strangely timed.
During their Moscow discussions on space cooperation, U.S.S.R. Presi-
dent Nikolay V. Podgorny had not given Astronaut Frank Borman
"slightest hint that the Kremlin was planning to send an unmanned
spacecraft to the moon to coincide with the history-making Apollo 11
American mission." Was it really possible "to work together in space
exploration with a country that seems to be playing tricks with ours
at a moment when we are engaged in a historic effort to land men on
the moon?" (W Star, 7/15/69, A12)

• San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto urged San Franciscans to fly U.S.

flag from Apollo 11 blastoff to splashdown and to sound every bell,
siren, and whistle in the city at splashdown. (AP, W Post, 7/17/69,
A27)

• Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

carried Univ. of Wisconsin payload to 129.9-mi (209-km) altitude to

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July 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

examine auroral directions and intensities of isotopic component of
cosmic x-rays. Magnetometer and startracker functioned as planned
but doors and covers shielding proportional counters failed to eject
and no x-ray data were received, (nasa Rpt srl)
• NASA awarded General Electric Co.'s Aircraft Engine Group $18.7-
million, fixed-price contract with performance-award provision to con-
struct and test two experimental quiet jet aircraft engines. To cut
development costs, CF— 6 and TF— 39 engines developed for DC— 10 and
C— 5A aircraft would be used as core of new engine. Engines would
produce 4,900-lb thrust at cruise and 22,000-lb thrust for takeoff.
Work was part of oart's Quiet Engine Research Program to develop
turbofan engine with noise level 15—20 db below present engines. Con-
tract would be managed by LeRC. (nasa Release 69—103)
July 16—24: Apollo 11 (AS— 506) manned lunar landing mission flown by
nasa achieved eight-year national goal set by President Kennedy May
25, 1961. On July 20, spacecraft's LM-5, Eagle, landed on lunar sur-
face and first man stepped out onto moon. Two astronauts performed
assigned tasks on lunar surface before reentering LM to lift off from
moon, redock with CSM— 107, Columbia, and return safely to earth.

July 16—19: Mission began at 9:32 am edt July 16, when spacecraft
was launched from ksc Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by Saturn V 506
booster. Liftoff was relayed live on TV to 33 countries on 6 continents,
watched by estimated 25 million TV viewers in U.S., and heard on
radio by millions of listeners. Launch events occurred as planned and
spacecraft carried Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (commander),
Michael Collins (cm pilot), and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (lm pilot), into
circular parking orbit with 118.5-mi (190.7-km) altitude. After post-
insertion checkout csm separated from Saturn V 3rd stage (S— IVB)
and lm Eagle. Crew successfully transposed csm and docked with lm,
ejected csm/lm from S— IVB, and conducted first sps burn. Successful
propellant dump provided impulse to S-IVB for slingshot maneuver to
earth-escape velocity. Translunar injection maneuver was so accurate
that first midcourse correction was not required. Midcourse correction
No. 2, at 26:45 get, was so accurate that third and fourth maneuvers
were not necessary.

Crew conducted two unscheduled color TV broadcasts — for 16 min
beginning at 10:32 get (taped for 11:26 get transmission) and for 50
min beginning at 30:28 GET — and one scheduled 36-min transmission
beginning at 33:59 GET. Broadcasts were very clear and showed earth,
onboard computer keyboard, and crew. At 55:08 get (4:40 pm edt
July 18) crew began 96-min color TV transmission with excellent pic-
ture resolution, coverage, and general quality. Viewers in North
America, South America, Japan, and Western Europe saw live pictures
of csm and lm interiors, CSM exterior, and earth and watched crew
removing probe and drogue, opening spacecraft tunnel hatch, prepar-
ing food, and housekeeping LM.

Apollo 11 passed into moon's sphere of influence at 61:40 GET,
214,546.8 mi (345,205.8 km) from earth, traveling at 2,990 fps rela-
tive to earth. Spacecraft entered lunar orbit with 194.3-mi (312.6-km)
apolune and 70.5-mi (113.4-km) perilune at 75:56 get (1:28 pm
edt July 19) after first SPS burn. During second lunar orbit, live color
TV transmission showed spectacular views of lunar surface and ap-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

July 16-24

July 16-24: Apollo 11 's successful manned lunar mission achieved the national goal
set eight years earlier by President John F. Kennedy, who told Congress May 25,
1961: "I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this
decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth."

proach path to Site 2. Armstrong pointed out lunar landmarks and
described unexplained glow near crater Aristarchus which some scien-
tists believed to be volcanic activity. Second SPS burn circularized orbit
with 75.6-mi (121.6-km) apolune and 61.9-mi (99.6-km) perilune.
Aldrin transferred to lm for two-hour housekeeping, voice and telem-
etry test, and oxygen-purge-system check.

July 20-21: Armstrong and Aldrin reentered LM at 95:20 GET and
checked out all systems before firing SM reaction-control-system
thrusters to separate CSM and LM on far side of moon. LM descent-
propulsion-system engine propelled LM to within 9.8 mi (15.8 km) of
lunar surface. Because LM-powered descent maneuver — initiated at
perilune of descent orbit — was about 4.6 mi (7.4 km) downrange from
planned position, landing point was also shifted downrange. During
final approach phase, crew noted that landing point to which spacecraft

213

July 16-24

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

214

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

July 16-21

July 16: Saturn V (left) thrust Apollo 11 spacecraft toward the moon, watched by
former NASA Administrator James E. Webb (below at left), former President Lyndon
B. Johnson, and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew at Kennedy Space Center. In KSC
Launch Control Center (above) mission officials relaxed after launch; left to right were
Charles W . Matthews, nasa Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight;
Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of msfc; Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate Adminis-
trator for Manned Space Flight; and l/c Samuel C. Phillips, Apollo Program Director.

was heading was in center of large, rugged crater with 5- to 10-ft-dia
boulders. Consequently crew flew past crater to more suitable touch-
down point by controlling attitude manually and adjusting descent rate
and horizontal velocity. Officials later attributed change in course to
malfunction in onboard radar and subsequent critical overload of com-
puter, which caused warning alarms and could have aborted mission.

LM landed on moon at 102:46 GET (4:18 pm EDT July 20) in Sea of
Tranquility, 20,800 ft west and 4,000-5,000 ft south of center of
planned landing ellipse. Landing-point coordinates were approximately
23.5°E and 0.64°N and site altitude was approximately 8,600 ft below
moon's mean radius.

Armstrong reported: "Houston, Tranquility Base here — the Eagle
has landed."

Mission Control replied: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the

215

July 16-24

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

216

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

July 16-24

ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We are breath-
ing again. Thanks a lot."

Armstrong said landing area contained numerous boulders up to
two feet in diameter, some apparently fractured by LM engine exhaust,
and surface color varied from very light to dark gray. Crew imme-
diately adapted to one-sixth (earth) gravity in LM and moved with
ease. About two hours after landing astronauts requested and were
granted permission to perform extravehicular activities (eva) on
moon's surface before sleep period — about 41/i> hrs earlier than orig-
inally scheduled.

After postlanding checks, Armstrong opened LM hatch, descended
LM ladder, and deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly
(mesa) containing camera, which recorded his descent to lunar sur-
face. Aldrin remained inside LM and recorded Armstrong's descent
with 16-mm Maurer camera.

Armstrong took man's first step on moon at 109:24 get (10:56 pm
kdt July 20) . Some 600 million viewers on earth — one-fifth of world
population — watched live TV transmission and heard him describe
feat as "one small step for a man — one giant leap for mankind."

Collins, orbiting moon alone in CSM Columbia, was unable to see

July 20-21: "One small step for a man — one giant leap for mankind." Astronaut Neil
A. Armstrong {top left) descended the lm ladder to set the first foot on surface
of the moon. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (bottom left), photographed by Armstrong,
deployed the passive seismic experiments package, with the laser ranging retrore-
fiector and the Eagle in the background. The lunar surface TV camera was in the
far left. Beloiv, the flag of the United States remained on the surface of the moon.

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July 16-24

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landing and subsequent EVA because CSM was not equipped to receive
TV transmission. Armstrong said moon had "stark beauty all its own"
like desert in southwestern U.S. Lunar surface was "fine and pow-
dery" and could be kicked up loosely. "It adheres like powdered char-
coal . . . but I only go jn a small fraction of an inch. I can see my
footprint in the moon like fine grainy particles." Armstrong checked
lm exterior and reported penetration of lm footpads into lunar sur-
face was three to four inches and that strut collapse was minimal.
Blast of descent engine had not formed crater in surface and about
one foot of clearance remained between engine bell and lunar surface.
He reported only problem was seeing his footing in darkness of LM
shadow. He emplaced microdot containing messages from world lead-
ers, collected contingency sample of lunar soil near LM ladder, and
reported that, although surface consisted of soft loose material, mate-
rial six or eight inches under surface was very hard and cohesive.
Rocks were very slippery, apparently because vesicles (pores) were
filled with powdery surface material.

Armstrong photographed Aldrin's descent to lunar surface at 11:15
pm EDT and astronauts unveiled plaque mounted on strut behind
ladder and read its inscription to their worldwide TV audience:
"Here men from the planet earth first set foot on the moon July 1969,
A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." Armstrong then removed

218

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

July 16-24

TV camera from mesa, obtained panorama, and placed camera on
tripod 40 ft from lm to view subsequent EVA. Aldrin experimented to
assess mobility on moon by walking, running, leaping, and doing two-
footed kangaroo hops between LM and camera. He indicated some
difficulty in maintaining balance but said that his agility was better
than expected and that he was able to move with great ease. Mass of
backpack affected inertia and caused "slight tendency ... to tip back-
wards. If I'm about to lose my balance in one direction, recovery is
quite natural and easy. You've just got to be careful landing in
the direction you want to go in."

Aldrin deployed solar wind composition experiment in sunlight
north of lm and joined Armstrong in erecting three- by five-foot
American flag on eight-foot aluminum staff. Astronauts saluted flag
and then talked by radiotelephone with President Nixon at White
House in what President called "most historic telephone call ever made
from the White House." President said: "Because of what you have
done the heavens have become a part of man's world. As you talk to
us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts
to bring peace and tranquility to earth. For one priceless moment in

219

July 16-24

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

the whole history of man all the people on this earth are truly one —
one in their pride in what you have done and one in our prayers that
you will return safely to earth." Astronauts saluted President and
expressed honor and privilege of representing U.S. and world on moon.

Continuing EVA, Armstrong collected bulk sample of assorted sur-
face material and selected rock chunks, inspected lm, deployed pas-
sive seismic experiment package and laser ranging retroreflector, and
collected two core samples and 20 lbs of discretely selected material.
Throughout EVA continuous black-and-white coverage of crew activity
provided live documentation, with telemetered data and voice com-
ments. Lunar surface photography included both still and sequence
coverage using Hasselblad, Maurer data-acquisition, and Apollo lunar
surface close-up cameras. Astronauts completed EVA, transferred film
and samples to lm, reentered LM and jettisoned equipment according
to plan, closing hatch by 111:39 get (1:11 am edt July 21). Arm-
strong and Aldrin rested inside LM seven hours and checked out
systems.

At 124:22 get (1:54 pm July 21) lm successfully lifted off moon,
after 21 hrs 36 min on lunar surface. All lunar ascent and rendezvous
maneuvers were nominal. Eagle reported to Mission Control: "Eagle

220

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1969

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IIOIIN'ET ♦ 3

July 24: Welcome back to earth: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael
Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (left to right inside the mobile quarantine facility),
were greeted by President Nixon aboard the U.S.S. Hornet after their splashdown.

is back in orbit, having left Tranquility Base, and leaving behind a
replica from our Apollo 11 patch with an olive branch." LM docked
with csm at 128:03 get. Crew transferred with samples and film to
CSM, and LM ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit. SM reaction-
control-system separation maneuver placed CSM into orbit with 72.0
mi (115.9-km) apolune and 63.0-mi (101.4-km) perilune, where crew
rested and prepared for return to earth.

July 22-24: Crew fired sps engine at 135:24 get (12:55 am edt
July 22), injecting csm into transearth trajectory after 59 hrs 28 min
(30 revolutions) in lunar orbit. Midcourse correction No. 5, at 150:30
get, was so accurate that sixth and seventh corrections were not neces-
sary. During 18-min color TV transmission, crew demonstrated weight-
lessness of food and water and showed scenes of moon and earth.
Aldrin showed in-space preparation of ham sandwich and Collins
showed viewers how to drink water from teaspoon and from water
gun. Final, 121/2-min broadcast at 177:32 GET sent message of appre-
ciation from each astronaut to all who helped make Apollo 11 mission
possible.

cm separated from SM on schedule at 194:49 get. Because of de-
teriorating weather in nominal landing area, splashdown point was

222

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16-24

moved 247.4 mi downrange, where weather was excellent. Parachute
deployment and other reentry events occurred as planned.

Apollo 11 splashed down in mid-Pacific at 12:51 pm edt July 24,
15 mi from recovery ship U.S.S. Hornet, 195 hrs 19 min after launch.
Swimmers attached flotation collar and seven-man raft to spacecraft
and helicopter dropped biological isolation garments, which were
donned by astronauts inside CM and by one swimmer. Two other
swimmers moved upwind of CM on another large raft. Postlanding
ventilation was turned off and cm powered down, and astronauts
climbed out and helped swimmer close hatch. Swimmer then decon-
taminated all garments, hatch area, flotation collar, and area around
postlanding vent valves with Betadine disinfectant. Helicopter carried
astronauts to recovery ship, where they entered 32-ft-long mobile
quarantine facility (mqf) with recovery physician and technician.
They were congratulated by President Nixon and Dr. Thomas 0.
Paine, NASA Administrator, who were on board ship. Crew, physician,
and technician remained inside MQF until it was delivered to Lunar
Receiving Laboratory (lrl) in Houston July 27.

CM was retrieved, placed in dolly on board recovery ship, moved
to MQF, and mated to transfer tunnel. From inside mqf/cm contain-
ment envelope, MQF engineer removed lunar samples and equipment
through decontamination lock and CM was sealed until delivery to
LRL. Sample return containers, film, and other data were flown to
Johnston Island and to Houston for transport to LRL.

Primary Apollo 11 mission objective — to perform manned landing
on moon and return — and all detailed test objectives were achieved.
All launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed according to plan,
with only minor, corrected discrepancies. Flight crew performance was
outstanding; all three crew members remained in excellent health and
their prevailing good spirits and proficiency were major factors in
mission's success. Accomplishments included first manned lunar land-
ing and return; first lunar surface EVA; first seismometer, laser re-
flector, and solar wind experiment deployed on moon; first lunar
soil samples returned to earth; largest U.S. payload ever placed into
lunar orbit (72,037.6 lbs at lunar orbit insertion) ; acquisition of
numerous visual observations, photos and TV transmissions of scien-
tific and engineering significance; and first operational use of mqf
and LRL.

Apollo 11 was eighth Apollo mission to date, fifth manned Apollo
mission, and first manned lunar landing mission. Mission acquired
major quantities of data for subsequent Apollo flights. First manned
Apollo mission, Apollo 7 (Oct. 11—22, 1968), had verified operation
of spacecraft for lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar orbital
mission, Apollo 8 (Dec. 21—27, 1968), had proved capability of
Apollo spacecraft and hardware to operate out to lunar distance and
return through earth's atmosphere. Apollo 9 (March 3—13, 1969) had
proved capability of LM to operate in space under manned conditions.
Apollo 10 (May 18—26, 1969) had successfully operated complete
Apollo spacecraft on lunar orbital mission and had provided major
quantities of scientific and training materials for Apollo 11. Apollo
program was directed by nasa Office of Manned Space Flight; msc was

223

July 16-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, msfc for Saturn V
launch vehicle, and ksc for launch operations. Tracking and data
acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA
Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Re-
lease 69-83K; NYT, 7/16-25/69; W Post, 7/16-25/69; W Star,
7/16-25/69; B Sun, 7/16-25/69; PD, 7/28/69, 1016)
July 16: U.S.S.R.'s Luna XV (launched July 13) entered lunar orbit at
3:00 pm Baikonur time (6:00 am edt) with all systems functioning
normally, Tass announced. Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.'s
Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, said spacecraft was transmitting
telemetry data but no photographic signals. (SBD, 7/18/69, 22; AP,
W Star, 7/17/69, Al)
• In Cape Kennedy interview before Apollo 11 launch, Vice President
Spiro T. Agnew said, "It is my individual feeling that we should
articulate a simple, ambitious, optimistic goal of a manned flight to
Mars by the end of this century. Whether we say it or not, someone's
going to do it."

After liftoff, Vice President told NASA launching team, ". . . all the
time I was out there I couldn't help thinking of you, the people in
here and all over NASA who have done such a brilliant job in putting
together the combined effort behind those three gentlemen who are
off on this historic mission. ... I bit the bullet for you today as far
as Mars is concerned. But on the other hand ... I may be a voice in
the wilderness."

In Washington, D.C., Senate Majority Leader Michael J. Mansfield
(D-Mont.) told press, "I think we have a lot of problems here on
earth that we must face up to and when we settle those we ought to
consider future space ventures." Senate Majority Whip Edward M.
Kennedy (D-Mass.) said, "The Apollo program is for landing a man
on the moon and exploration and should take another one to two
years. I think after that the space program ought to fit into our other
national priorities." (Witkin, NYT, 7/17/69, 1; Transcript, Agnew
statement to NASA launch crew; Unna, W Post, 7/17/69, Al)

• At White House, President Nixon proclaimed July 21 National Day of

Participation. "Apollo 11 is on its way to the moon. . . . Never before
has man embarked on so epic an adventure. ... As the astronauts
go ... we on earth will want, as one people, to be with them in
spirit . . . and to support them with prayers that all will go well." All
Executive departments and Government agencies would be closed
and U.S. flag would be displayed on public buildings.

With many members at Cape Kennedy, Senate and House met briefly
and conducted only routine business. Congressional Record was filled
with comments on Apollo 11 and wishes for Godspeed to astronauts.
(PD, 7/21/69, 997-8; CR, 7/16/69)

• During cbs TV interview at Cape Kennedy following Apollo 11 launch,

former President Lyndon B. Johnson said, "If our industrial people,
these great managers of industry, the laboring people of the country,
the government, the scientists, all with the help of Congress, can get
together and do a job like this there's just nothing we can't do." To
world's ills, "we must apply some of the great talent that we've
applied to space." There wasn't "a single thing that our country does,

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16

that our government does, that our people do, that has greater poten-
tial for peace than the space effort." (upi, NYT, 7/17/69, 20)

• Between 750,000 and 1 million persons crowded Brevard County, Fla.,

to witness launch of Apollo 11, including 5,000 dignitaries headed by
Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and former President Lyndon B. John-
son. The Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy and 40 representatives of Poor
People's Campaign watched launch from bleacher seats with 10,000
guests including families of Apollo program personnel, while other
representatives marched outside KSC. Paris Match had brought 105
European businessmen. Some 3,100 press members were at special
stand. As Apollo spacecraft lifted from launch pad there was some
applause, but most spectators stared in silence until Saturn V rocket
disappeared overhead. Afterward many were caught in monumental
traffic jams. Banana River, five miles south of Launch Complex 39,
was clogged with several thousand boats registered from New England
to Texas. (Greider, W Post, 7/17/69, Al; Weinraub, NYT, 7/17/69,
21; Lyons, NYT, 7/17/69, 21)

• Apollo 11 launch brought mood of reflection across Nation, Neiv York

Times said. Dawn was breaking in western U.S. when blastoff occurred.
Workers in San Francisco's open air fish markets stood in silence to
hear radio report. In San Diego motorists crossing U.S. -Mexican
border listened to countdown on car radios.

In mid-America, classes were postponed at Air Force Academy in
Colorado Springs, Colo., while cadets watched launch on TV. Cow-
hands at northern Wyoming ranch, inaccessible to radio or TV, in-
terrupted work to honor Apollo 11. Ranch owner Dr. Oakleigh Thorn
II said, "We feel so close to the moon shot out here, because we're
so close to the stars and sky."

In Biloxi, Miss., harbor fishermen paused on wharf to hear count-
down. In Tennessee, tobacco farmers listened to transistor radios in
fields.

Washington, D.C., schoolteacher said, "The astronauts didn't just
go to the moon. All our minds went to the moon and intellectually
man's horizons have jumped leaps and bounds beyond the historical
situation they've always been confined to." (Fosburgh, NYT,
7/17/69, 1)

• Worldwide audience focused on Apollo 11 launch:

At summer residence, Castel Gondolfo, Italy, Pope Paul VI asked for
prayers for U.S. astronauts a few hours before launch toward moon.

U.S.S.R. radio and TV gave factual accounts of Apollo 11 launch
but maintained third day of silence on Luna XV. Major Soviet news
program at 8:30 pm Moscow time showed tape of Apollo 11 liftoff
taken from live comsat coverage.

In U.K. TV viewers saw launch via transatlantic satellite. BBC
scheduled live coverage through July 24 splashdown and would relay
broadcasts to continent by cable. London newspapers frontpaged
Apollo 11. Daily Express headline read, "Ho Hum — Anyone for the
Moon Today?" over report on relaxed astronauts.

Polish TV viewers saw launch via 45-min transmission directly from
Cape Kennedy. Hundreds of Germans and Americans crowded Apollo
11 exhibit in Mannheim, Germany, department store.

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July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Swedish TV viewers were advised by state broadcasting company
not to turn off sets Sunday night — so they could be awakened for
scheduled moon landing Monday.

Hippies in Iran held milk and honey pots in Teheran restaurant to
toast astronauts. In Egypt, Moslem world's leading moon expert,
Sheikh Ahmand Haredi said, "The Koran urges Moslems to look up
from their earthly abode to what lies behind the moon and stars."

Japanese department stores featured models of Apollo command
module. In Greece, Aspis-Pronoia insurance company issued first outer-
space life insurance policy, to cover Apollo 11 crew at $10,000 each.
In Spain people called event most interesting since Columbus discov-
ered America.

Israel's state radio broadcast in Hebrew from Cape Kennedy while
Israelis stood around TV sets and portable radios in streets. U.S.
Embassy in Tel Aviv and U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem opened Apollo
11 information offices. Apollo 11 reaction was "generally tepid" in
Lagos, Nigeria. Radio Nigeria reported launch seven minutes into its
morning broadcast. Later it became number one newscast item.

Most of Latin America missed launch on TV because of failure of
Intelsat-III F—2 June 29. Latin American newspapers and TV cor-
respondents traveled to U.S. to cover launch and were reported to be
outraged by absence of TV coverage in their countries. In Colombia,
government asked TV manufacturers to put sets in all town squares.
Bogota students would have July 21 off to watch lunar landing. (NYT,
7/17/69, 21, 22; Bishop, C Trib, 7/17/69)

• Harry F. Guggenheim said in Washington Evening Star article that

rocket expert Dr. Robert H. Goddard "was to the moon rocket what
the Wright brothers were to the airplane." Guggenheim, administrator
of Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics during
period it helped support Dr. Goddard's research, traced career of
"Father of modern rocketry" from early experiments in 1908. Among
Goddard's inventions were: first liquid-fuel rocket, first smokeless
powder rocket, and first practical automatic steering device for rockets.
It was no wonder American Rocket Society had conceded to Goddard
"the almost single-handed development of rocketry 'from a vague
dream to one of the most significant branches of modern engineering.' "
He had left "testimony to the power of one solitary individual to effect
change and to transform the future." While Dr. Goddard had died
without fame which had accrued to Wright brothers in their lifetime,
"he died still believing that man would one day shatter the fetters of
Earth's gravity and stride majestically into the vast reaches of
space. I wish he were here now to share this moment. It belongs to
him." (AP, W Star, 7/16/69, A15)

• As part of NASA and Washington National Gallery of Art program, Eye-

witness to Space, group of artists attended Apollo 11 launch to paint
facets of mission. Program originated in 1963 when artists were in-
vited to cover Mercury 9 mission. Among those commissioned to
record Apollo 11 were Peter Hurd, Robert Rauschenberg, Lamar Dodd,
and James B. Wyeth. Since program started, 25 artists had produced
more than 500 sketches and paintings. (Casey, W Post, 7/13/69, Gl;
Hicks, NYT, 7/15/69, 33; W Star, 7/17/69, A12)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 16

• Apollo 11 was producing noticeable effect on business and consumer

products, Washington Post said. Snoopy the Astronaut dolls were
selling out; sales of color TV sets had risen in some stores; and sales
of "moon maps and globes, as well as toy rocket ships and lunar ex-
ploration vehicles had also lifted skyward." Two Washington, D.C.,
department stores were offering Japanese telescopes ranging from
$19.99 to $1,000.00. One toy store manager said sales of space-related
toys had jumped 70% or 80% in two months. Rockets propelled by
solid-fuel inserts sold for $1.50 to $5.00 complete with recovery para-
chute. One Washington store had sold out supply of $10 spacesuits.
Demand for rental of color TV sets in Washington area had been
"terrific," according to area dealer. (Cushing, W Post, 7/16/69, Dll )

• nas announced formation of Universities Space Research Assn. (usra)

— national consortium of 48 universities— to foster cooperation among
universities, other research organizations, and Government for ad-
vancement of space research [see Jan. 10]. It would acquire, plan,
construct, and operate laboratories and other facilities for R&D and
education in space science and technology and had submitted proposal
to NASA for management of Lunar Science Institute in Houston, Tex.
Existing contract between NASA and NAS would expire in autumn.
(nas Release)

• U.S. newspaper editorials hailed Apollo 11 launch.

Miami News: "All America, represented by three lonely men in
space, is on its way to the moon. In fact, this is a people's effort,
arousing the interest and participation of all the people of this coun-
try. This is evidenced by the more than one million persons on hand
at Cape Kennedy . . . for the start of the moon voyage and by the
many millions who join in the adventure by television. Today's mag-
nificent launch, and the elan stirred in our people by it, makes this
one of America's most splendid hours." (Miami News, 7/17/69, A16)

Washington Evening Star: countdown which culminated in Apollo
11 liftoff, "regardless of nasa's official records," had begun, "when
primitive man first looked up into the night sky to gaze at the moon,
and to feel the first stirring of wonder." (W Star, 7/16/69, A22)

Huntsville Times: Manhattan Project had climaxed with July 16,
1945, explosion of world's first successful atomic bomb. "Men, it
seems, can only pray that the consequences of the quest of the planets
may be better than those born in the irreversible explosion on a New
Mexico desert 24 years ago." (Huntsville Times, 7/16/69)

Chicago Sun-Times: "Man has always looked upward to the stars,
first in fear and awe, then in need to know. Today the first great step
to the firmament will be taken. If it is successful man will stand on
the threshold of outer space — and standing there will reach outward."
(C Sun-Times, 7/16/69)

• Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, Sweden, welcomed Apollo 11 launch:

"One of the greatest adventures of human history begins today. . . .
Studies of the moon will to a great degree enrich our knowledge of
both the earth and space. Among other things it will be possible to
make comparisons which will propel science by leaps in various
disciplines. . . . While we can predict much that may result from
conquest of the moon, there will in all likelihood- be many results

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July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

which we cannot even imagine now. All great discoveries and bold
undertakings have brought advances which no one could have fore-
seen from the outset."

Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden: "There is an irrational element in these
feats of discovery which fortunately dominates the prosaic calculation
of gains. Then one can regret that man's fantasy seems incapable of
being fired for such a tremendous task as eliminating starvation from
our earth, or for bringing peace to Biafra or for eliminating the U.S.
Negro ghettos. . . . Three men will be lifted to world acclaim today
on the crest of mankind's greatest ever coordinated effort. . . ." (Am
Embassy, Stockholm)
July 17: White House announced Apollo 11 crew on way to moon was
carrying Soviet commemorative medals brought back to U.S. by
Astronaut Frank Borman, who had received them from widows of
Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M. Komarov during his
Moscow visit. Apollo 11 also carried Apollo 204 crew patch and com-
memorative medals struck for families of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom,
Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee before astronauts died in
Jan. 27, 1967, fire.

President Nixon said, "The names of Gagarin and Komarov, of
Grissom, White, and Chaffee, share the honors we pray will come to
Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. In recognizing the dedication and
sacrifice of brave men of different nations, we underscore an example
we hope to set: that if men can reach the moon, men can reach agree-
ment." (PD, 7/21/69, 999)

• Aerospace industry was having its greatest week in history with Apollo

11 launch, said New York Times, but aerospace stocks remained in
doldrums. Wall Street was "bearish about the industry and, from an
investment standpoint, unenthusiastic about space." Security analysts
interviewed agreed Apollo 11 would have little effect on long-depressed
stocks, which commenced decline in 1968; many were selling near
lows for year. Aerospace industry was chief beneficiary of space pro-
gram funds, but largest portion of $34 billion spent since 1960 had
been allocated before "really spectacular shots" occurred. While
Apollo program had been "trerriendous boon to the aerospace industry
and to the advancement of technology," it represented small part of
total industry revenues and outlook was for further decline. (Hammer,
NYT, 7/17/69, 63)

• Teletype from German ship Vegesack reported numerous pieces of Saturn

V launch vehicle from Apollo 11 were sighted dropping into sea
around ship. Vegesack had been at position some 375 mi east-north-
east of Cape Kennedy when Apollo 11 lifted off toward moon July 16.
(W News, 2/3/70)

• Apollo 11 launch continued to draw wide editorial comment in foreign

and national press.

New York Times: "One could hardly watch the magnificent spectacle
of the liftoff, let alone contemplate the feats of human ingenuity that
made it possible, as well as the courage and skill of the flyers, without
some reflection upon the meaning of this event. . . . The temptation is
strong to fall back upon lyricism. The poetry of the thing has yet to
find its expression in any of the earnest, proficient Americans who
have ventured away from the Earth; yet, the stunning beauty of

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 17

man's most marvelous creation, as it rose in its majesty toward the
unknown, toward the future, could be matched only by the profound
sense of having been present at an end to something and therefore
necessarily at a beginning." (Wicker, NYT, 7/17/69)

Chicago Tribune: "The Apollo 11 blastoff was as beautiful a one
as we've seen. It displayed every bit of the precision and the careful
planning which we have come to expect from NASA." One of most
"satisfying" things was that, "like our earlier launchings, it took place
within the sight of anybody who wanted to go to the Florida coast
to watch it, and was broadcast live to countless millions more in every
corner of the world. People will not fail to contrast this with the
secrecy of Russia's unmanned Luna 15, which may reach the moon
today on a mysterious mission of its own." (C Trib, 7/17/69)

Christian Science Monitor: "And although it is an American moon-
craft, bearing American men . . . the venture is, in the best sense, a
universal one. It is the result of American technology putting to use
the knowledge, techniques and discoveries in which all nations and
races have participated. ... all nations and peoples are taking part."
iCSM, 1/17/69)

Seattle Times: "The space program has yielded immense new re-
sources in . . . scientific and technological advances which . . . make
the program worth while even beyond the explorations and discoveries
— and national pride — offered by the ventures into outer space. It
strikes us, therefore, that the time is at hand for these so-called by-
products of the space program, which hold such promise for utilization
in behalf of mankind, to be put to work for that purpose." (S Times,
7/17/69)

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency report carried in Bulgarian newspapers
Rabotnichesko Delo, Narodna Mladezh, Trud, and Kooperativno Celo
commented: "In the coming days all humanity will follow this flight
with interest and tension. And surely there is no one on our old
planet who will not ask himself this question: 'Will it succeed?''
I Am Embassy, Sofia)

• Florida Legislature had neglected to send President Nixon copy of its

June 6 resolution asking him to restore original name "Cape Ca-
naveral" to Cape Kennedy, Orlando Sentinel said. Fate of project
seemed to rest with joint resolution introduced in Congress July 10
for same purpose. (Orlando Sentinel, 7/17/69, 14A)

• dod estimates in transcript of closed session of U.S. Senate revealed that

by 1974 U.S.S.R. could have 420 SS-9 missiles, or total of 1,260 war-
heads. Even if Phase I of U.S. Safeguard were deployed by that time,
1,000 arriving Soviet warheads would be able to knock out all but
135—150 Minuteman missiles — far below DOD estimates of what was
needed for adequate U.S. second strike capability. (AFJ, 12/6/69)
July 18: In response to telephone inquiry by Astronaut Frank Borman,
Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, sent
telegram guaranteeing that Luna XV, orbiting moon, would not inter-
fere with Apollo 11 mission and assuring Borman that he would be
notified of any changes in spacecraft's course. Under 1967 U.N. Outer
Space Treaty, U.S. and U.S.S.R. were bound to furnish each other this
kind of information. (Wilford, NYT, 7/19/69, 1)

• Apollo passive seismic experiment, part of extravehicular activity to be

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July 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

performed by Apollo 11 astronauts on moon, was described in Science
as "the most exciting experiment in seismology." Dr. G. Latham and
Dr. M. Ewing of Columbia Univ.'s Lamont-Doherty Geological Ob-
servatory, Dr. F. Press of MIT, and Dr. G. Sutton of Univ. of Hawaii
explained objective was to detect naturally occurring seismic events
on lunar surface through early Apollo scientific experiment package
(easep) planted on moon. Package weighed 105 lbs and would trans-
mit data to earth one year (or maximum two years), during lunar days
because its solar cell panels required illumination to provide power.
Complete Apollo lunar surface experiments package (alsep), contain-
ing at least three additional experiments for measurements of solar
wind and magnetic field, would be included on Apollo 12 for day and
night operation.

In Apollo 11 experiment astronaut would remove instrument from
lm to smoothest area within 6.6-9.8 ft (20-30 m) of LM, unfold solar
panels, adjust package level to within 5°, orient it with azimuth for
maximum illumination of solar panels, and aim antenna toward earth.
MSC would issue commands to uncage and level seismometers and select
proper gain. Expected sources of lunar seismic activity included several
hundred monthly moonquakes, thermal stresses produced by rapid
temperature variations at surface; tidal stresses exerted by earth and
sun; and meteoroid impacts. By end of Apollo program, scientists
hoped to have achieved crude curves of travel time for body and
surface waves and beginning of seismicity map of moon.

During post-Apollo period, seismologists wanted to achieve wider
distribution of detectors to map seismically active belts in greater de-
tail; study mechanisms of energy release; lower minimum detectable
ground motion of individual seismometer; and improve performance
of long-period seismometer systems at ultralong-period end of spectrum
for recording surface waves from moonquakes, free oscillations of
moon, and lunar tides. (Science, 7/18/69, 241-50)

• White House confirmed President Nixon would talk with Apollo 11

astronauts over two-way TV hookup as they first set foot on moon.
Nixon and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
would be visible on split screen to earth TV viewers. President could
watch on White House TV, but astronauts would have no view of him.
President Nixon planned to spend evening of July 20 watching
Apollo 11 progress on TV with former Astronaut Frank Borman,
White House liaison with nasa. (Lyons, W Post, 7/19/69, A9)

• Apollo 10 mission (May 18—26), first lunar orbital mission with com-

plete Apollo spacecraft, was adjudged successful by nasa. Mission had
achieved all objectives; systems had performed according to plan
with only minor anomalies and crew had acquired major quantities
of photographic training materials for subsequent Apollo missions.
(NASA Proj Off)

• lzvestia gave first U.S.S.R. report of President Nixon's July 17 announce-

ment that medals of two dead Soviet cosmonauts would be placed on
moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. Factual account of mission carried no
comment. (W Post, 7/19/69, A10)

• Pride Inc. Operations Director Marion Barry called on black community

to work during July 21 National Day of Participation declared by
President Nixon in honor of Apollo 11 lunar landing. During Wash-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 18

ington press conference he said, "Why should blacks rejoice when
two white Americans land on the moon when white America's money
and technology have not even reached" the inner city? "Why should
blacks celebrate Monday . . . when President Nixon didn't feel that
Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination deserved to be observed?"
(Paka, W Post, 7/19/69, A9)

• Richmond, Va., News-Leader editorial approved Vice President Spiro T.

Agnew's calling for flight to Mars by end of century [see July 16] :
"One day, man will go beyond the planets, to other solar systems;
right now . . . that is not within our technological reach. But Mars is,
and so are the other planets. The moon is in earth's, and man's, own
crib. Plans and commitments should be made — now — for man to take
grown-up strides in the real world of space." ( R News-Leader,
7/18/69)

• After four years of "running at top speed," MSC had failed to turn

Houston, Tex., into "science city," said Thomas G. Plate in Science.
Houston area, as largest petrochemical industry area in U.S., was
"going its own booming way" while 4,600 NASA people and 9,000
employees of 125 private firms working on NASA business in area
helped to shape space age community at MSC. "The injection of $140
million a year in NASA money and the impact on the life of the area
of NASA workers- — some 2500 of them R&D scientists and engineers —
and of the 9000 employees of . . . high-technology firms serving MSC
has so far had surprisingly little effect. But meanwhile the space
community has developed its own special character with its own style
of life and its own special goals." (Science, 7/18/69, 265-9)

• ComSatCorp reported second quarter earnings of $1,976,000 (20 cents

per share); earnings had been $1,506,000 (15 cents per share) in
similar 1968 period. Earnings for first six months of 1969 totaled
$3,501,000 (35 cents per share) and $3,405,000 (33 cents per share)
in 1968. (ComSatCorp Release 69-43)
July 19: Montreal, Canada, Gazette commented on Apollo 11 mission:
"Lyndon Johnson, more than any other man, is responsible for meet-
ing the moon-shot deadline this week. . . ." (Am Consul, Montreal)

• Pittsfield, Mass., Berkshire Eagle editorial said: "It subtracts nothing

from the extraordinary human and technical achievement represented
by Apollo 11 to say that the projected lunar landing is an occasion
not only for awe and pride but also for a thoughtful reappraisal of our
whole approach to the new frontier of space." (B Eagle, 7/19/69)
July 20: "We have entered a new era," Dr. Thomas O. Paine, nasa Admin-
istrator, told press in Houston following Apollo 11 lunar landing. "The
significance of the trip is that mankind is going to establish places
of abode outside of his planet earth."

In telephone call to White House, Dr. Paine had told President
Nixon, "It is my honor on behalf of the entire NASA team to report to
you that the Eagle has landed on the Sea of Tranquility and our astro-
nauts are safe and looking forward to starting the exploration of the
moon." Dr. Paine said President Nixon had spoken with "excitement
and awe in his voice" and mood was that of "considerable tension
relieved." nasa planned tentative six additional manned lunar missions
over next few years. Dr. Paine praised U.S.S.R.'s cooperation in pro-
viding Luna XV information to Astronaut Frank Borman [see July

231

July 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

18]. He also said if Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong had not assumed
manual control of LM to steer it from crater during lunar landing,
"we might . . . have had considerable difficulty." (McGehan, B Sun,
7/21/69, Al)

• CBS presented interview with former President Lyndon B. Johnson

which had been taped July 5. President Johnson credited space pro-
gram with sparking "revolution of the 60s" and said, "We can't dis-
card space. We're just beginning." U.S. had enough money "to do
all the things we need to do" in space, education, and health. "What
we must have is the determination to do it." He said his last act as
president had been to send Apollo 8 photos of earth to 186 leaders
of foreign governments. {W Post, 7/21/69, A7)

• Astronaut Frank Borman repeated Apollo 8 reading from Genesis at

White House service attended by President and family, Vice President,
Cabinet members, Congressmen, and members of Joint Chiefs of Staff,
and of diplomatic corps. During sermon, Dr. Paul S. Smith, President
of Whittier College and member of Religious Society of Friends, said:
"It was a philosopher . . . who, two thousand years ago, first recounted
a voyage to the moon. Lucian called it The True History but confessed
in the preface that he wrote 'of things which are not and never could
have been.' It was a political satirist's precautionary disclaimer be-
cause his real subject was the stupidity of human warfare. His lunar
voyagers got caught up in internecine strife between the moonmen
and the sunmen over the colonization of Venus! If there is something
instructive in the thought, it may be the implication that after two
millennia of philosophy men are still fighting over real estate and still
dying in the name of philosophical abstractions, but that a voyage to
the moon is just as feasible (though somewhat more expensive) as a
trip to Timbuktu." (Wiegers, W Post, 7/21/69, Bl; CR, 7/22/69,
H6189-90)

• Hours before lunar landing attempt by Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A.

Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Pope Paul VI said at Castel Gon-
dolfo, Italy: "In the ecstasy of this prophetic day, a real triumph for
means produced by man for the domination of the universe, we must
not forget man's need to dominate himself. Admiration, enthusiasm
and passion for instruments, for the products of man's hand, fascinate
us, perhaps to the point of madness. . . . This is the danger: We must
beware of this worship." (Schmick, B Sun, 7/21/69, A4)

• Tass announced that Luna XV was still functioning normally in lunar

orbit with 109.4-km (68-mi) apolune, 16.1-km (10-mi) perilune, 1-hr
54-min period, and 127° inclination. Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of
U.K.'s Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, said Luna XV had con-
ducted two midcourse corrections and speculated that spacecraft was
preparing either to land or to observe Apollo 11 landing. (AP, B Sun,
7/21/69, Al)
July 20-21: White House was flooded with congratulatory cables and tele-
phone calls on Apollo 11 landing, from heads of state throughout
world. Washington Post estimated half billion persons had watched
lunar touchdown on worldwide TV, and NBC said 123 million in U.S.
saw it, mostly in their own homes. But 35,000 baseball fans in New
York had learned of landing's success when words "They're on the
moon" flashed on scoreboard at Yankee Stadium. In New York's

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Harlem, many of 50,000 attending soul music festival booed lunar
landing announcement. At massive "Moon In" at Central Park,
enthusiastic crowd of young people watched landing on huge outdoor
TV screen in steady downpour and bought "lunar dogs," "Apollo rock
candy," and "moon picnic" boxes.

Composer and band leader Duke Ellington made singing debut with
"Moon Maiden," song he wrote to celebrate Apollo 11 success, taped
for abc. New York Times sold out 950,000 copies of July 21 issue
announcing lunar landing and announced it would reprint entire
edition July 24 as souvenir. Special Florida Times-Union edition
datelined "Moonday, July 21" sold out in Jacksonville within two
hours. Estimated 8,000 Western Electric Co. employees left work or
failed to show up in protest against being denied access to TV or
radios on job during lunar landing. Des Moines, Iowa, TV stations
received some complaints from viewers over absence of regular
programs.

Crime rate fell in Los Angeles, while in Savannah, Ga., 17 prisoners
sawed their way out of Chatham County prison branch while guards
watched Apollo 11 on TV.

At msc, Houston Welfare Rights Organization members demon-
strated around display of LM, calling on U.S. to set new goal — elimi-
nation of poverty. (AP, B Sun, 7/22/69; W Post, 7/21/69; 7/22/69;
Apollo 11 Mission Commentary, 7/21/69; NYT, 7/17/69, 7/27/69)
• Millions around world hailed Apollo 11 landing:

Soviet Premier Alexsey Kosygin complimented U.S. on lunar land-
ing and expressed interest in widening U.S.— U.S.S.R. space coopera-
tion during July 21 Moscow discussion with former Vice President
Hubert H. Humphrey, who was ending Soviet visit. Soviet TV did not
carry live coverage of Apollo 11 lunar landing July 20; Tass an-
nouncement was read by newscaster and carried in two-paragraph item
on Pravdas front page. Evening paper, Izvestia, accorded story more
space and featured photo of astronauts on moon. On TV, Cosmonaut
Konstantin P. Feoktistov described landing as "major landmark" and
said crew had coped "brilliantly" with mission. Georgy Petrov, Di-
rector of Soviet Institute for Cosmic Research, called Apollo 11 "out-
standing achievement" but said more data per ruble could have been
gathered by unmanned probes.

Statue dedicated to Apollo 11 astronauts was unveiled July 21 in
sports stadium at Cracow, Poland.

In U.K., Queen Elizabeth watched lunar landing on TV, then cabled
President Nixon "warmest congratulations." Prime Minister Harold
Wilson expressed "heartfelt relief." At Jodrell Bank Experimental
Station astronomers applauded and director, Sir Bernard Lovell, said
that "the future has been revolutionized." David Threlfall collected
$24,000 on five-year-old bet that man would land on celestial body
before 1971. Betting shop had given him thousand-to-one odds [see
May 29].

In Wollongong, Australia, local judge heard cases while watching
Apollo 11 lunar landing on portable TV set.

Czechoslovakia issued two postage stamps July 21 commemorating
lunar landing, while record crowds at U.S. Embassy exhibition tapered
off after exhausting supply of Apollo giveaway materials.

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July 20-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Five thousand Hungarians walked through American Embassy in
Budapest July 21, picking up usia pamphlet Man on the Moon.

In Romania, bouquets were tossed through U.S. Embassy fence to
foot of flagpole and several Romanians reported large numbers of
Bulgarians were crossing border to watch live TV coverage of
Apollo 11.

Cuban government decided not to jam Voice of America broadcast
of Apollo 11 lunar landing. In Algiers news was ignored except for
announcement in government-controlled newspaper that "the man is
on the moon." In Ghana, village chief listening to voa broadcast
feared astronauts might fall off moon if not careful.

In Bangkok, freedom for 622 pardoned prisoners was delayed be-
cause guards refused to leave TV sets showing Apollo 11.

Lunar landing stole top play in Israel and Egypt, from accounts of
their fierce fighting at Suez Canal.

In Singapore, girl born half hour after lunar landing was named
Luna. In Pakistan, boy baby was named Apollo.

Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and Indian Parliament gave
standing ovation to Apollo 11 astronauts at opening of day's business
in New Delhi July 21.

In Japan, Emperor Hirohito called off customary daily stroll and
interrupted lunch to watch Apollo 11 on TV.

Iroquois Indians in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, feared lunar land-
ing might plunge earth into darkness and release monsters from
earth's core. Their medicine man and chief, Joseph Logan, Jr., had
said moon was sacred to his people and "we are not supposed to dis-
turb her."

In Taipei, Formosa, Nationalist China Parliament member Hsieh
Jen-chao invited Apollo 11 astronauts to attend Moon Festival honor-
ing rabbit which Chinese legend said lived on moon and could provide
eternal life.

Some devout Moslems in Somalia refused to believe Apollo 11
lunar landing was reality. Following radio, press, and word-of-mouth
announcement, fist fights broke out July 21 in Mogadiscio streets
between believers and disbelievers. Parents of baby boy born on lunar
landing day broke with Muslim tradition and named child Armstrong
Abdurahman Osman.

In Brussels workers in radio and TV studios suspended strike dur-
ing transmission of Apollo 11 mission film.

In Brazil several thousand persons cheered as they witnessed tele-
vised lunar landing at Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro while
church bells rang outside. In Santiago de Chile people rushed out of
restaurants to look at moon, forgetting it was midafternoon when
they learned of lunar landing.

While rest of world focused on lunar landing, one quarter of world's
population labored through sixth moon of Chinese lunar year unaware
of event. Approximately 800 million people in Communist China had
heard no news of lunar landing. Only deviation from "total blackout
on space exploration" was July 17 story of Astronaut Frank Borman's
visit to Moscow, reported by New China News Agency. (C Trib,
7/22/69; W Post, 7/21-22/69; W Star, 7/22/69; NYT, 7/22/69;

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 20-21

B Sun, 7/21-22/69; Am Embassy, Prague, Bucharest, Brussels, Buda-
pest, Mogadiscio)
• Press in U.S. and around the world underscored Apollo lFs landing on
moon and man's first steps on another planet.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch: "There is no doubt that the United States
should continue to support a substantial spacefaring program. Any-
thing else would be a denial of the scientific spirit of the century and
the qualities that have made America what it is. But its scope should
be measured by findings and probabilities — and one other factor.
Future spacefaring ought to be a co-operative effort of all nations able
to participate, with the benefits to be shared by all." (St. Louis P-D,
7/20/69)

Washington Sunday Star; "A creature that can stand where Arm-
strong and Aldrin stand tonight — that can, in the future, move among
the spheres and literally explore new worlds ... is unlikely to give up
on the hard task of perfecting himself and his life in his natural en-
vironment on earth. The God who brought him thus far from a blob of
squirming protoplasm ... is unlikely ... to let man blow it all now.
Here . . . must be the answer to the national debate as to whether we
go ahead in space, or whether we tend to our knitting at home. We
are bound to do both. . . . The progressive expansion of the physical
and spiritual domain of man inevitably will intensify our determination
and ability, in concert with other nations, to build a home world
where hunger, fear and violence no longer have a place." ( W Star,
7/20/69, Gl)

William Hines in Washington Sunday Star: "One cannot question
the majesty of conception or magnitude of effort that made Apollo 11
possible." But one could ask, "Is this trip really necessary?" One saw
in Apollo "that fundamental failing called hubris, which got so many
protagonists into hot water in the old Greek mythology. Hubris in
English is usually taken to mean prideful arrogance; in ancient
Greek the word meant simple insolence. The Apollo enthusiast rejects
the concept of hubris; he says we go to the moon not because we are
arrogant, but because we are driven, and thereby implicitly rejects the
concept of free will and substitutes sappiness for sassiness. The ma-
jority asks, 'But if we didn't go, what?' and the minority responds,
'If we didn't go, so what?'" (W Star, 7/20/69, G2)

Humorist Art Buchwald in Washington Post: "Sometimes one gets
the feeling that the right hand germs in the Government don't know
what the left hand germs are doing. This was brought home to me . . .
when I read about the millions of dollars that were being spent to see
that the astronauts did not bring back a single germ from the moon.
Unfortunately, across the page from that story was another that the
Army was going ahead with open air testing of nerve gases and germ
warfare." (W Post, 7/20/69, B6)

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: "America's moon program has bene-
fited all mankind. It has brought better color television, water purifi-
cation at less cost, new paints and plastics, improved weather fore-
casting, medicine, respirators, walkers for the handicapped, laser
surgery, world-wide communications, new transportation systems,
earthquake prediction system and solar power. . . . The Mars goal

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July 20-21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

should bring benefits to all mankind even greater than the tremendous
contributions of the moon program." (LA Her-Exam, 7/20/69)

Baltimore Sun: ". . . it is still almost incredible that in the afternoon
of a Sunday on earth two humans found themselves within a vehicle
resting on the surface of the moon. Nothing could quite prepare one's
mind for that, or for the subsequent moment of climax, the actual
setting of a human foot on the substance of our barren satellite. One
of the mysteries that had engaged the infinitely inquisitive mind of
man is now made tangible. Others remain beyond our planet and
upon it." (B Sun, 7/21/69, A16)

Chicago Daily News: "These have been moments to savor — moments
in which uncounted millions have shared the immediacy of a turning
point in history. This time there was no lapse of weeks or months,
waiting for the event to be confirmed. We were all there, bound to-
gether by the miracle of communication that intertwined all the other
miracles of technology that marked man's first step on a celestial
body." (C Daily News, 7/21/69)

Milwaukee Journal: "Superlatives pale before the magnificence of
the achievement. . . . but how many years before the astounding
performance of Armstrong and Aldrin will seem as primitive as the
pioneering work of the Wright brothers?" (MJ, 7/21/69, 14)

Cleveland Plain Dealer: "Man's store of scientific knowledge will be
vastly enriched by the landing on the moon. In no other single event
in history has there been greater opportunity to unlock the mysteries
of the universe." (Plain Dealer, 7/21/69)

London Daily Sketch: "America's moon triumph offers this old
world's bickering and jealous people a parable of hope." (B Sun,
7/22/69, Al)

Montreal Star: "The deepest hope for a world starved for some form
of symbolism, of an attempt at harmony in place of selfishness and
narrow nationalism, came from the astronauts," CFOX Radio, Montreal,
broadcast. "Eliminate war? Yes! Eliminate poverty? Yes! But the
exploration of space will help us, not impede us, in reaching these
goals." (Am Consul, Montreal)

Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden (principal organ of Social Democratic
Party) : "No Soviet politician has ever before used such conciliatory
tones toward the U.S.A. as did Foreign Minister Gromyko recently
in his speech before the Supreme Soviet. . . . This Russian position
seems generally to be based on fears of a confrontation with China.
. . . One of the side effects can be increased Russian interest in broader
scientific cooperation in space research. Nothing else could be better
designed for global cooperation, since nothing else gives us clearer
testimony that we live in one world." (Am Embassy, Stockholm)
July 21: U.S.S.R.'s Luna XV (launched July 13) had landed on moon at
6:45 pm Moscow time (11:45 am EDT) and had ended its work, Tass
announced. Spacecraft had "reached the moon's surface in the preset
area" after 52 revolutions around moon and 86 communications ses-
sions during which "the work of the new systems of the station was
checked, the parameters of the trajectory of the movement was meas-
ured, and scientific research was conducted." Tass said Luna XV had
demonstrated capability to land on various areas of lunar surface by

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 21

changing selenocentric orbit and that mission had yielded important
data on spacecraft systems.

Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank Experimental Station Director,
said signals from spacecraft had ended suddenly and estimated craft
might have landed in Sea of Crises, about 500 mi from Sea of Tran-
quility. "If we don't get any more signals, we will assume it crash-
landed. But we don't make that assumption at the moment." (Gwertz-
man, NYT, 7/22/69, 1, 29)

• Univ. of Texas astronomers reported second unsuccessful attempt to

bounce laser beam off reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts.
McDonald Observatory Director, Dr. Harlan Smith, said he expected
eventual success. (AP, B Sun, 7/22/69, A8)

• Galabert International Astronautics Prize for 1969 was awarded in Paris

to Apollo 11 astronauts. Award of $4,000 was presented annually for
notable contributions "to human progress for the advancement of all
sciences and techniques associated with astronautics." (AP, B Sun,
7/22/69, A8)

• HUD Secretary George W. Romney addressed International Platform

Assn. in Washington, D.C.: "I do not propose that we now abandon
our efforts to extend man's reach still further beyond our planet, any
more than we abandoned our domestic goals while we were reaching
for the moon. But I do believe the time has come for a revision —
in fact, a reversal — of our national priorities. I believe that in the
decades ahead, the public interest and indeed our national survival
require us to assign our housing and urban goals a high priority — at
least comparable to the priority we gave our space program in the
decade just ending." (HUD News; Hutchens, W Star, 7/22/69, A6)

• South Korea dedicated its first superhighway, linking Seoul with Inchon.

It was named Apollo in honor of U.S. moon landing. (AP, W Post,
7/23/69, C5)
July 22: U.S.S.R. launched two unmanned satellites. Cosmos CCXC,
launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 323-km (200.7-mi) apogee,
192-km (119.3-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4° inclination and
reentered July 30. Molniya 1—12 comsat, launched from Baikonur,
entered orbit with 39,526-km (24,560.3-mi) apogee, 496-km (308.2-
mi) perigee, 711.0-min period, and 64.9° inclination, (gsfc SSR,
7/31/69; SBD, 7/28/69, 62; NYT, 7/23/69, 26)

• Scientists at MSC, monitoring seismometers left on lunar surface by Apollo

11 astronauts, recorded five-minute tremor they said could have been
internal activity — moonquake — or meteoroid strike on surface. Scien-
tists expressed concern that seismometer was overheating, probably be-
cause of damage to protective cover from lm exhaust, and might not
survive heat of lunar moon. (McGehan, B Sun, 7/23/69, Al; Cohn,
W Post, 7/24/69, A15)

• Scientists at Lick Observatory in California unsuccessfully tried for third

consecutive night to bounce ruby laser beams off reflector left on lunar
surface by Apollo 11 astronauts. They admitted difficulty in pinpointing
reflector's exact location and speculated that it might have been
knocked down by lm exhaust during ascent. (AP, W Star, 7/23/69,
A7)

• NASA announced revised plans for first orbital workshop, with 1972

237

July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

launch using first two stages of Saturn V to launch workshop and
Apollo Telescope Mount together. Workshop would be outfitted on
ground and would arrive in 253-mi circular orbit equipped for imme-
diate occupancy by astronauts and with ATM attached. Program objec-
tives remained same as when NASA intended to use Saturn IB 2nd stage
as 1971 workshop: to provide environment in which man could live
and work for extended periods in space and to study man's physio-
logical and psychological responses and capabilities in space. ATM
would permit man to operate high-resolution astronomical telescopes in
space, free from earth's atmosphere.

Saturn V hardware from Apollo program was available for revised
plan, (nasa Release 69-105; Simons, W Post, 7/22/69, Al)

• President Nixon addressed 2,000 American Field Service students from

60 countries on White House lawn: ". . . in the year 2000 we will, on
this earth, have visited new worlds where there will be a form of life.
I know this will happen, and I want to tell you as I look forward and
dream about that future . . . this is the kind of world I would like to
see and the kind of exploration of that new world that I know all
Americans want. I hope that when the next great venture into space
takes place that it will be one in which Americans will be joined by
representatives of other countries." (PD, 7/28/69, 1016—7)

• U.K. radioastronomer Sir Bernard Lovell told press at U.K.'s Jodrell

Bank Experimental Station that Apollo 11 and Luna ZF increased
hopes for U.S.— U.S.S.R. space cooperation because "this is the first
time the United States has been demonstratively superior in a vital
part of the space program. American approaches for collaboration may
be received with sympathy in the Soviet Union as they can no longer
regard themselves as masters." (AP, B Sun, 7/23/69, A4)

• Wall Street brokerage houses were watching effect of Apollo 11 success

on stocks as market resumed trading after July 21 holiday. Some firms
believed lunar landing would generate enthusiasm, although its impact
would be restrained by uncertainties over surtax extension, House com-
mittee vote to cut oil depletion allowance (major tax benefit of petro-
leum industry), and apparent standoff at Vietnam peace conference.
(upi, W Star, 7/22/69, C7)

• Washington Post said it found intellectuals "deeply divided" on implica-

tions of lunar landing. Univ. of California physicist Dr. Owen Cham-
berlain had said achievement showed "mankind can be in charge of
his destiny. . . . We should now come back and put our emphasis on
the surface of the globe" to achieve peace, lessen poverty, control over-
population, and preserve our environment.

Univ. of California chemist Dr. Harold C. Urey said if some of space
effort reliability rubbed off on industry, "spin-off" would be enormous
and space program would pay for itself. Less than ^ of 1% of gnp
was spent on space and if lessened there was no guarantee it would
be spent on necessary domestic programs.

Harvard Univ. biochemist Dr. George Wald had said: "What should
have been a great flight of the human spirit comes to us heavy with
threat. Those almost miraculous guidance systems that so uncannily
find their targets, will they one day be guiding missiles to find us?"
Dr. Wald wondered if Apollo 11 had opened new horizons for his
students. "I am afraid that they see in this an exercise in great wealth

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 July 22

and power, heavy with military and political overtones. I am afraid
that they feel a little more trapped; a little more disillusioned, a little
more desperate."

Most overseas intellectuals tended to concur with historian Prof.
Arnold J. Toynbee's judgment, "If we are going to go on behaving on
earth as we have behaved here so far, then a landing on the moon will
have to be written off as just one more shocking misuse of mankind's
slender surplus product."

But Oxford Univ.'s Prof. A. J. Ayer had said, "I doubt if Prof.
Toynbee has any evidence that men are being prevented in any large
numbers from turning their minds to meaningful pursuits by the part
which they play, or the interest which they take, in the exploration
of space. ... I think that these spatial explorations . . . are intellec-
tually stimulating, especially to young people." ( W Post, 7/22/69,
A14)

• Australian Civil Aviation Minister Reginald Swartz said passengers on

transpacific Qantas Airlines flight would see Apollo 11 reentry July
24 when command module would parallel their aircraft for four min-
utes during descent near Gilbert and Ellice Islands. (Reuters, W Post,
7/23/69, A 12)

• U.S. Patent Office issued patent No. 3,456,387 to Clyde A. Tolson, Asso-

ciate Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation, for equipment to
operate emergency windows and exits in aircraft and space vehicles.
Without action of occupants, sensors would detect abnormal conditions
and computer would weigh considerations before opening appropriate
escape exits.

Patent No. 3,456,445 was issued to Curtiss-Wright Corp. for im-
proved version of astronaut maneuvering unit, Cap Pistol, intended to
propel man outside space vehicle by capsules spaced along tape strip
and fired by engine in pistol fashion. Inventors were Joseph F. Loprete,
Max Beniele, and Richard E. Biehl. (Pat Off pio; Jones, NYT,
7/26/69, 31)

• Goodyear Aerospace Corp. had invented USAF Pilot Airborne Recovery

Device (pard) to keep ejecting jet fighter pilot aloft and out of range
of enemy ground fire until his midair retrieval by rescue aircraft.
Ballute (balloon-parachute) attached to main parachute had burner
suspended below and fueled from propane tank on pilot's back. At
250°F, hot air kept parachute above ground for 30 min. System could
be operated automatically to carry pilot 6,000 ft or manually to
10,000-ft hovering altitude. (NYT, 7/22/69, 58)

• National and international press continued comment on Apollo 11 lunar

landing.

Philadelphia Inquirer: "Will this magnificent accomplishment serve
as inspiration, urging Americans and all mankind on to a genuine
'giant leap' forward, not merely into the infinite reaches of space but
into the infinite possibilities of achievement on earth where the space
age has recorded many more failures than successes? Or will the
inspiration be abandoned before the veiled censure of those who seem
to suggest the solution of all human dilemmas lies in turning away
from space to other priorities?" Cutbacks at hour of triumph would
be only waste of investment in technology which could be helped in
solving earth problems. "This is no time to falter, our astronauts should

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July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

come home to a world and nation determined to fulfill the prophecy in
Commander Armstrong's words." (P lnq, 7/22/69)

Washington Post: It was foolish "to leap from this historic moment
to eager expectations of the day when men will live and work in
space, when colonies will be established, food raised and industrial
products built on heavenly bodies other than the earth. These things
will doubtless come in their own good time. But this is not the occasion
on which to make a new national commitment in space that would
keep NASA's program going at the frantic pace which fulfilled President
Kennedy's great promise for the moon. Now is the occasion, rather, to
establish a steady program of space development, one removed from
the political debate over national priorities, which will ensure that we
establish a firm base for future generations to build upon while creating
at home ... a kind of society which will allow them to use fully the
new opportunities opened up by the three new American heroes and
the tens of thousands of other people who made their flight possible."
(W Post, 7/22/69, A24)

Handels Och Sjofartstidning, Goteborg, Sweden: "This is a small
step for a man, but a great one for humanity. Neil Armstrong's com-
mentary when he stepped down onto the surface of the moon has every
prospect of becoming one of those winged expressions which genera-
tions of school children will commit to memory. . . . Now should be
the time to replace the extraordinarily costly space race with coopera-
tion between the Soviet and the U.S.A." (Am Embassy, Stockholm)

Stockholm Expressen: "The 'moonshot' . . . was imposing. But it also
gives a horrible feeling to think that the U.S.A. can handle tremendous
technical problems with such ease while it is considerably more diffi-
cult to cope with those of a complicated social, political and human
nature." (Am Embassy, Stockholm)

Canadian Montreal Star: "The scientific information which results
from Apollo 11 is an extra dividend from an enterprise which has
produced its own benefits for the human spirit and, perhaps, for human
solidarity." (Am Consul, Montreal)
July 23: usaf launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afb by
Thor-Burner booster into orbit with 531.5-mi (855.2-km) apogee,
488.4-mi (785.8-km) perigee, 101.3-min period, and 98.8° inclination.
(gsfc SSR, 7/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloting by NASA test pilot William H.

Dana, reached 68,000-ft altitude and mach 1.2 during 22nd flight west
of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose was to obtain performance, stability, and
control data, (nasa Proj Off)

• Scientists monitoring seismometer left on lunar surface by Apollo 11

astronauts told press at MSC five-minute event recorded July 22 was
either meteoroid strike or moonquake similar to mild California earth-
quake recorded on East Coast. MIT geologist, Dr. Frank Press, said
tremor would have magnitude of four or five according to Richter
scale, on which major earthquake registered seven or eight. Seismic
reading was strong indication that moon was layered with outer crust
and inner mantle like earth and supported theories that moon was
formed near or torn from earth. Layering, he said, "would imply that
at one time there was enough heat so that the heavier rocks went to the

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 23

interior and the lighter ones to the surface." (McGehan, B Sun,
7/24/69, Al; Lyons, NYT, 7/24/69, 1)

• NASA announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. and North Ameri-

can Rockwell Corp.'s Space Div. to conduct parallel $2.9-million, 11 -mo
design and planning studies of 12-man earth orbital space station which
could be developed by 1975 and have 10-yr lifetime. Companies would
also include conceptual design of 50-man space base composed of spe-
cialized modules assembled in low earth orbit in late 1970s and early
1980s to serve as centralized scientific and technical facility in orbit.

Aerojet-General Corp., General Electric Co., and Hughes Aircraft Co.
had been selected for final competitive negotiation of contract to de-
velop advanced optical communications experiment. Companies would
compete for one $5-million contract to develop wideband laser commu-
nications system to be placed on board Applications Technology Satel-
lite ats— F, scheduled for launch in 1972, for communications between
satellite and transportable ground station. (NASA Releases 69—108,
69-109)

• Canadian Isis I International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies ( launched

Jan. 30) was adjudged successful by NASA. Nine of ten experiments
were operational; ion mass spectrometer had been turned off after one
week of operation, when it developed high-voltage problems, and since
had been used only for short periods to collect engineering data. Low-
frequency receiver experiment had been providing indirect ion data,
thus compensating partially for IMS loss. Onboard tape recorder was
providing excellent topside ionograms of Antarctic area and other
previously inaccessible areas, (nasa Proj Off)

• Full-color lunar photos from Apollo 11, including one of man first

setting foot on moon, would be released by NASA to press and TV four
days after splashdown, following two-day decontamination of film,
NASA announced. Superintendent of Documents, GPO, was taking orders
from public for photos to be filled in late August. Series of reproduc-
tions of paintings by American artists recording space program, "Eye-
witness to Space," also would be released. ( NASA Release 69— 83 J )

• Successful Apollo 11 mission was expected to spur reservations on first

lunar passenger flight, Washington Evening Star said. Before launch
Pan American World Airways held 30,000 reservations and Trans
World Airlines, 5,000. Pan Am spokesman said rush began after film
"2001 : a Space Odyssey" was first shown in 1968. In letters acknowl-
edging reservations, Pan Am was saying, "Starting date of service is
not yet known. Equipment and route will, probably, be subject to gov-
ernment approvals." TWA was saying, "We will be in contact with you
again, as soon as technological advances develop to the point where
we can project departure date." (W Star, 7/23/69, A7)

• In Pravda Soviet academician, Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, said space research

was developing in so many different directions that realization of fu-
ture projects would require huge material expenditure and concen-
tration of creative efforts of "countless highly qualified workers and
specialists." He said, "Not one individual country can afford the prac-
tical implementation of all the technically feasible and worthwhile
projects." While scientists had said unmanned spacecraft could not
always be substituted for manned vehicles, "flights by automatic sta-

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July 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tions have preceded and will continue to precede manned flights."
Human feelings and observations, "especially when something turns
up unexpectedly and unforeseen, cannot be completely replaced by
automatic stations." But unmanned probes would continue as path-
finders because they were "cheaper, more simple and less dangerous
vehicles for research." (Reuters, W Post, 7/24/69, A15)

• U.S. delegate to U.N. William B. Buffum, responding to Soviet tribute to

Apollo 11 astronauts by U.S.S.R. delegate Aleksey V. Zakharov, said
before Security Council he hoped "fraternal spirit" demonstrated by
astronauts and cosmonauts would lead to greater cooperation on earth
also. (NYT, 7/25/69, 31)

• In his fourth reference to Apollo 11 within week, Pope Paul VI said at

summer palace, Castel Gondolfo, Italy: "Catholic faith, not only does
not fear this powerful confrontation of its humble doctrine with the
wonderful riches of modern scientific thought, but it desires it . . . be-
cause truth although diverse on various levels ... is one and because
such a confrontation is of mutual advantage to faith and to study in
every field." (AP, W Post, 7/24/69, A15)

• Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), introduced for himself and Rep. William

Chappell (D-Fla.) H.J.R. 834 "to redesignate the area in the State of
Florida known as Cape Kennedy as 'Cape Canaveral.' " Measure was
referred to House Committee on Science and Astronautics. {CR,
7/23/69, H6238)

• Czechoslovakian Communist Party Central Committee's weekly Tribuna

said of Apollo 11 landing: "It would be premature today to try to at-
tempt a detailed evaluation of the historical significance of this act.
Surely its influence will be no smaller than that of Columbus' travels
many centuries ago." (Am Embassy, Prague)
July 24: President Nixon welcomed returned Apollo 11 astronauts aboard
U.S.S. Hornet: "I think I am the luckiest man in the world . . .
not only because I have the honor to be President of the United States,
but particularly because I have the privilege of speaking for so many
in welcoming you back to earth." Washington had received messages
from more than 100 foreign governments: "Emperors, Presidents,
Prime Ministers, and Kings, have sent the most warm messages that
we have ever received. They represent over 2 billion people on this
earth, all of them who had the opportunity, through television, to see
what you have done." Week of mission had been "the greatest week
in the history of the world since the Creation, because as a result of
what happened in this week, the world is bigger, infinitely, and also,
as I am going to find on this trip around the world ... as a result of
what you have done, the world has never been closer together before."
(PD, 8/4/69, 1032-3)

• At msc news conference following Apollo 11 splashdown, Dr. George E.

Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said:
". . . we now stand at what is undoubtedly the greatest decision point
in the history of this planet." Apollo 11 had proved "that man is no
longer bound to the limits of the planet on which for so long he has
lived. We will return to the moon first in November and then at
regular intervals in the coming year. But these trips are only the first
step. . . . Will we press forward to explore other planets or will we
deny the opportunity to the future? To me, the choice is clear. We

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 24

must take the next step. . . . This is the time for decision. . . . The
knowledge possessed by men is sufficient, the resources are adequate
for the task of carrying out this next step. . . .

"In this moment of man's greatest achievement, it is timely for us
to dedicate ourselves to the unfinished work so nobly begotten by three
of us. To resolve that this nation, under God, will join with all men
in the pursuit of the destiny of mankind will lead to the way to the
planets."

In answer to questions, Dr. Mueller said next major step should be
manned landing on Mars which would be possible "sometime after
1980."

l/g Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), Apollo Program Director, told press
Apollo team was "strongest team that's ever assembled in the history
of man. It has the strength of technical and engineering confidence,
scientific competence, and management competence that's unexcelled. It
has the dedication that's necessary to be able to tackle an almost im-
possible job and bring it through" and an exciting future in lunar
exploration.

Second manned lunar landing mission, Apollo 12, would be launched
from KSC Nov. 14 toward touchdown on Site 7 in moon's Ocean of
Storms. Primary objective would be to deploy Apollo lunar surface
experiment package (alsep), explore and survey mare area, and re-
turn samples to earth. Secondary objective, if lm softlanded on target,
would be to examine Surveyor III spacecraft ( launched April 17,
1967), which was resting on moon near planned Apollo 12 touchdown
point. Astronauts would have two periods for extravehicular activities
(eva), during which they would explore surface and conduct experi-
ments for over three hours and walk farther away from spacecraft than
had Apollo 11 crew. Maximum lunar stay time would be 28—32 hrs.
Schedule called for planning to fly follow-on missions through Apollo
15 at four-month intervals and missions after that at five-month inter-
vals. (Transcript)

• usaf launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afb by Thor-Agena

booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 136.1 mi. (219 km); perigee,
110.6 mi (178 km); period, 88.4 min; and inclination, 74.9°. Satel-
lite reentered Aug. 23. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/69; 8/31/69; InteraviaAir-
Letter, 7/25/69, 5; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• In nationwide reaction to safe return of Apollo 11 astronauts, New York

Stock Exchange went wild though stocks continued to fall. Numbers on
annunciator boards flapped in unison as message "New York Stock
Exchange shares the world's joy at the safe return of Apollo from the
moon — Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins — So proudly we hail
you" appeared on tape and illuminated on screen. Along Fifth Avenue
church bells rang. Hayden Planetarium suspended usual program to
throw "splashdown party" with champagne and live color telecast of
Apollo 11 recovery operations flashed on blackened dome.

San Franciscans exploded firecrackers and threw ticker tape from
windows, and 10-story-high figure "11" was fashioned in lighted win-
dows at mit in Boston. Des Moines, Iowa, rang Liberty Bell reproduc-
tion for first time since its 1950 installation on State House grounds.

In Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong's home town, Wapakoneta, Ohio,
high school band marched playing moon songs. Monlclair, N.J., theater

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July 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

marquee read, "Congratulations Buzz Aldrin — Montclair's Man on the
Moon."

In Huntsville, Ala., Dr. Wernher von Braun, msfc Director, was
hoisted on shoulders of four local councilmen while thousands at msfc
site cheered and waved banners saying "Huntsville is Rocket City."

City of Houston planned "Texas size" celebration for Apollo 11
astronauts Aug. 16, including ticker-tape parade and huge program in
city's Astrodome coliseum. (Sloan, Weinraub, Hicks, Borders, UPI,
NYT, 7/25/69, 67, 29, 69, 31, 30; B Sun, 7/25/69, 45)

• Trans World Airlines filed first application with Civil Aeronautics Board

for routes between earth and moon. Airline said it had received 1,200
reservations during final four days of Apollo 11 mission, (twa
Release)

• Safe landing of Apollo 11 in Pacific made "splash applauded around the

world," New York Times said. In U.S.S.R. TV viewers had live cover-
age for first time during mission as Moscow TV station hooked into
Eastern Europe's Intervision network for live transmission of astro-
nauts being deposited on carrier Hornet. Later, station devoted first
two-thirds of final newscast to Apollo 11 and announced that Soviet
President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent telegram to President Nixon
offering "our congratulations and best wishes to the space pilots."
Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh called voy-
age "a big contribution to space exploration and further progress of
world science." Cosmonauts sent message to Apollo 11 crew: "We . . .
closely followed your flight. We wholeheartedly congratulate you on
the completion of your wonderful journey to the moon and safe return
to earth."

In London Lloyd's of London's Lutine Bell tolled twice for good news
of splashdown of Apollo 11. Sir Bernard Lovell, Jodrell Bank Experi-
mental Station Director, said, "The successful conclusion of this im-
mense project marks the beginning of a new phase when man must
concern himself with the greatest issues of peaceful coexistence in
extraterrestrial space."

Thunderstorm in Paris drove many people off streets at time of
splashdown. On Riviera, bells tolled for five minutes and ancient can-
non boomed.

Mayor Pascal Rossini of Ajaccio, Corsica, sent invitation to astro-
nauts to visit Corsica during 1969 bicentennial of Napoleon's birth.

In Warsaw crowd of 300 Poles broke into applause at U.S. Embassy.

Over Pacific on Qantas airliner flying under Apollo reentry point,
crew and 80 passengers saw space capsule reenter. In Canberra Prime
Minister John Gorton invited astronauts to visit Australia.

Pope Paul VI sent telegram to President Nixon with prayer "that
this immense achievement may foster peace and prosperity and scien-
tific and moral progress for all mankind." Congratulatory messages
were sent by President Giuseppe Saragat of Italy, President Yahya
Khan of Pakistan, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan, President
Chung Hee Park of South Korea, U.N. Secretary General U Thant,
President Gustav Heinemann of West Germany, and Prime Minister
John Gorton of Australia. (Collier, NYT, 7/25/69, 31; Mills, B Sun,
7/25/69, A6; AP, B Sun, 7/25/69, A6)

• More TV coverage of Apollo 11 mission had been transmitted overseas

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 24

via satellites to worldwide audience than of any previous event,
ComSatCorp announced. More than 230 hrs of satellite time for 200
programs were transmitted during nine-day mission. Previous record
was 225 hrs, set by Mexico Summer Olympic Games during 18 days
in October 1968. Broadcasters estimated that 500 million persons were
able to watch Apollo ii's TV broadcasts in more than 40 countries on
5 continents. (ComSatCorp Release 69—46)

• During stop at Hickam afb, en route to MSC from Apollo 11 splashdown,

Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman said it would be "helpful and hope-
ful for U.S. and U.S.S.R. to cooperate in space missions. He saw "in-
dications" during his tour of U.S.S.R. that Russians would be inter-
ested, but "talk is cheap" and U.S.S.R. "is still supplying 85 per cent
of the munitions to North Vietnam." He said U.S. had gone "95 per
cent of the way" toward promoting cooperation. It was up to U.S.S.R.
to do the rest, (upi, NYT, 7/26/69, 12)

• usaf promoted Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins to full colonel. In

congratulatory message Gen. John P. McConnell, Air Force Chief of
Staff, said Apollo 11 mission was "indeed a momentous achievement"
and promotion was "token of appreciation for the part you played."
(upi, NYT, 1/25/69, 28)

• NASA Office of Space Science and Applications announced establishment

of Earth Resources Research Data Facility at msc, containing docu-
mentation from NASA and user agency investigators in Earth Resources
Survey Program over past three years. Information was available for
examination in facility by all interested persons. (NASA Ann)

• Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla.), introduced House Joint Resolution "pro-

viding for the establishment of the Astronauts Memorial Commission
to construct and erect with funds a memorial in the John F. Kennedy
Space Center ... to honor and commemorate the men who serve as
astronauts in the U.S. Space Program." Measure, cosponsored by
House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was referred to Com-
mittee on House Administration. (CR, 7/24/69, H6293)
July 25: NASA launch from ETR of lntelsat-lll F—5 failed to reach planned
synchronous orbit when 3rd stage of Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented
Thor-Delta booster malfunctioned. Satellite entered low earth orbit
with 3,354.8-mi (5,399-km) apogee, 167.2-mi (269-km) perigee, 146.7-
min period, and 30.3° inclination instead of elliptical orbit with 23,000-
mi (37,0074cm) apogee and 175-mi (281.6-km) perigee. Mission,
originally scheduled for launch in October 1969, had been resched-
uled for July 17 to replace lntelsat-lll F—2, which had stopped operat-
ing over Atlantic June 29. Launch had been delayed for technical
reasons, (nasa Release 69-119; SBD, 7/29/69, 65; gsfc SSR,
7/31/69)

• Apollo 11 recovery physician, Dr. William R. Carpentier, reported from

inside Mobile Quarantine Facility onboard U.S.S. Hornet that astro-
nauts had completed preliminary medical examination and were "fine."
Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong's slight ear infection had disappeared and
all three astronauts were in excellent condition. ( Wooten, NYT,
7/26/69,1)

• Two boxes of lunar samples from Apollo 11 arrived at Lunar Receiving

Laboratory in Houston, where they would be examined and used in
experiments. (Wilford, NYT, 7/26/69, 1)

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July 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, told news conference aboard

U.S.S. Hornet he expected U.S.S.R. to land men on moon within 18
mos. "My guess is it'll be much sooner than most people think." He
thought U.S.S.R. had lost race "by keeping their program so secret."
U.S. had encouraged suggestions from scientists throughout non-Com-
munist world, while details of Soviet program were known only to
"small elite." Apollo 11 success would eventually lead to closer coopera-
tion with U.S.S.R. in space exploration. "I don't look for any early
change in the attitude . . . but a steady interest on their part. I don't
see joint efforts but cooperation from time to time." (upi, NYT,
7/25/69, 30)

• President Nixon arrived at Guam International Airport after flight from

carrier Hornet. He said, "As I stand here and think of what happened
today, the completion of that historic flight to the moon and the land-
ing on the moon, I can say that I am sure all of us — all of the Ameri-
can citizens around the world — are proud today of what has hap-
pened " {PD, 8/4/69, 1033)

• Senate unanimously adopted S.R. 224, introduced by Sen. Michael J.

Mansfield (D-Mont.) for himself and Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill.),
expressing gratitude on behalf of Senate and of all American people
for "dedication, devotion, courage and effort of all associated with the
Apollo program and with the Apollo 11 mission." (CR, 7/25/69,
S8575)

• In telephone interview, evangelist and presidential religious adviser Billy

Graham took issue with July 24 statement of President Nixon in wel-
coming Apollo 11 astronauts back to earth. Graham told UPI, ". . . as
a Christian, I would contend that there have been three much much
greater days" than those of lunar landing and moon walk. They were
first Christmas, day on which Christ died, and first Easter. While he
did not wish to detract from "magnificent achievement," he felt "Presi-
dent was speaking extemporaneously. And I've found from years of
speaking extemporaneously that in the excitement and emotion of a
moment, you don't think through every statement you make." Associ-
ated Press later quoted Graham as saying, "I know that President
Nixon agrees that the greatest single event in history was the coming of
Christ"; he was sure President Nixon meant moon walk was probably
man's greatest accomplishment. {W Post, 7/26/69, A10)

• Plans for proposed $l-million Neil A. Armstrong Aerospace Museum at

Apollo 11 astronaut's birthplace, Wapakoneta, Ohio, called for com-
pletion in 1970, Ohio Historical Society Director Daniel R. Porter
said, (upi, W Post, 7/26/69, B7)

• National and international press commented on successful completion of

Apollo 11 mission:

Washington Post: "It has been eight days of triumph for America,
eight days of triumph for mankind. Much more will undoubtedly fol-
low as the secrets of space bow to the advances of science. But it is
enough now — more than enough for an entire lifetime when you think
about it — to have seen the first men walk on the moon and then, less
than four days later, to welcome them back home safely." ( W Post,
7/25/69)

New York Times: "For the first time in history, men have gone from
this earth to another celestial body, landed there and returned home,

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 25

even bringing back with them extraterrestrial matter. Not since the
human race evolved has there been a comparable event, nor one so
capable of lifting all mankind's horizons, dreams and aspirations. What
was fantasy to preceding generations is now accomplished fact. The
achievement will be remembered so long as civilization survives."

Of President Nixon's round the world tour, Times said: "The spec-
tacular success of Apollo 11 has vastly increased good feeling toward
the United States throughout the world. The President obviously wants
to capitalize on it both for foreign and domestic political purposes."
(NYT, 7/25/69, 46)

Cleveland, Ohio, Plain Dealer: Apollo 11 mission "closes out one
aspect of the exploration program but opens wide the door of what
can be an almost endless journey. . . . Although the Apollo program is
not complete, the lure of Mars, 5 million miles away, grows in bold
anticipation of the future. . . . the race has only just begun." ( Cleveland
Plain Dealer, 7/25/69)

Newport News, Va., Times Herald: "All of the money poured into
the space program would appear justified if one of the side products
was the kind of cooperation [with the U.S.S.R.] now possible." (New-
port News Times Herald, 7/25/69)

El Rai El Amm, Khartoum, Sudan: "America achieved a victory for
the human mind by sending the first man from the earth to the moon.
. . . But America, the great power that achieved this astonishing big
success, must stop doing things that are far below these standards."
( Am Embassy, Khartoum )

Somali News, Mogadiscio, Somali: "It is true that the responsibility
for the Apollo-Eleven is entirely American, but the message left behind
on the moon for posterity by the astronauts . . . acknowledges the uni-
versal aspect of such a feat. We think ... of those courageous astro-
nauts not ... as Americans but as worthy representatives of the human
race on whose total achievement they relied in carrying out their
mighty and splendid mission." (Am Embassy, Mogadiscio)

• Motion picture footage of Apollo 11 lunar landing mission would be re-

leased for sale to commercial producers after quarantine period, NASA
announced. Two 600-ft rolls would be made available initially: one
would include prelaunch, launch, and recovery operations; other would
include all usable onboard footage. (NASA Release 69— 83L)
July 26: Apollo 11 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility (mqf),
arrived at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where they were greeted by 12,000
cheering people and Mayor of Honolulu Frank F. Fasi. MQF was then
transported to aircraft which would carry it to Lunar Receiving Labora-
tory in Houston. At lrl, scientists opened first of two boxes of lunar
samples and made preliminary examinations of samples in one box.
(Wooten, Wilford, NYT, 7/27/69, 47, 1)

• At lunar landing celebration dinner in Huntsville, Ala., Dr. Wernher von

Braun, MSFC Director, said: "We worked together and together we
accomplished our part of the mission. The moon is now accessible.
And someday, because of the beginning that we have made here, the
planets and the stars may belong to mankind. This reach toward the
heavens, toward the stars, can eventually loose the human race from
the confines of this earth and maybe even this solar system and give it
immortality in the immense and never-ending reaches of space." For

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July 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

first time, "life has left its planetary cradle and the ultimate destiny of
mankind is no longer confined. When the Mayflower landed on Ameri-
can shores the pilgrims did not envision the nation that would eventu-
ally evolve. Neither can we truly say what will eventually spring from
the footprints around Tranquility Base." (Text)

• At state dinner in Manila, Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos

exchanged toasts with President Nixon and commented on Apollo 11:
". . . we participate in the celebration of this achievement as man as-
pires for the stars, the stars outside of this world and the stars within
himself and within his spirit. It is the hope of humanity, as it is the
hope of the Philippines, that this vision and this genius, this courage
and this ingenuity shall be utilized for the solution of man's problems."
(PD, 8/4/69, 1036-7)

• New York Times interview quoted Dr. William H. Pickering, jpl Di-

rector: "Now that Apollo has been accomplished, rather than set an-
other ambitious goal we should have a period of consolidation," during
which "the balance should be increased toward unmanned effort."
There was talk of exploring universe, "but the solar system is only a
small part and it's going to be a long time before we venture out. We
are making a very local exploration." He believed solar system explora-
tion would pay off in understanding of history and evolution of solar
system and, possibly, discovery of life on another planet and in social
benefits. "The trouble with the social world is that we cannot agree on
goals. We talk of weather control . . . but control for whom? The
farmer or the sportsman or the businessman?" (Reinhold, NYT,
7/27/69, 47)

• Creation of U.N. Space Institute was urged by Columbia Univ. law pro-

fessor Richard N. Gardner in New York Times. It would be "center
for the cooperative planning of space exploration in which all U.N.
members would be invited to take part." U.S. and U.S.S.R. could divide
responsibilities for instrumented landings on different planets. There
should be "United Nations Space Station" in outer space manned by
astronauts from all U.N. nations and trained at U.N. Space Institute. It
would gather information about solar system and universe and be used
for practical earth applications. (NYT, 7/26/69, 24)

• London Economist editorial: ''When Europe drew pride and status from

its colonies, the Americans had none: the tables are turned now. While
the United States rings July 21st red on its calendar, Europe faces the
probability that when the planets are opened up we Europeans will
have no part in doing it. The idea, at this late stage, of a European
manned space programme is nonsense. The policy that would make
more sense would be to approach the United States to see if the Ad-
ministration will accept some foreign collaboration in the hugely ex-
pensive next years of its space programme. If the next American
objective is Mars, a sensible Administration may welcome help and
participation- — especially if this excludes pressure to co-operate with
the Russians. . . . There will be no opportunity in this generation that
it would cost us more to miss." (CSM, 8/1/69)

• Federal Register published rule signed by NASA Administrator, Dr.

Thomas 0. Paine, which made unauthorized manufacture, sale, repro-
duction, or possession of official Apollo flight insignia, "or any color-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 26

able imitation thereof," misdemeanor punishable by $250 fine and six
months in prison. (Federal Register, 7/26/69, 12332-4)
July 27: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory's Dr. Gary Latham said in
Houston his team had detected 14 "unusual seismic events" from seis-
mometers left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. They believed walls of
lunar craters had been falling in as different parts became hotter than
others during highest lunar temperatures and felt they might be observ-
ing "initial stages of the process by which fresh new craters are trans-
formed to old." (W Post, 7/28/69, A6)

• President Nixon toured Jakarta Fair during Indonesian visit. He offered

to send Indonesian President Suharto and other world chiefs of state
"a piece of the moon as a souvenir." In evening at state dinner in
Jakarta, President Suharto said: "I underline Mr. Armstrong's mo-
mentous enunciation, when he, as the first human being, put his feet
on the moon, declaring: 'These are small human steps which form a
great leap to mankind.' This leap has occurred in the outer space, a
very expansive space full of mysteries, but it has not taken place in this
world of ours, which seems to be contracting and is relatively simpler.
... It is the task of all nations in this world to realize peace and unity."
[NYT, 7/28/69, 18; PD, 8/4/69, 1043-6)

• Apollo 11 flight was public relations man's and reporter's dream, James

Clayton said in Washington Post. NASA had kept "very little, if any-
thing" from hundreds of U.S. and foreign press. More than 3,500 sets
of press credentials had been issued at msc and Cape Kennedy. Most
went to Americans, but 55 foreign countries were represented, includ-
ing Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania. There were 111 news-
men representing Japan among 800 foreign newsmen, several of whom
had been waiting in Houston since Apollo 10 flight May 18—26. Voice
of America joined in transmitting news abroad. At peak, Apollo 11
story was going out in 22 languages to every world area except some
Communist countries. "Even those had the radio beams directed at
them." ( W Post, 7/27/69, B6)

• Psychological, technical, and political factors had combined to enable

U.S. to win lunar landing race over U.S.S.R., said Harry Schwartz in
New York Times. Moscow had shown overconfidence in underrating
American capabilities, ignored lunar rendezvous technique adopted by
U.S., and purged Nikita S. Khrushchev, who had been "enamored of
space exploits and the propaganda they gave him." New Soviet leaders
had changed priorities to concentrate on domestic problems. Since U.S.
lunar landing, however, "two very different reactions are visible in the
Soviet Union." Scientists, engineers, and many ordinary people were
overcome with admiration. Ideologists and Soviet propaganda man-
agers were deeply unhappy, "and their regret that it was not Soviet
cosmonauts who went to the moon is scarcely hidden." (NYT,
7/27/69)

• Washington Sunday Star editorial said: "Apollo 11 has cast a harsh light

on life on earth, showing man's failures in sharp contrast to his breath-
taking technical achievements. It is a vision that should ... be ex-
ploited as an incentive to get the vitally needed jobs done on earth."
But, the U.S. could not withdraw from space. "The complete Apollo
program . . . should be funded. Beyond that, serious consideration

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July 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

should be given to the establishment of permanent manned stations on
the moon so that we may truly explore and perhaps exploit the new
world that we have already conquered. The manned orbiting station
that NASA has proposed should be provided to test the ability of men
to live and work for long periods in weightlessness. And far more em-
phasis should be placed ... on unmanned probes of the planets."
Minimum requirement should be enough momentum in program to
prevent it from falling apart through disuse. Every effort should be
made "to enlist the cooperation, the technical help, and the financial
support of any nation that is willing to contribute to the adventure that
must, finally, be seen as the collective achievement of all mankind."
(W Star, 7/27/69, El)

• In Washington Sunday Star William Hines said: "Considering how very

little he had to do with the whole enterprise, it is remarkable how much
political mileage President Nixon got out of the flight of Apollo 11.
The plaque, the phone call and the trip to greet the returning heroes
all were benefits Nixon inherited rather than earned." Official NASA
space age history This New Ocean, published by GPO in 1966, men-
tioned Nixon only once in 648 pages "and there hardly as an aggres-
sive champion of manned space flight." Book said Nixon, as Vice
President and as presidential candidate running against John F. Ken-
nedy, had defended Eisenhower Administration's attitude toward space
which ruled out manned flights to moon in foreseeable future. "The
new President's belated enthusiasm blurs memories of the olden days,"
Hines said. "But 'This New Ocean' remains, proving perhaps that all
government-sponsored history books should be armed to self-destruct
whenever a change of administration occurs." (W Star, 7/27/69, E4)
July 28: jpl engineers sent signals to Mariner VI to turn on TV camera
and scientific experiments that would measure Mars surface character-
istics and atmosphere. Spacecraft (launched Feb. 24) began tracking
Mars and would begin taking first of 33 far-encounter pictures 771,500
mi from Mars early July 29. Full-disc photos would be received at JPL
July 29. (AP, B Sun, 7/29/69, A5)

• Geologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press conference on

Apollo 11 samples and expressed surprise at discovery of tiny glass-
like crystals in lunar dust. Analyses had revealed samples were crystal-
line, igneous, fragmented, scoriaceous, and vesicular. They confirmed
theory based on Surveyor V data that lunar material contained titanium
and indicated presence of number of minerals. Columbia Univ. scien-
tist Dr. Paul Gast said, "The most exciting discovery to date has been
that of the glass. There is something going on on the moon far different
than on the earth." He said scientists speculated impact of meteoroids
on moon had vaporized lunar material and caused it to rain back on
surface in small drops which formed tiny yellow, brown, and clear
pieces of glass few tenths of millimeter in diameter. (Lyons, NYT,
7/29/69, 1; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 7/29/69, Al)

• U.S. applied to Astronautic Committee of iaf for six world records based

on Apollo 11 achievements: duration of stay on lunar surface outside
spacecraft, Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, 2 hrs 21 min 15 sees; dura-
tion in lunar orbit, Astronaut Michael Collins, 59 hrs 27 min 55 sees;
duration of stay on lunar surface, Astronauts Armstrong and Edwin
E. Aldrin, Jr., 21 hrs 36 min 16 sees; duration of stay on lunar surface

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 28

inside spacecraft, Aldrin, 19 hrs 45 min 52 sees; greatest mass landed
on moon, Armstrong and Aldrin, 7,211 kg (15,897 lbs) ; greatest mass
lifted into lunar orbit from lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin,
2,648 kg (5,837 lbs). Records would not be acknowledged officially
until NASA presented confirming data and Federation officials approved.
(NYT, 7/29/69, 16)

• At state banquet in Bangkok, Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej toasted

President Nixon: "Last week's breathtaking achievement of Apollo 11
and its brave American crew cannot be measured solely in scientific
terms, for it also indicates man's ability to look beyond his earthbound
problems and to set his sights on new horizons in quest of wider knowl-
edge and deeper understanding of himself and his environment." (PD,
8/4/69, 1049-50)

• Gloom and embarrassment over Apollo 11 success and crash of Luna XV

on moon had caused controversy among Soviet leaders, including Com-
munist Party Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev and President Nikolay V.
Podgorny, at July 21—23 meeting of Eastern European leaders in War-
saw, New York Times said. Reports of enthusiastic public response to
Apollo feat across Eastern Europe had been interpreted as sign of lin-
gering and latent sympathy for U.S. It was strongest in technologically
advanced East Germany and Czechoslovakia, but had been noted as
well in Poland, Hungary, and Romania. (Hofmann, NYT, 7/28/69, 7)

• U.K.'s Royal Geographical Society awarded special gold medal — its first

for space exploration — to Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong for leading
Apollo 11 mission. Other gold medalists included Capt. Roald Amund-
sen, first to reach South Pole; Adm. Robert E. Peary, first to reach
North Pole; Sir Edmund Hillary, conqueror of Mt. Everest; and Sir
John Hunt, leader of Everest expedition. (AP, W Star, 7/28/69, A5)

• Senate Committee on Banking and Currency favorably reported S.J.R.

140 with amendments, providing for striking of medals honoring U.S.
astronauts who had flown in outer space. (CR, 7/28/69, D681 1

• MSFC announced resignation of m/g Edmund F. O'Connor (usaf), Di-

rector of Program Management, would be effective July 31. Gen.
O'Connor, on loan to NASA from USAF for past five years, would become
Vice Commander of Air Force Aeronautical Systems Div. He would
be succeeded by Lee B. James, Saturn V Manager, msfc. ( msfc Re-
lease 69-166)

• USAF released Air Force Review of the C—5A Program. Total cost of 120

Lockheed C— 5A aircraft had increased from $3,369 billion at 1965
contract award to total $5,125 billion, overrun of $1,756 billion. At
DOD press conference Air Force Secretary Robert C. Seamans, Jr., criti-
cized "ambiguities and deficiencies" in original contract and hinted
remaining 39 aircraft in 120-plane package might not be purchased
unless revisions were made in contract. (Text; Phillips, W Post,
7/29/69, Al)

• // Mattino del Lunedi, Asmara, Ethiopia, said of Apollo 11 mission's

completion: ". . . today we not only admire, but exult. Because this
'almost superhuman' exploit has been accomplished by a society which
is free and pluralistic, by a society which has no close and oppressive
traditions, by a society which has founded its political and constitu-
tional structure not on a totalitarian ideology but on the democratic
philosophy of the Declaration of Independence. It has been accom-

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July 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

plished by a nation, the American nation, whose characteristic ... is
the fusion of the spirit of precision and discipline . . . with the spirit
of freedom. . . . This is the reason why we today exult. Because we
know that the conquest of Apollo— 11 is in the service of man and not
to oppress him." (Am Consul, Asmara)

• N orrlandska Social-Demokraten, Boden, Sweden, editorial commented

that Russian press was surprisingly generous with praise of men be-
hind Apollo 11 and American space research in general during mission,
but now press seemed to fear landing might have increased respect for
U.S. around the world. "It is surely disturbing for Pravda and the
Russian Party leaders that the American conquest of the moon . . .
witnessed by the greater part of the Communist world, crushed the
myth of the Communist system's superiority." (Am Embassy,
Stockholm)

• Within 76 hrs after Apollo 11 splashdown, Bantam Books and New York

Times published We Reach the Moon, 416-page paperback account of
U.S. space program from 1961 through Apollo ii's success. Early pub-
lication was effected by nearly 2^2 yrs of planning. Book went to press
immediately after July 24 splashdown while aerospace reporter John
Noble Wilford was completing text. Final copy was telexed to Chicago
printer July 25. First printing comprised 375,000 copies. Hardcover
edition would be published by W. W. Norton & Co. in September.
(NYT, 7/29/69, 16)
July 29: First pictures of Mars taken by NASA's Mariner VI, launched Feb.
24 to fly by Mars equator, were received at JPL. Full-disc photos, taken
between 771,500 and 450,000 mi from Mars, were flashed on screen
every five minutes. They showed Mars as dull, gray, egg-shaped body
with crack in surface and bright spot — southern polar cap — with
ragged edge. Better pictures were expected as spacecraft traveled closer
to Mars. (AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, Al; Lannan, W Star, 7/30/69, A3)

• JPL radar readings which showed 8.3-mi altitude variation in Mars'

north equatorial zone and included corrected figures for Mars' ephem-
eris, or orbital path, were expected to ensure accuracy of TV cameras
aboard Mariners VI and VII, NASA said. Experimenters hoped to ob-
tain photos identifying objects 900 ft across at close approach and
pictures were expected to be 500 times better than those taken to date
by earth-based telescope cameras. Readings were obtained at nasa's
Goldstone Tracking Station in California by team directed by Dr.
Richard M. Goldstein during planet's closest approach to earth (Mars
had been within 45 million mi of earth June 9). They would be of
great interest to astronomers because they showed that areas which
appeared light to telescopes might be either high or low in elevation.
Optically dark areas appeared to be of medium elevation to radar-
scanners, (nasa Release 69—111; jpl Release 530)

• NASA released first photos taken by Apollo 11 astronauts on and near

lunar surface, including four color stills and 16-mm film of LM de-
scent. Film opened as LM swung low and curved slightly over area
pocked with craters and rocks and showed dust being scattered by
exhaust as LM touched down safely. It then showed Astronaut Neil A.
Armstrong as he descended ladder to surface, took first step on moon,
and deployed initial equipment.

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 29

Still photos showed closeup of brownish surface sprinkled with foot-
prints, silhouettes of LM and U.S. flag, Armstrong inside LM, and earth
with Europe, Africa, and Asia visible. (Witkin, NYT, 7/30/69, 1;
Cohn, W Post, 7/30/69, Al, A3)

• LRL scientists continued examining lunar samples and preparing them for

experiments on living organisms. Experiments, scheduled to begin July
29, would be delayed one day to repair cracked glove which permitted
scientists outside vacuum box to handle objects inside and to allow
more time for grinding samples to uniform size. (AP, NYT, 7/30/69,
19)

• NASA Wallops Station announced award of 40-mo, $936,311 contract to

Rice Univ. to investigate relationship between field-aligned currents and
auroral particle fluxes and document and summarize findings. Rice
would construct and test suitable flight and ground instrumentation for
three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads; prepare and preflight-
test payloads; and acquire, record, reduce, analyze, and publish result-
ing magnetic and auroral particle data. (WS Release 69—14)

• fcc, at White House request, decided to delay for 60 days decision on

establishment of domestic comsat system to enable Nixon Administra-
tion to study issues and make recommendations. (Aug, W Star,
7/29/69)

• Rep. William G. Bray (R-Ind.) introduced H.J.R. 844, providing for

distribution of Apollo 11 lunar samples to Governors of 50 states. (CR,
7/29/69, H6486)

• New York weathermen were being deluged with calls blaming 10 days of

rain and overcast weather in northeastern U.S. on Apollo 11, Associ-
ated Press said. WCBS radio news meteorologist Dr. Robert Harris had
said, "We've had an abundance of calls from all sorts of people who
are absolutely certain, through their Bible studies, that the Lord has
taken the sun away from us." (AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, A6)

• National Assn. of Government Employees President Kenneth T. Lyons

told House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee landing on
moon would soon be safer than landing at most U.S. airports. "Do we
have to have NASA take over from the faa in order to get a little sense
into our airport and aircraft traffic management jumble?" ( Bentley,
B Sun, 7/29/69, A5)
July 30-31: NASA's Mariner VI, launched Feb. 24 on Mars equatorial flyby
mission, approached Mars and completed 17 pictures of planet taken
at about 111,400-mi altitude, which showed ragged edges of polar
cap, W-shaped cloud, and seas, deserts, and craters seen by Mariner IV
in 1965.

As spacecraft neared and swung around Mars it took 24 close-up
pictures from about 2,000 mi at closest point. Pictures were so sharply
defined and detailed that they were shown live on TV instead of being
refined and released later in photographic prints as originally planned.
Pictures- — enhanced by computers at JPL to clear out static, highlight
images, adjust contrast and brightness, and exaggerate features — were
spectacular. They showed that Mars was heavily cratered and looked
very much like moon. One photo showed 11-mi-dia crater closely re-
sembling moon's Copernicus crater and diagonal ditch resembling
lunar rille. During closest approach, onboard TV cameras took 12

253

July 30-31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

high-resolution and 12 medium-resolution pictures, stored some on
board for later playback, and transmitted some immediately to ground
stations for conversion to images at JPL. Three of four onboard experi-
ments— TV to take pictures, UV spectrometer to identify and measure
gases in upper atmosphere, and infrared radiometer to measure planet's
temperature — functioned satisfactorily. Only anomaly was failure in
cooling of one channel on infrared spectrometer, designed to identify
gases in lower Martian atmosphere, which prevented proper acquisi-
tion of data.

JPL controllers temporarily lost contact with second Mariner, Mar-
iner VII, en route to Mars, at 6:00 pm EDT July 30. Engineers specu-
lated that spacecraft had been thrown out of alignment when struck by
micrometeoroid traveling at 40 mps and had locked on planet Jupiter
or another bright object. Contact with Mariner VII was regained seven
hours later by switching from one antenna to another and proper atti-
tude was restored by rolling spacecraft around until it locked on star
Canopus. Although some of data being transmitted appeared to be ab-
normal, flyby mission was still expected to succeed.

Mariner VI would continue taking pictures and play back recorded
near-encounter data during final phase of mission. Data would be
compared with data from Mariner VII (launched March 27), which
would fly past Mars polar region Aug. 4. (NASA Release 69— 26 A; Sulli-
van, NYT, 8/1/69, 1; Auerbach, W Post, 8/1/69, Al; Lannan, W
Star, 7/31/69, A5; nasa News Release, 9/11/69)
July 30: On arrival in Saigon, Republic of Vietnam, President Nixon said:
"I am happy that the moon landing, which in its universality signifies
a symbolic drawing together of all mankind, has provided an occasion
for me to meet with President Thieu in the capital of his country."

Later, after discussions with President Nixon, President Nguyen
Van Thieu said, "The Vietnamese people fully concur in the message
of peace which the three brave American astronauts deposited on the
moon for all mankind." (PD, 8/4/69, 1051-4)

• During Apollo 11 celebration, credit should be given to former NASA Ad-

ministrator James E. Webb, "whose organizational skill, vision and
drive played a major part in its success," MIT Provost, Dr. Jerome B.
Wiesner, and MIT physicist Jerrold Zacharias said in letter to New
York Times. "There never was any question regarding the technical
feasibility of a manned lunar landing. The real question was whether
or not we could organize and manage so large and complex a program
on the time schedule laid down by President Kennedy." Webb had or-
ganized, defended, and managed program, "and as the world celebrates
this great technical and human achievement we should also honor the
man who directed its accomplishment." {NYT, 8/5/69, 32)

• LRL scientists began injecting pulverized lunar samples into sterile white

mice in attempt to discover germs or chemicals hazardous to human
beings. Mice, born by Caesarean section and raised in sterile environ-
ment so that they would be extremely sensitive to infection, would also
have samples mixed in their food and air. (upi, W Star, 7/31/69, A5;
AP, B Sun, 7/30/69, Al)

• World Health Organization Director General, Dr. M. G. Candau, and Dr.

Karel Raska, Director of who's Communicable Disease Div., said in

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 July 30

Houston that Soviet scientists had "initiated" plans for lunar receiving
laboratory. Soviet delegates to international conferences had discussed
subject but no details were available. WHO officials were in Houston to
observe lrl at U.S. Government invitation. {W Post, 7/31/69, A3)

• After two-hour inspection of Tu-144 at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Inter-

national Airport, Pan American World Airways president Najeeb E.
Halaby said Soviet supersonic transport had left group of U.S. aviation
experts "very, very impressed." U.S.S.R. apparently had progressed
further in testing than U.K. or France with Concorde, and Tu-144
had reached 900 mph, breaking sound barrier several times. Concorde
hoped to reach mach 1 in six months and U.S. SST was at least five
years behind. Aeroflot planned to put Tu-144 in service by 1973. Pan
Am would review all information available before deciding whether to
order aircraft as hedge against competition. Halaby liked Tu-144's
design and advanced instrumentation and was impressed with amount
of titanium used in construction. Russians had told him aircraft's noise
level was low in landings and takeoffs. (NYT, 7/31/69, 58)

• Senate passed S.J.R. 140, providing for striking of medals honoring

American astronauts who had flown in outer space. I CR, 7/30/69,
S8786)

• Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Development of House Commit-

tee on Science and Astronautics published Science, Technology, and
Public Policy During the Ninetieth Congress. Report covered 1967-
1968, giving details behind 94 public laws passed that authorized,
funded, or otherwise affected R&D in U.S. and 45 additional bills on
which Congress took legislative action. It included reviews of U.S.
policy for science and technology by Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development and by nsf for United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Both reviews showed
pluralistic nature of U.S. public policy for science, built up by laws,
executive orders, and other expressions of policy as they occurred.
( Text)
July 31: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afb by Thor-
Agena booster into orbit with 333.1-mi (536-km) apogee, 288.9-mi
(464.8-km) perigee, 94.6-min period, and 75.0° inclination, (gsfc
SSR, 7/31/69; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• At state dinner in New Delhi, India, Acting President Mohammed Hiday-

atullah exchanged toasts with President Nixon and congratulated him:
"The epic flight to the moon and back by three of your countrymen
has amazed the world and marks a new stage in science and technology.
On behalf of the Government and people of India, and myself, I con-
gratulate you, and through you, the people of your country on this
historic occasion. . . . We are glad to know that you are sharing the
knowledge you have gained with the rest of the world." ( PD, 8/4/69,
1056-9)

• Sequence of five color photos of Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong

and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., performing extravehicular activities on lunar
surface were released by NASA. Vivid sequence showed Aldrin descend-
ing ladder to surface, walking near LM, posing near U.S. flag, deploy-
ing seismometer, and walking with Armstrong's reflection visible in his
visor. NASA also released two-part 16— mm film which showed moon

255

July 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

fading away as lm ascended and lm's rendezvous with csm in lunar
orbit. It also showed Astronaut Michael Collins shaving inside csm.
(W Post, 8/1/69, A7; Witkin, NYT, 8/1/69, 16)

• Hans H. Maus, Director of Executive Staff at msfc, and Dr. George N.

Constan, Director of Michoud Assembly Facility, retired after com-
bined total of 51 yrs Government service. Maus, expert in rocket de-
velopment and production engineering, had received USA's Exceptional
Civilian Service Award and number of citations for development of
manufacturing methods, process automation, assembly, and tooling
concept development. Dr. Constan had served with USA at Milan, Joliet,
and Redstone Arsenals before his appointment to Michoud in 1961.
(msfc Release 69-167)

• Soviet Academician, Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov, conceded that compe-

tition with U.S.S.R. might have been major factor in U.S. determina-
tion to reach moon and said that in space there was no way to declare
a winner, Space Business Daily reported. "I don't preclude the idea
that such a boosted preparation of the Apollo project was in some
measure the result of competition with us. Basically a healthy compe-
tition is no obstacle to success. . . . Science is boundless in its develop-
ment and it cannot be compared to a horse race — there is no finishing
line. The interests of science are bound to win anyway. . . ." U.S.S.R.
would continue research in "several major scientific areas," make "ex-
tensive use of automatic devices for exploring outer space," and pay
"due attention" to moon and to both manned and unmanned missions.
Cosmos, Zond, and Proton spacecraft would continue to be used for
research and Soyuz spacecraft would be converted into "modules of
orbital space laboratories designed for research in lengthy flight."
(SBD, 7/31/69, 79)

• Man's knowledge of Venus, Mars, and moon had been enormously en-

hanced by unmanned Mariner missions, New York Times editorial said.
They were relatively inexpensive and did not risk human lives. "Never-
theless, American political leadership has been so obsessed with send-
ing a man to the moon that unmanned probes of the planets became
the stepchildren of the national space program. There were times when
even the continued existence of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory — the
center for these unmanned flights — seemed in doubt. Now, in the new
phase of American space exploration begun in the wake of Apollo IPs
historic achievement, the major cost-benefit advantages of Mariner type
unmanned flights need to be more fully appreciated by Washington
policy makers, and even more intensively exploited than in the past,
even as the manned exploration of the moon continues." (NYT,
7/31/69, 32)
During July: NASA-appointed Astronomy Missions Board recommended
long-range program in space astronomy to NASA. Board of 19 leading
U.S. astronomers chaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg, Harvard College Ob-
servatory Director, had been appointed in 1967 to propose programs for
1970s. NASA published Board's report in November [see Nov. 9].
(Text; nasa Release 69-149; nasa ossa)

• Data were relayed by two Vela nuclear detection satellites launched May

23 that led to discovery of x-ray star between constellations Centaurus
and Lupus [see Aug. 14]. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/14/69, 7)

• nas published Physics of the Earth in Space: The Role of Ground-Based

256

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During July

Research, report of study by Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research
of Geophysics Research Board of NRC Among recommendations were
new facility to exploit incoherent-scatter techniques for investigation of
ionospheric and magnetospheric dynamics, program of controlled
sounding of magnetosphere based on new vlf transmitter facility near
60° invariant latitude in Antarctic, and relocation of Stanford Re-
search Institute's incoherent-scatter facility at Palo Alto, Calif., to
auroral zone at College, Alaska, to measure F-region electron density
and temperature and ion temperature. Report advocated increased sup-
port for specific solar radioastronomy techniques, improvements in
balloon technology, and acquisition of ground-based geophysical data
via satellite links, possibly using comsat channel. (Text)

• NAS report to Congress, Technology: Processes of Assessment and Choice,

was published by House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Panel
headed by Harvey Brooks of Harvard Univ. strongly urged creation of
"constellation of organizations, with components located strategically
within both political branches, that can create a focus and a forum for
responsible technology-assessment activities throughout government
and the private sector." Such organizations "must be separated scrupu-
lously from any responsibility for promoting or regulating technologi-
cal applications." (Text)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics published A Study of

Technology Assessment: Report of the Committee on Public Engineer-
ing Policy, National Academy of Engineering. Report recommended
establishment of technology assessment task force of members of public
and private organizations with knowledge of subject under assessment,
including behavioral and political scientists. (Text)

• nsf published Research and Development in Industry, 1967: Funds,

1967; Scientists and Engineers, January 1968 (nsf 69—28) : Histori-
cally, about 70% of U.S. R&D had been performed by industrial sector.
In 1967, industry spent $16.4 billion for R&D, four and half times 1953
level of $3.6 billion. Federal agencies financed 51% of 1967 total, or
$8.4 billion. Ratio was down from 1959 high of 59%. nasa and dod
furnished 89% of Federal funds to industry in 1967 and supported
89% of 158,000 R&D scientists and engineers working on Federal pro-
grams in January 1968. NASA's R&D cost was $55,400 per scientist or
engineer, while DOD spent $51,600. Industry spent $8 billion of its own
funds for R&D in 1967, 11% more than in 1966 and 265% more than
in 1953.

In January 1968, 387,900 full-time-equivalent R&D scientists and en-
gineers were in industry sector, of which 59% worked on company-
financed R&D projects. Industrial spending for basic research reached
$655 million in 1967, 5% higher than previous year and more than
four times 1953 level. (Text)

• MOL cancellation "should at most be a 'postponement,' " Dr. Edward C.

Welsh, former nasc Executive Secretary, said in Air Force/Space Di-
gest. "Contrary to assertions made by people who should know better,
the MOL was not planned as a weapon system and would not have been
a threat to any other nation." MOL observations would be "as peaceful
as those obtained on the NASA Gemini and Apollo flight. Men on board
the spacecraft can be justified by the contributions men make in
matters of choice of observations, maintenance, and communication

257

During July ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

with earth." MOL would not duplicate NASA's Apollo Applications pro-
gram. "To try to combine the Air Force and NASA manned programs
would waste much of the investments already made, would delay both
programs, would increase the total cost over the long run, and would
violate the sound administrative principle of having the experts do
what they have been trained to do. Failure to get a maximum return
from this national-security system would seem to be woefully short-
sighted and wasteful." (AF/SD, 7/69, 60-1)
• American Embassy science attache in New Delhi reported completion of
India-U.S. project to erect 48-in telescope at Hyderabad. Project was
started in 1955 and completed just before U.S. lunar landing. (O'Neill,
W Post, 8/31/69, D5)

258

August 1969

August 1: Univ. of California's Lick Observatory successfully recorded first
hits on laser reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. Hits, which
came after 2,000-3,000 unsuccessful attempts by Lick and Univ. of
Texas's McDonald Observatory, were made by Lick's 120-in telescope
— world's second largest. Scientists fired 500 pulses with pure red
beam of ruby laser. Each pulse lasted 15-20 billionths of a second,
reached moon in 1.3 sees, and bounced back in same time. Target —
18-in-square panel of 100 three-faced prisms of fused silica — was hit
about three-fourths of time, (gsfc Historian)

• J PL engineers reported Mariner VII, en route to Mars, had suffered sud-

den change in velocity — possibly because of gas leak from pressure
can in infrared spectrometer — that could throw off its approach to
Mars. Also, 20 of 92 telemetry channels, including one that aimed TV
camera platform toward Mars, had not operated properly after con-
trollers lost contact with spacecraft July 30. When engineers turned on
TV cameras, however, they began taking pictures that appeared to be
of Mars. I Auerbach, W Post, 8/2/69, A4; nasa News Release.
9/11/69)

• Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Director of Science and Applications at msc, an-

nounced he would leave NASA in September to become Director of Re-
search Laboratories for essa in Boulder, Colo. His successor had not
yet been selected. Dr. Hess said he was taking new position because
job was challenging one in growing organization with important mis-
sion. "We have passed a milestone in the manned space flight program
by the recent lunar landing. We have put the Lunar Receiving Labora-
tory into operation and it is performing its mission well. We have
placed instruments on the moon successfully and have the scientific
program for the next several lunar missions well organized." Before
going to MSC, Dr. Hess served as Chief of Laboratory for Theoretical
Studies at gsfc, 1961-1967. (msc Release 69-54)

• Intelsat-III F-2 comsat (launched Dec. 18, 1968), which had stopped

operating June 29 when mechanically despun antenna malfunctioned,
was restored to service. Intelsat I (Early Bird), reactivated June 30,
had worked with Intelsat-II F—3 to provide service during interruption.
(ComSatCorp Release 69—49)

• President Nixon arrived at Lahore, Pakistan, during round-the-world

journey. Pakistan President Yahya Khan said at airport, "The City of
Lahore is happy to receive you on its historic soil and to share your
joy at the most recent and the most memorable triumph of human
courage, determination, and scientific skill which was achieved by your
astronauts when they were first to land on the moon." ( PD, 8/4/69,
1060)

• Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, outlined possible 1981-1982

manned mission to Mars in speech before Commonwealth Club in San

259

August 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Francisco. With "window opening" on Nov. 12, 1981, expedition
"would set forth from earth orbit [where spacecraft were assembled]
in two six-man vehicles, each propelled by three nuclear rockets." At
end of Mars injection burn by two outer rockets, rockets would be
disengaged and return to earth orbit for later reuse. Third rocket
would remain unfired as spacecraft coasted to Mars. On nine-month
journey spacecraft could be joined and spun to provide artificial
gravity.

"On August 9, 1982, the craft would arrive at Mars, and the unused
rocket fired to brake each ship into Mars orbit. About three months
would be spent orbiting Mars while two surface landers . . . took astro-
nauts down to surface for a month-long stay. These landers would also
be three-man laboratories in which men could live and work produc-
tively on the surface of Mars. At the end of their surface research the
astronauts would rendezvous again with the spacecraft overhead, and
then begin the return voyage by firing the nuclear engine again on
October 28, 1982." Spacecraft would swing by Venus Feb. 28, 1983,
using Venus' orbital motion around sun to retard it and sling it toward
earth. "Returning to earth on August 14, 1983, the nuclear rocket
would fire for the third time to put each space ship into earth orbit.
The crews would return to earth via the shuttle. After refurbishing, the
space ships would be available for the next voyage."

To hold option open for Mars voyages in 1980s, U.S. should in
1970s develop reusable shuttle for flight between earth and low earth
orbit, permanent orbiting space station, and nuclear rocket propulsion.
(Text)

• LRL technicians Ronald J. Buffum and George E. Williams, accidentally

exposed to lunar samples when glove used to examine samples cracked,
were placed in quarantine with Apollo 11 astronauts, 2 doctors, and 12
technicians, cooks, and other employees. ( W Post, 8/2/69, A4)

• James L. Stamy, Deputy Manager of Michoud Assembly Facility since

1962, became Acting Manager, replacing Dr. George N. Constan, who
retired July 31. (msfc Release 69-169)

• U.S. Army Collateral Investigation Board appointed to investigate March

12 crash of AH— 56A Cheyenne helicopter, in which civilian pilot David
A. Beil lost his life, issued report. It found accident was caused by di-
vergent, low-frequency, main-rotor oscillation and pilot had been killed
by rotor blades. Manufacturer, Lockheed-California Co., had "failed
to exercise due care and judgment in the planning and execution of
flight 288 and in so doing failed to adhere to an acceptable level of
sound industrial practice." (Text)

• m/g James T. Stewart, former Vice Director of usaf's Manned Orbiting

Laboratory (mol) program, had been named afsc Deputy Chief of
Staff for Systems, Gen. James Ferguson, afsc Commander, announced.
Gen. Stewart would replace m/g John L. Zoeckler, who retired from
usaf July 31. (afsc Release 130.69)

• USN announced award of $461-million contract to Lockheed Aircraft

Corp. for development of S— 3A carrier-based antisubmarine-warfare
aircraft, formerly designated vsx. Contract, to be funded over five
years, was for 6 R&D aircraft with option to procure 193 production
models, contingent upon successful development phase, (dod Release
647-69)

260

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 2

August 2: Press conference on Mariner VI preliminary results was held at
j PL. Scientists reported experiments had revealed that recurring white
blob seen in previous Mars pictures was 300-mi wide crater with peak
in center; linear features known as canals were actually large, irregu-
lar, low-contrast splotches without specific detail; temperature in equa-
torial area ranged from 75°F to — 100°F; atmosphere was almost
nonexistent; Mars had no sharply defined borders separating light and
dark areas; and Martian surface was more heavily cratered than pre-
viously believed.

Dr. Charles A. Barth of Univ. of Colorado said any life on Mars
would be very different from life on earth, perhaps form that used
carbon dioxide. He said uv spectrometer had found atomic carbon and
carbon monoxide, but no traces of nitrogen — essential to life on earth.

Dr. George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California at Berkeley said infra-
red spectrometer had detected presence of unknown compound related
to methane, building block of life on earth. He also reported detection
of super-thin layer of water ice hanging in atmosphere above Mars
equator. ( Auerbach, W Post, 8/3/69, A3; Lannan, W Star, 8/3/69,
A5)

• NASA's Mariner VII televised two good test pictures before start of its

first series of 34 approach shots more than 1 million mi from Mars.
(AP, W Star, 8/2/69, A3; nasa News Release, 9/11/69)

• Initial results of tests at msc's Lunar Receiving Laboratory in which

mice were exposed to lunar samples showed no indication of life on
ported. All 24 sterilized mice that had lunar dust injected into their
stomachs July 31 and 240 mice inoculated Aug. 1 were "alive and
kicking. . . . They have shown no untoward reaction to the sample and
seem to be in very good health." (AP, W Star, 8/3/69, A5)

• Lick Observatory scientists said at news conference they had measured

distance between earth and moon to be 226,970.9 mi, based on data
from Aug. 1 test in which laser beam successfully hit reflector on
moon, lrl preventive medicine specialist Dr. Norman D. Jones re-
moon. Figure was accurate to within 150 ft and eventually might be
pinned down to inches. (AP, NYT, 8/4/69, 13)

• Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu met President and Mrs. Nixon

on arrival at Otopeni Airport, Bucharest. President Nixon replied to
welcome: ". . . this significant moment in the history of relations be-
tween our two countries coincides with a great moment in the history
of the human race. Mankind has landed on the moon. We have estab-
lished a foothold in outer space. But there are goals we have not
reached here on earth. We are still building a just peace in the world.
This is a work that requires the same cooperation and patience and
perseverance from men of good will that it took to launch that vehicle
to the moon." (PD, 8/4/69, 1065)

• Washington Post editorial: "It is not often that the public has a chance

to share in the day to day unraveling of scientific mysteries. The men
and women who engage in basic research prefer to work quietly in
laboratories and eventually announce their findings in the atmosphere
of scholarly meetings or academic publications. But at Houston and
Pasadena [MSC and JPl] these days, the public has become a silent
observer of the plodding work that goes into basic research. Regardless
of the drama that is involved, the study of the rocks brought back by

261

August 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Apollo 11 from the moon and of the pictures being transmitted back
by Mariners 6 and 7 as they fly past Mars is simply basic research. Al-
though results are trickling out each day, the dimensions of each dis-
covery are hard to measure and an understanding of their cumulative
impact is likely to be long in coming." [W Post, 8/2/69, A12)
August 3: At Andrews AFB, on return from world tour, President Nixon
said: "In Bucharest I noted that so many, particularly of the young
people, held up a newspaper picture of the astronauts landing on the
moon, and everywhere we went it was the same. Some way, when those
two Americans stepped on the moon, the people of this world were
brought closer together. ... I really feel in my heart that it is . . . the
spirit of Apollo, that America can now help to bring to all relations
with other nations. The spirit of Apollo . . . can bring the people of
the world together in peace." (PD, 8/4/69, 1071-2)

• New York Times published interview in which Grumman Aircraft Engi-

neering Corp. President Llewellyn J. Evans expressed concern over
possibility of failure in future space missions. "It has been one big
gamble up to this point. This country must come up with rescue hard-
ware. It would be shocking if someone got stuck in orbit someplace."
He saw need for four space facilities: space station in earth or lunar
orbit, shuttle for travel between earth and space laboratory, space
"tug" to go between nonatmospheric orbits, and rescue vehicle.
(Kampel, NYT, 8/3/69, F7)

• New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 11 lunar landing and

Mariner VI Mars mission: "Future generations may well regard the
last two weeks of July 1969 as the most revolutionary and significant
fortnight of the entire twentieth century. Not for 300 years has any
comparable quantum leap in man's knowledge of the cosmos taken
place in so brief a time." (NYT, 8/2/69, 10)

• There was no question that manned Mars mission could be "organized,

equipped and flown, possibly by 1985 or 1986," William Hines said in
Washington Sunday Star. "But the cost of such a flight would be tre-
mendous." Apollo had cost $25 billion over eight years. Project Mars
"would cost four times as much over a period twice as long." Taxpayers
and legislators "should listen to the professional pitchmen of space
with a dubious ear, demanding facts instead of the sort of rhetoric Dr.
George E. Mueller delivered on Apollo 11 splashdown day." (W Star,
8/3/69, C4)
August 3-4: Photos of Mars taken from 65,000-mi altitude by nasa's Mar-
iner VII were received by JPL and shown live on TV. Although pic-
tures were clear, canals were barely visible as dark splotchy areas,
indicating they were not sharply defined features as previously believed.
Viewers saw 100-mi-wide, 750-mi-long dark streak identified as
Agathadaemon canal, Cerberus canal in light Plateau Elysium area, and
Martian south pole with craters filled with substance resembling snow
or ice. Pictures showed white grid pattern around Nix Olympica,
identified by Mariner VI photos as 300-mi-wide crater. Absence in
Mariner VII photos of bright streak on Tempe desert near Mars north
pole that had been visible in Mariner VI photos suggested meteorologi-
cal phenomenon similar to earth's seasonal changes. South polar cap,
which was 2,500 mi across in Mariner VII photos, shrank to 250 mi

262

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 3-4

across in Martian summer and increased to 3,500 mi across in winter.
(Auerbach, W Post, 8/5/69, Al)
August 4: Scientists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory opened last box of
Apollo 11 lunar samples containing charcoal-gray dust and assorted
rocks ranging from gravel to size of orange. NASA geologist Dr. Jeffrey
L. Warner described rocks as "different from anything we have on
earth." Some of rocks had flat faces and appeared to have been broken
off larger chunks of material. Rocks in first box of samples had been
rounded. Some rocks contained unidentified crystals that sparkled;
others had "an unusual smattering of what appeared to be metallics,"
possibly ilmenite (iron-titanium mineral oxide), important source of
titanium, (upi, W Post, 8/5/69, A6; AP, B Sun, 8/5/69, Al)

• NAS— NRC Space Science Board issued The Outer Solar System: A Pro-

gram for Exploration. Report detailed program for unmanned explora-
tion from 1974 to early 1980s; reaffirmed goals set by earlier study
emphasizing experiments contributing to understanding of origin and
evolution of solar system, of life, and of dynamic processes in terres-
trial environment; and agreed exploration would concentrate on
planets but time in flight would permit study of interplanetary medium.
Missions recommended were 1974 Jupiter deep-entry probe and flyby,
1976 Jupiter orbit, 1977 earth-Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto probes, 1979 earth-
Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune probes, and earth-Jupiter-Uranus entry probes
in early 1980s. Vigorous national program could be developed for
small fraction of total NASA program cost and increased portion of
space budget should be devoted to planetary exploration. Report, origi-
nating from June 1968 study chaired by Dr. James A. Van Allen of
Univ. of Iowa and Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald of Univ. of California
at Santa Barbara, recommended nasa include long-term outer solar
system exploration plan in 1971 congressional budgetary presentation.
(Text)

• NASA's Pegasus HI meteoroid detection satellite, launched July 30, 1965,

reentered earth atmosphere at 2:04 am cdt over Indian Ocean at
3.4°N. latitude and 56.7°E. longitude. Pegasus III was last in series of
three Pegasus satellites with 96-ft-long detector panels launched to
determine frequency of meteoroids in near-earth environment. All three
had been turned off in 1968 after operating for more than double de-
sign lifetime. Few hours before reentry, controllers commanded Pega-
sus III beacon to begin operating again and beacon functioned
satisfactorily until satellite was destroyed by reentry heat. I msfc Re-
lease 69-170; gsfc SSR, 8/15/69)

• ERC announced it had developed and successfully flight-tested "Flying

Baton," simple, low-cost device to provide eye-level artificial horizon
for pilots. Developed by Center's William J. O'Keefe, device could con-
tribute to more "head-up" flying, be used for precision attitude flying,
and allow pilot more time to look outside aircraft. (ERC Release 69-19)

• DOT and hud announced $166,734 project for studies to recommend

short- and long-term relief from aircraft noises at John F. Kennedy
International Airport, New York; O'Hare International Airport, Chi-
cago; Bradley International Airport, Hartford, Conn.; and Cape Ken-
nedy Regional Airport, Fla. Studies were to define noise problems, to
identify activities affecting problems, to identify approaches to land

263

August 4

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

August 2: jpl press conference reported new information on Mars from the Mariner VI
flyby. The far-encounter photo above, taken 463,250 miles from Mars July 29, showed
Meridiani Sinus and Sabacus Sinus as a dark feature near the equator. The bright
area at the top ivas Cydonia. The south polar cap showed at the bottom of the planet.

August 4-5: Mariner VII transmitted first close-up photo of Mars' south polar cap.
In the photo below, taken 3,300 miles from Mars Aug. 4, the south pole was believed
to be at the lower right. Three large craters showed partly bare floors. Snoivdrift-
like formations and an irregular cloud-like object (upper left) tvere apparent.

264

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

August I

IRS PLANET SENSOR
' (COOL-DOWN START)

INFRARED

RADIOMETER

(IRR)

FAR-ENCOUNTER
PLANET SENSOR

IJJ

INFRARED

SPECTROMETER

(IRS)

WIDE-ANGLE TV

ULTRAVIOLET
SPECTROMETER

(UVS)

NARROW-ANGLE TV

August 4-5: Scientific instruments on board Mariner VII collected detailed data on
the Mars surface and atmosphere as the spacecraft made its close-encounter fly by of
the southern hemisphere and polar regions. Mariner VI used similar instruments to
gather information on the equatorial regions of Mars on its July 30-31 flyby.

use compatible with airport locations, and to analyze feasibility of
compatible land development in high-noise areas. (DOT Release 18369)

• Apollo 8 commemorative medallions containing metal carried on mission
were being distributed to NASA employees "as a token of appreciation
for each individual's efforts in making the United States lunar program
possible," nasa Hq. Weekly Bulletin said, (nasa Hq WB, 8/4/69, 1)

August 4—5: nasa's Mariner VII transmitted first closeup photos of Mars
south pole as it flew within 2,100 mi of planet. Dr. Robert P. Sharp,
geologist at Cal Tech, said 31 photos might look like "baby pictures of
Earth. This is what the Earth might have looked like some four billion
years ago before it developed an atmosphere and oceans to weather its
surface and nurture life." Photos taken on pass Aug. 4 were transmitted
to J PL Aug. 5.

Polar cap, which had appeared gleaming white in more distant
photos, looked dull gray in closeups. Pictures showed south polar cap
with snow-like substance — possibly frozen carbon dioxide — piled up in
vast dunes; pocked with deep, steeply walled craters; and much darker
than desert to north. Floor of bright circular Hellas desert area, be-
lieved to be shallow crater or collapsed area, was strangely free of
meteorite impact craters.

265

August 4-5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Mariner VII (launched March 27) with Mariner VI (launched Feb.
24) had provided most detailed information to date on Mars, including
198 photos covering 20% of planet and detailed scientific data from
onboard experiments. Data indicated: thin Martian atmosphere had no
detectable nitrogen; south polar cap, which appeared white and
smoothly circular in telescope pictures, was ragged with dark splotch
in center; surface temperatures ranged from 75°F to — 100° F; some
of narrower thin dark lines called canals might be segments of rubbled
rims of craters up to 300 mi across; and Martian surface, though
heavily pocked, was not as rugged as lunar surface. (AP, B Sun,
8/6/69, Al; AP, W Star, 8/6/69, A7; Auerbach, W Post, 8/6/69,
A3)
August 5: Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA Administrator, and other top NASA
officials testified on future space programs before Senate Committee on
Aeronautical and Space Sciences.

Introducing programs, Dr. Paine said: "The decade of the 1970's
and 1980's should have a program as bold in concept and as productive
as we have had in the decade of the 1960's. ... we need to have clear
objectives to focus our work and a commitment, subject ... to annual
review, as to what these achievements will be. Our general goal area
should be the continued exploration of the solar system while deriving
the maximum scientific and practical benefits here on earth from the
space program. There is no question that, at some future time, we will
have the capability for manned planetary exploration and we need to
face now some of the decisions that will not bear fruition for more
than a decade. Although I do not believe that we will see manned ex-
ploration of the planets in the 1970's in the United States ... I do
think this could come in the 1980's. It is by no means clear that for
the Soviet Union the decision may not be made to mount a crash pro-
gram and bring this in before the end of the decade of the 1970's."

Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, described possible 1981—
1982, 12-man, 2-ship expedition to Mars [see Aug. 1]. Each space-
craft would weigh 1.6 million lbs at departure from earth orbit and
would be 270 ft long, "smaller than what we are flying already to the
moon."

NASA was using "concept of reusability" in planning, to improve
and reduce cost of operating in space, Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA
Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, told Committee.
Reusability could be achieved "through the reuse of launch and space
vehicles and . . . through the reuse of a mission module such as a space
station" put into orbit and used over 10-yr or even 20-yr period.
Space shuttles would be designed to run 100 or more flights. Modules
and vehicles would be designed for multiple applications in earth,
lunar, and synchronous orbits. Space tug would permit travel from
space station to other spacecraft and back again — "general purpose . . .
equipment." In earth orbital operations, "it permits us to fly off from
the space station over to ... an OAO, orbiting astronomical observatory,
either to repair or check the OAO, or to bring it back to a space station
where it can then be loaded on the space shuttle for return to earth and
then brought back into orbit after repairs." (Transcript)
• Four lrl technicians — Miss Heather A. Owens, Chauncey C. Park, Roy
G. Coons, and Riley Wilson — were placed in isolated area under quar-

266

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 August 5

antine after being exposed to lunar material when line carrying con-
taminated material from vacuum chambers to disposal area burst,
spraying lunar material into examining room. Mishap, second in which
lrl technicians were exposed to lunar material [see Aug. 1], brought
total number of persons under quarantine to 23. (AP, W Post, 8/6/69,
A3; MSC Hist Off)

• NASA announced resignation of Astronaut F. Curtis Michel, effective Aug.

18. Dr. Michel, who had been on one-year leave of absence from NASA
to do scientific research at Rice Univ. in Houston, said that — although
he was reluctant to leave NASA and prospect of flight in space — he
wanted to devote full time to research at Rice. Resignation reduced
number of NASA astronauts to 48. (msc Release 69-55)

• NASA notified Instituto Geofisico del Peru that $2-million NASA tracking

station near Lima, Peru, would be closed because of shifting program
requirements and economic reasons. Station, to be phased out by No-
vember, had participated in more than 75 satellite missions since 1957.
(NASA Release 69-117)

• Dept. of Interior announced grant of $100,225 for research into health,

safety, and water pollution in coal mining operations. Island Creek
Coal Co. would determine if miners equipped with self-contained
breathing apparatus similar to astronauts' could work efficiently in
mines filled with nitrogen or other inert gas. (doi Release 17784—69)
August 6: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCl from Baikonur into orbit with
527-km (327.5-mi) apogee, 143-km (88.9-mi) perigee, 91.2-min
period, and 62.2° inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 8. (GSFC SSR,
8/15/69; 9/15/69; SBD, 8/7/69, 109)

• nasa's HL— 10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by nasa test pilot John A.

Manke, reached 78,000-ft altitude and mach 1.55 after air launch from
B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Objective
of flight, 23rd in series, was to obtain data on performance, stability,
and control — especially roll control, (nasa Proj Off)

• NASA named flight crews for Apollo 13 and 14 lunar landing missions.

Prime crewmen for Apollo 13 were Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr.
(commander), Thomas K. Mattingly II (CM pilot), and Fred W.
Haise, Jr. (lm pilot). Backup crew was composed of Astronauts John
W. Young, John L. Swigert, Jr., and Charles M. Duke, Jr. Apollo 14
prime crewmen were Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (commander),
Stuart A. Roosa (CM pilot), and Edgar D. Mitchell ( LM pilot). Backup
crewmen were Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, and
Joe E. Engle.

Both missions would include lunar exploration and deployment of
Apollo lunar surface experiment packages (alsep). Total lunar surface
stay time would include two EVA periods of three hours each and would
not exceed 35 hrs. Flights would be first for Astronauts Mattingly,
Haise, Roosa, and Mitchell. (NASA Release 69-115)

• Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., quar-

antined in LRL, discussed lunar surface activities with about 40 scien-
tists and geologists over closed-circuit TV. Astronauts said lunar
surface was rich with interesting rocks. They described small, walnut-
size fragments which appeared translucent or transparent, with reflect-
ing surfaces like quartz crystals; spatters of glass on rocks, especially
on rocks on bottom of craters; and rocks shaped like automobile dis-

267

August 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tributor caps, which appeared to be weathered or eroded and sculptured
at top in cylindrical shape. Astronauts said they regretted not being
able to retrieve more lunar rocks and suggested that future Apollo as-
tronauts be equipped with extra pocket or shoulder bag so they could
collect interesting rocks as they saw them. (W Post, 8/7/69, A4; AP,
B Sun, 8/7/69, A8)

• Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair — on behalf of herself, her husband

Richard O'Hair, and her "Society of Separationists" — filed suit in
Austin, Tex., District Court against NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas
0. Paine, to prevent U.S. astronauts on duty from practicing religion
on earth, in space, or "around and about the moon." She objected
specifically to Apollo 8 Christmas Eve 1968 Bible reading by Astronaut
Frank Borman and placing by Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong
and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., of disc containing microfilmed prayers on
moon July 20. (upi, W Post, 8/7/69)

• Dissatisfaction with substandard performance in other parts of society

was "something worthwhile that the Space Program is contributing to
the United States," NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, said in
speech before National Press Club in Washington, D.C. "I hope we
have spurred our society and our people to . . . demand higher per-
formance, to set bolder goals, and then to have the gumption to stand
up before the whole world and demonstrate whether or not the goals
are achieved." Space program had also taught "need for broadly en-
listing not only American capability, but the best people from around
the world willing to throw their competence and a portion of their
careers into challenging endeavors." It had "unleashed in the 1960's
the talents and energies of a technological generation." U.S. must con-
tinue "to put together bold programs that will release the creative ener-
gies of our people in productive channels."

Dr. Paine thought history would record as "the great contribution
of our generation" astronauts' blazing of "trail for all future genera-
tions of men who want to . . . conquer new worlds. . . . Through man's
brains, energy and resources life can — and life will — extend itself
through the solar system. . . . The 1980's are very clearly the decade
in which both we and the Soviet Union, with reasonable-sized space
programs in the 1970's, will develop a technological capability for
landing on Mars."

In response to questions, Dr. Paine said: "It seems clear to me that
there are increasing opportunities for all nations to work together in
space exploration and application. Certainly we and the Russians can
and should cooperate more closely in space science so our two pro-
grams can produce greater results than the simple sum of their out-
puts." (Transcript)

• Future space program was described by Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, before National
Space Club in Washington, D.C. Reusable nuclear vehicle to serve as
space shuttle between space station in earth orbit and space station
in lunar orbit would be "final link that would permit us to reduce the
cost of operation to something like $200 for moving a pound of mate-
rial from the earth's surface to the lunar surface and return as com-
pared to something like $100 thousand a pound using today's tech-

268

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Augn-i 6

niques. Similar reductions in the cost of transportation to the earth
orbital station will permit us for the first time to consider processing
materials in space, to use space for the kind of laboratory work that
we now associate with ground-based laboratories." By end of 1970s
"we would find so many uses for operations in synchronous orbit both
for observing the universe and for observing the earth that we would
have established a space station in synchronous orbit which would be
regularly supplied by a nuclear shuttle system and which would provide
us with direct television broadcasting and direct radio broadcasting
to the homes of all people in the world, as well as providing us with
great stellar observatories and a viewing platform for air traffic control,
navigation and for a permanent weather watch.

". . . this approach to using space is one that is readily extended,
once the shuttle capability has been developed, to a corresponding
approach for planetary exploration and . . . the same nuclear shuttle
system together with the space station modules need only to be sup-
plemented by a Mars landing module to permit us to carry out the
first manned planetary expedition to Mars." (Text)
August 7: Scientists at J PL presented conflicting opinions to newsmen on
preliminary data from Mariner VI and Mariner VII flybys of Mars.
Dr. George C. Pimentel and Dr. Kenneth C. Herr of Univ. of California
at Berkeley said data from infrared spectrometer indicated presence of
gaseous ammonia and methane in Martian atmosphere. "We are con-
fident that we have detected solid carbon dioxide that is not on the
surface; that is, it is suspended as a cloud above the polar cap. Our
data are consistent with and suggest that the polar cap is composed of
water ice and probably not solid carbon dioxide near the polar cap
edge." If life did exist on Mars, they said, it could be in region near
edge of polar icecap where "polar ice provides a reservoir of water"
and solid carbon dioxide cloud "provides protection from ultraviolet
radiation."

Dr. Gerry Neugebauer of Cal Tech said temperature of Mars was
"strong circumstantial evidence that the polar caps are in fact pre-
dominantly made of carbon dioxide." Infrared radiometer experiment,
which measured temperatures on Martian surface, indicated that tem-
perature of south polar cap was close to — 253°F, temperature at which
carbon dioxide would solidify in thin Martian atmosphere.

uv spectrometer experiment had found large amount of uv radiation
reflected from south polar icecap, indicating that uv light from sun
was penetrating thin Martian atmosphere and reaching surface. Dr.
Charles W. Hord of Univ. of Colorado said strong uv radiation reach-
ing surface "would destroy many of the important molecular bonds of
organic compounds." If life did exist on Mars, he said, it "must be
pretty strong stuff," or it must have some means of protection against
uv rays.

Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said one of most striking results
of Mariner photos was indication of dynamic process occurring on
Martian surface. Unlike rest of Martian surface, which was heavily
cratered and closely resembled moon, Hellas area appeared to be
smooth and free of craters. "Hellas is the first non-lunar-like feature"
discovered by Mariner VII, he said. Apparently there was "activity in

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that region . . . obliterating craters as fast as they are being formed."
(Bishop, WSJ, 8/8/69; Sullivan, NYT, 8/8/69, 1; Lannan, W Star,
8/8/69, A4)

• Lunar Receiving Laboratory scientists issued first comprehensive report

on preliminary study of lunar samples collected by Apollo 11 astro-
nauts. Experiments indicated there was no life in sample and traces of
organic material reported earlier were probably from astronauts' space-
suits and containers, rubber gloves, and tools used to handle material.
(Traces of hydrocarbons in two samples of lunar dust had been re-
ported Aug. 6.) Autopsies performed on 48 mice injected with lunar
dust and then killed had shown no signs of germs or illness. Detailed
analyses of samples would begin in late September when material
would be released from quarantine and distributed to 146 principal
investigators in 9 countries. (AP, W Star, 8/8/69, A4; Sullivan, NYT,
8/7/69, 1)

• Sen. Ralph W. Yarborough (D-Tex.) offered amendment to H.R. 11271,

FY 1970 nasa authorization bill [see June 24], to increase funds for
NASA R&D and program management from amount reported by Senate
Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences to amount passed by
House. Increases would total $256.50 million in r&d and $6.35 million
in research and program management. He said: "My amendment
authorizes the bare minimum that we, as a nation, should commit to
space. Its adoption is vital to the proper balance in our national
priorities; it is vital to the future of our exciting and promising space
program; and it is vital, in my opinion, to the interests and well-being
of our country." (CR, 8/7/69, S9383)

• Washington Post published results of July 26—28 Gallup survey, which

found public lukewarm about Government funding of manned Mars
landing. While majority of young adults favored idea, majority of
those 30 or over opposed it. Generally, 39% of those polled favored
attempt to land man on Mars, 53% opposed, and 8% had no opinion.
Blacks opposed by 3-to-l ratio. (W Post, 8/7/69, F4)

• At White House dinner for West German Chancellor Kurt G. Kiesinger,

Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director, told press putting man on
Mars by 1982 posed less risk than putting man on moon because most
technical problems had been solved. In time space travel would become
commonplace, with spacecraft carrying passengers. On Martian surface
man could move from home to car or office in completely controlled
environment. (Shelton, W Post, 8/8/69, D2)

• msfc announced award of two contracts. Eight-month, $400,000 contract

had been given to General Dynamics Corp. to study experiment mod-
ules for proposed manned space station. Study, which would comple-
ment space station investigations being conducted by McDonnell
Douglas Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp., would examine
variety of experiments suitable for manned space station, analyze
scientific and engineering community's need for experiment modules,
and develop concepts for least number of modules needed to meet these
requirements.

Martin Marietta Corp. had been awarded $1,170,000 contract to
fabricate, test, and deliver 15 Saturn V workshop rate gyro processors
and 1 module test set and to retrofit 22 Apollo Telescope Mount rate-

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gyro processors for Apollo Applications program. Work, expected to
take 18 mos, would be done in Orlando, Fla. (msfc Releases 69—172,
69-173)

• With encouragement from President Nixon and Vice President Spiro T.

Agnew, NASA had "begun drumming up pressure for the huge sums
required to send men to Mars in the early 1980's," New York Times
editorial said. "But the latest Mariner information makes the proba-
bility of life on Mars much less than it seemed even a week ago, thus
removing much of the original motivation for such a project. The shift
of emphasis now proposed to unmanned satellites would be far
cheaper; scientifically it would also be far more productive." \NYT,
8/7/69, 32)

August 8—14: Zond Vll automatic space station was launched by U.S.S.R.
from Baikonur with "powerful carrier rocket" and placed on free-
return lunar trajectory from parking orbit. Tass said mission objectives
were to study moon and near-lunar space further, photograph lunar
surface, and test improved onboard systems and design of "rocket-space
complex." All equipment was functioning normally.

On Aug. 11 Tass announced that spacecraft had circled moon on
flight plan similar to that of Zond V (launched Sept. 15, 1968) and
Zond VI I launched Nov. 10, 1968), had photographed lunar surface,
and was returning to earth. Zond Vll reentered atmosphere by skipping
across outer layers of atmosphere to reduce its entry speed and then
descended and softlanded in predetermined area near Kustanay in
northern Kazakhstan Aug. 14. (SBD, 8/11/69, 120-1; 8/18/69, 152;
NYT, 8/9/69, 26; 8/12/69, 6; 8/15/69, 14; gsfc SSR, 8/15/69)

August 8: NASA announced selection of Heliodyne Corp. and Wolf Research
and Development Corp. for final negotiations leading to one-year $1-
million, cost-plus-award-fee contract with two one-year options to
operate National Space Science Data Center at GSFC. ( NASA Release
69-118)

• In Washington Daily News column Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill.) said:

"Unknowing voices clamor to us to give up the search into the un-
known. They ask us to spend the money on things here on earth. They
ask for something that already has been done. Where do you think the
money is spent that sent Apollo 11 to the moon? It wasn't spent on the
moon. There are no creatures there to benefit from the billions spent
to finally land Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in the Sea of Tran-
quility. The money was spent here on earth, where it enriched the
laborers, the craftsmen, the technicians, the engineers, the scientists —
and their neighborhoods. It enriched the millions and millions of
people who always benefit from industry. . . . (W News, 8/8/69, 23)

• Washington Post editorial: "There was a certain logic in playing down

the purely scientific aspects of the Apollo program in the past since
the effort was to land men on the moon before the Russians did. But
that day is past. The scientists of space, as contrasted with its engineers
and technicians, have been forced into the back seat of the manned
space program. It is time now to make them the navigators. The choice
of missions — for future flights to the moon and for future operations
that will lead some day to a trip to Mars and eventually other planets-
should be largely in their hands. They, far better than the men who

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August 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

created the hardware and the knowledge necessary to make space travel
possible, know the areas most appropriate for exploration in terms of
gaining knowledge." {W Post, 8/8/69)
August 9-15: nasa's Oso VI (oso-g) Orbiting Solar Observatory was suc-
cessfully launched from etr at 3 :52 am EDT by two-stage Thor-Delta N
booster to study sun and its influence on earth's atmosphere. Orbital
parameters: apogee, 348.0 mi (560 km) ; perigee, 307.6 mi (495 km) ;
period, 95.2 min; and inclination, 32.96°. Primary mission objective
was to obtain high-resolution spectral data from pointed experiments
in 10- to 20-kev range and 1 to 1,300 A range during one solar rota-
tion and make raster scans of solar disc in selected wavelengths. Space-
craft would obtain data from nonpointed and pointed experiments for
more than one solar rotation for extended observations of single lines
and solar flares.

Pac (Package Attitude Control) system, carried pickaback on Delta
2nd stage, was ejected into orbit with 340-mi (547.1-km) apogee, 300-
mi (482.7-km) perigee, 94.2-min period, and 32.9° inclination. Pri-
mary objective was to flight-test long-life, low-power, three-axis Pac
earth-stabilized control system for Delta 2nd stage and to demonstrate
feasibility of using stage as experimental platform.

Oso VI was spin-stabilized, weighed 640 lbs, carried seven experi-
ments, was designed with six-month lifetime, and had two main
sections — wheel (lower), which carried nondirectional scanning ex-
periments and basic support equipment, and sail (upper), which car-
ried pointed experiments. It was similar to previous OSOs but had
unique capability which enabled two sun-pointing telescopes to study
in detail uv and x-ray spectra at any point on solar disc and would
provide greater knowledge of solar atmosphere (chromosphere) as well
as outermost layer (corona) visible only through special instruments
or during total solar eclipse. Experiments, designed to continue and
extend work of preceding oso spacecraft, were provided by Harvard
College Observatory, Naval Research Laboratory, Rutgers Univ., Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratories, Univ. of New Mexico, Univ. of Bo-
logna, and University College (London).

Both tape recorders were operating at liftoff and were still operating
satisfactorily. Spacecraft stabilized and acquired sun as scheduled
shortly after entering orbit. By Aug. 15 all experiments had been
turned on and were operating satisfactorily. Two minor anomalies —
higher than planned use of current by motor that provided fine eleva-
tion pointing and lower than expected spacecraft operating temperature
— were not expected to affect spacecraft operation adversely.

Oso VI was seventh in series of eight oso spacecraft designed to
provide direct observation of sun during most of 11-yr solar cycle.
Oso I (launched March 7, 1962) and Oso II (launched Feb. 3, 1965)
had surpassed their six-month design lifetimes and together provided
more than 8,600 hrs of scientific information, oso— c (launched Aug.
25, 1965) had failed to reach orbit when booster malfunctioned.
Oso III (launched March 8, 1967) and Oso IV (launched Oct. 18,
1967) continued operating satisfactorily, each providing IY2 hrs of
real-time data daily. Oso V (launched Jan. 22, 1969) had both tape
recorders and seven of eight experiments operating satisfactorily after
six months in orbit, oso program was managed by GSFC under OSSA

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 9-15

direction, (nasa Proj Off; nasa Releases 69-112, 69-1 12A, 69-123;
Pres Rpt 70 [69] )
August 9: "Scientists who have long felt that their role was secondary to
that of engineers in the Apollo project" were complaining openly and
trying to force greater emphasis on science in planning future lunar
landing missions, John Noble Wilford reported in New York Times.
"Their argument is that, with the success of Apollo 11, the project's
goal should be to learn as much as possible about the moon and not
merely to repeat the demonstration that moon landings are possible."
Dr. Elbert A. King, curator of Lunar Receiving Laboratory, had said
in interview that NASA administration did not have "enough sympathy
with, or understanding of, scientific objectives." Casting science in
"piggyback role" for first manned lunar landing was understandable,
he said. "No one really criticizes that, because . . . getting men to the
moon and back had to be a massive engineering effort. But now that
we have accomplished that goal, the justification for future lunar ex-
ploration is largely science. There has to be a shift of emphasis."
Scientists were pressing for more active role in mission planning, return
of larger amounts of lunar samples, selection of scientists for flight
crews, and more time between missions in which to evaluate data for
applications to future experiments. (NYT, 8/10/69, 44)

• Soviet scientist Dr. Valery A. Krasheninnikev and academician Dr. Alek-

sandr P. Lisitzin had returned to San Diego from 55 days with U.S.
Deep Sea Drilling Project aboard drilling ship Glomar Challenger con-
vinced their findings were "more important to man than the samples
from the moon," Associated Press reported.

Concentrated drilling between Honolulu and Guam had produced
rocks and sedimentary cores showing microorganisms in perfect state
of preservation. They might provide history of earth's creation. Project
was cooperative venture of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont Geological Observatory of
Columbia Univ., Univ. of Miami Institute of Marine Science, and Univ.
of Washington. (NYT, 8/10/69, 45)
August 10: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
and Michael Collins and 20 other persons quarantined in Lunar Re-
ceiving Laboratory were released shortly after 9:00 pm CDT — four
hours earlier than planned. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical
Research and Operations, msc, said astronauts, who had been confined
since July 24, showed no signs of any possible infection from exposure
to moon. He cautioned that astronauts might become ill after release —
not from lunar contamination, but from earth organisms to which they
were highly susceptible after long period of isolation. Report on health
of persons under quarantine would be presented by NASA Aug. 11 to
Interagency Committee on Back Contamination, which had approved
early release. (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 8/11/69, Al ; AP, W Post, 8/10/69,
A7)

• nasa had assured Post Office Dept. that master die for 10-cent moon

landing commemorative stamp [see July 9] had gone all the way to
lunar surface as planned. It had returned to earth in CM and been
rushed to Washington, D.C., July 31 after decontamination at MSC.
However, moon letter envelope with die proof of moon landing stamp
had not been postmarked on lunar surface. Because of tight schedule

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August 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1969

for lunar eva, letter had been left with Astronaut Michael Collins in
CM Columbia while Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Al-
drin, Jr., worked on moon. "Moon Landing" postmark had been ap-
plied during return voyage. Letter had been decontaminated at msc
and returned to Postmaster General Winton M. Blount Aug. 5. (Fairies,
W Star, 8/10/69, Hll)

• Space program spinoffs of medical benefit to mankind were described by

Howard A. Rusk, M.D., in New York Times. NASA's Scientific Infor-
mation Div. provided stockpile of knowledge indexed in computer tapes
and distributed on microfiche. Collection of 250,000 documents in-
creased by approximately 75,000 items annually. NASA Technical Utili-
zation Div. selected inventions, ideas, and new techniques for use in
nonaerospace activities, including medicine, and distributed them
through eight regional centers. Under interagency agreement, NASA and
hew Social and Rehabilitation Services Administration reported results
of aerospace research to solve problems of 4 million physically or
mentally disabled Americans of working age. Research had developed
technique for sharpening x-rays, micrometeorite sensor to record Park-
insonian tremors, and technique for applying electrodes with spray of
conductive material. (NYT, 8/10/69, 55)
° William Hines in Washington Sunday Star said time was "ripe" for NASA
reorganization, "not merely the firing, promoting and transferring of
officials, but the functional restructuring of the agency as well." There
was some suspicion that no place existed for Dr. Thomas O. Paine,
NASA Administrator, who was "not only a Johnson-administration hold-
over, but a card-carrying Democrat as well." Some observers believed
Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman, "the President's current darling and
space confidant," might be next NASA Administrator. "The idea of
putting astronauts in charge of the space program may seem incon-
gruous, but it is clearly not beyond the realm of possibility in the
image-conscious Nixon regime."

Paine's fate would determine that of Associate Administrator for
Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller. With lunar landing,
Apollo had changed from developmental to operational effort. Chris-
topher C. Kraft, Director of Flight Operations at MSC, would likely
transfer to Washington as Apollo Program Manager — possibly "con-
trolling all space missions for NASA." Hines saw possibility of Apollo
Program Director, George H. Hage's moving into position being vacated
by l/g Samuel C. Phillips, Apollo Program Director, who was rejoin-
ing usaf. "George M. Low, Apollo chief at Houston, may replace the
Houston Center director, Robert R. Gilruth, if Gilruth can be prevailed
upon to retire." There was talk about moving MSFC Director Dr.
Wernher von Braun to Washington "to do what he does best: charm
money out of Congress." Dr. Kurt H. Debus, ksc Director, "may retire
to make way for Rocco Petrone. . . ." (W Star, 8/10/69, G4)

• History of Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 1936, "when the 'crazy scien-

tists' under . . . Dr. Theodore von Karman lit off one of their rockets
in the dry gulch called the Arroyo Seco," to current time, when "jpl's
sights are set a little higher — and farther out," was traced by John
Lannan in Washington Sunday Star, jpl controlled NASA Deep Space
Network with jurisdiction over space efforts 10,000 mi from earth and
beyond, though its Goldstone facility also had participated with GSFC

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Augusl 10

in support of Apollo 11. Its space flight operation facility was "actual
directorate" for handling cosmic penetration flights. It was currently
gearing for Martian orbiter series in 1971 and for 1973 Viking landers.
Future held possibilities of developing and directing missions leading
to Grand Tour of planets. J PL was owned by Federal Government and
staffed and operated by Cal Tech. (W Star, 8/10/69, G3)

• George Gallup released results of first poll of President Nixon's popu-

larity since Apollo 11 success. Poll showed 65% of U.S. public ap-
proved his performance in office. Poll July 11-14, before Apollo 11
mission, had shown 58% approval. {W Post, 8/11/69, A2)

• Apollo 11 had opened vast market for medals, tokens, and pins to col-

lectors who specialized in commemorative pieces, New York Times said.
Medals issued by several countries after Apollo 8 were "few compared
to the meteoric shower of commemoratives for the moon landing."
Medal by Ralph J. Menconi portrayed Apollo 11 astronauts on face
side; reverse showed Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E.
Aldrin, Jr., with lm on lunar surface and earth in background. Medal
designed in U.K. by Paul Vincze depicted astronaut on lunar surface
with names of Apollo 11 astronauts. Reverse showed figure of Hermes
holding winged staff of flight and olive branch with Saturn V in back-
ground. (Haney, NYT, 8/10/69)
August 11: Lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey discussed moon findings at
San Diego, Calif., press conference after return from study of Apollo 11
lunar samples at lrl. There was "no evidence whatever" of life on
moon and, "at present, no age of the rocks on the surface of the moon
is known." Fine dust on lunar surface consisted of 50% glass — 10% in
form of small beads, 40% as broken-up beads — and "something else"
containing minerals similar to those in lunar rocks. Dust and rocks
evidenced shock as though produced by "rather large collisions some-
where that dug up material considerably deeper in the moon than the
few centimeters they have been investigating." There was no evidence
of water. Chemical analyses had shown high concentration of titanium
in lunar samples characteristic of area where Surveyor V and Apollo 11
had landed. "No such . . . titanium concentration occurs anywhere
that we know of on the surface of Earth."

No one had "anticipated what we are finding. And I believe that no
one has a good explanation of how it got that way." It would take
"much more" than nine more Apollo manned landings to solve lunar
mysteries. He saw no economic value in future lunar colonization but
"an observatory on the moon would be a wonderful way to investigate
the heavens, because the difficulties of the atmosphere would dis-
appear." ( Space World, 12/69, 35-42 )

• Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on

Science and Astronautics, told House: "... I do not at this time wish
to commit ourselves to a specific time period for setting sail for Mars.
I believe that there are many tasks that can be accomplished that will
ultimately provide that capability, but will be less costly and will be
necessary in meeting short term objectives." He urged priority atten-
tion to intermediate steps and balanced program "that fully exploits the
great potential of unmanned spacecraft, while at the same time main-
taining a vigorous manned flight program."

He advocated continuation of lunar exploration to obtain "experi-

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August 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

ence of operating a base for science and exploration on another heav-
enly body"; manned earth-orbital operations leading to long-term space
station supported by low-cost shuttle rocket; greater emphasis on ap-
plications satellites that "have the greatest potential for economic
return in the near term"; larger funding for unmanned planetary ex-
ploration, "an area in which the U.S. may soon be overshadowed by
the Soviet Union"; continued nerva development because "improved
propulsion is a key to space leadership"; and "special emphasis on
ERS satellites, "which promise to yield so much ... to agriculture and
industry." (Text; CR, 8/11/69, H7251-4)

• On first day out of quarantine, Apollo 11 crew visited MSC offices, then

enjoyed official day off. NASA spokesman said astronauts had requested
their activities be kept secret, (upi, W Post, 8/12/69, A3)

• Approximately nine hours of satellite time had been booked for TV

coverage abroad of Apollo 11 astronaut events during coming week,
ComSatCorp said. They included more than two hours live coverage
of Aug. 12 MSC news conference, to be relayed via Intelsat-Ill F—2 to
Western and Eastern Europe and, in part, to Tokyo and Sydney via
Pacific lntelsat-lll F—4. Nearly two hours coverage of New York
ticker-tape parade and visit to U.N. would be transmitted to Europe
Aug. 13. Ceremonial dinner in Los Angeles, later in day, would be
taped for transmission to Europe Aug. 14. (ComSatCorp Release
69-50)

• Sen. J. William Fulbright (D-Ark.) told Senate: "It would be a major

step forward if we could now negotiate a new space treaty which would
go beyond the disavowal of national claim of sovereignty in the exist-
ing treaty and explicitly recognize the United Nations as the 'owner'
or sovereign of extraterrestrial bodies and also define the functions and
responsibilities of a United Nations space authority, particularly the
ways in which it would regulate and coordinate national space explora-
tion programs. The overall objective of such a treaty would be to
regulate but not eliminate the competition in space. One benefit of such
an arrangement is that it would allow the space powers to reduce their
expenditures and so reallocate funds to more pressing domestic and
international requirements." (CR, 8/11/69, S9633)

• New York Times editorial: "On that eventful day when the first men

walk on the surface of Mars, they will find much 'magnificent desola-
tion' akin to that seen by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin when they
strolled on the moon last month. That virtual certainty emerges from
the brilliantly successful exploration of the red planet just completed by
Mariners 6 and 7. Their expedition lacked the human drama of
Apollo 11, but the scientific information they returned may well
qualify the two Mariners as the most scientifically productive enter-
prise men have yet carried out in space." (NYT, 8/11/69)

• Subcommittee on NASA Oversight submitted to House Committee on

Science and Astronautics report Engineering Management of Design
and Construction of Facilities of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. Report concluded that closer economic scrutiny of
design and construction management at NASA executive level could
"yield dividends in more efficient management and lower costs at the
field centers." Organization of Office of Facilities was "progressive
step." Cost accounting of administrative expenditures needed to be

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 11

improved and engineering management costs should be clearly identi-
fied for all projects at all centers. (Text)

August 12-18: nasa's 951-lb Ats V (ats-e) Applications Technology
Satellite was launched from etr at 7:01 am EDT by Atlas (SLV-3C)-
Centaur booster on mission to conduct carefully instrumented gravity-
gradient-orientation experiment for basic design information on
stabilization and control of long-lived spacecraft in synchronous orbit
and to obtain useful data from onboard experiments during first 30
days in orbit. Spacecraft successfully entered elliptical transfer orbit
with 26,737.2-mi (43,020.2-km) apogee, 5,297.0-mi (8,522.9-km) peri-
gee, 686.5-min period, and 17.9° inclination.

Because of anomaly which required excessive fuel to maintain stable
spin condition, apogee-kick motor was fired on first apogee instead of
second and spacecraft had to be biased so it would drift from position
over India to intended station over area west of Ecuador. Maneuver
successfully placed Ats V into near-synchronous orbit with 22,927-mi
(36,889.5-km) apogee, 22,221-mi (35,753.6-km) perigee, 1,464.0-min
period, 2.7° inclination, and 6.9° per day westward drift. Active nuta-
tion control was overpowered by unidentified force that caused space-
craft to go into flat spin, preventing ejection of motor case without
possibility of damage to spacecraft. Controllers were investigating
alternatives — stopping. spacecraft spin, restoring spacecraft to normal
spin mode, or minimizing ejection hazard — which could be executed
Aug. 25 when spacecraft became visible to Rosman, N.C., ground
station. Spacecraft was not in danger thermally or electronically and
was expected to become stable and operational after successful ejection
of kick motor.

Ats V was fifth in series of seven ats satellites designed to investigate
and flight-test technological developments common to number of satel-
lite applications and useful to satellites operating in stationary orbits,
conduct carefully instrumented gravity-gradient experiments for basic
design information, and flight-test experiments peculiar to orbits of
various missions. Ats I (launched Dec. 6, 1966) had exceeded test
objectives and was still operating satisfactorily. Ats 11 (launched April
5, 1967), though judged a failure because of eccentric orbit, had
transmitted some useful data before being turned off Oct. 23, 1967.
Ats 111 (launched Nov. 5, 1967) had operated successfully and trans-
mitted color photos of earth. Ats IV (launched Aug. 10, 1968) had
remained in parking orbit when Centaur failed to complete second
burn and had reentered Oct. 17, 1968. ATS program was managed by
gsfc under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off)

August 12: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
and Michael Collins held first postflight press conference at MSC, nar-
rating 45-min film of mission and answering questions. On meaning of
lunar landing, Collins said it was "technical triumph for this country
to have said what it was going to do a number of years ago, and then
by golly do it. Just like we said we were going to do. Not just . . .
purely technical, but also a triumph of the nation's overall determina-
tion, will, economy, attention to detail, and a thousand and one other
factors that went into it."

To Aldrin mission meant "that many other problems perhaps can be
solved in the same way by taking a commitment to solve them in long

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August 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

time fashion. I think that we were timely in accepting this mission of
going to the moon. It might be timely at this point to think in many
other areas of other missions that could be accomplished."

Armstrong said moon landing heralded "beginning of a new age."
He said moon was "stark and strangely different place, but it looked
friendly . . . and proved to be friendly." Astronauts had much less
trouble than expected on lunar surface. Primary difficulty was that
"there was just far too little time to do the variety of things that we
would have liked to have done. . . . We had the problem of the 5 year
old boy in a candy store. There are just too many interesting things to
do."

Armstrong said that during landing they "were concerned about
running low on fuel on range extension we did to avoid the boulder
field and craters. We used a significant percentage of our fuel margins
and we were quite close to our legal limit." On possibility of abort
during period they were receiving alarm signals, Aldrin said procedure
in preparation simulations had been always to "keep going as long as
we could. . . . The computer was continuing to issue guidance . . . and
it was continuing to fly the vehicle down in the same way that it was
programmed to do. The only thing that was missing ... is that we
did not have some of the displays . . . and we had to make several
entries ... to clear up that area." Armstrong added, "We would have
continued the landing so long as the trajectory seemed safe. And land-
ing is possible under these conditions, although with considerably less
confidence than you have when you have the information from the
ground and the computer in its normal manner available to you."
(Transcript)

• Leningrad astronomer Nikolay A. Kozyrev called for lunar laboratories

over, under, and on moon's surface. Soviet and American space ex-
ploration had made scientists "more confident that this is not a dead
accumulation of rocks but a space body with a very interesting history
whose life also continues today." Lunar research goals were establish-
ment of astronomical instruments on stable platforms in lunar orbit,
permanent scientific laboratory on moon, spacecraft launching centers
on moon for planetary exploration, and laboratory stations under lunar
surface or in natural caves, "to give reliable protection from dangerous
radiation and meteorite hits." (upi, NYT, 8/13/69, 11)

• MSFC announced award of $15,455,800 contract modification to Boeing

Co. for continued Saturn V systems engineering and integration. Con-
tract covered work from June 1967 through June 1970 and continued
effort through 10 Saturn V boosters, (msfc Release 69-177)

• New Jersey State Div. of Clean Air and Water requested order from

Superior Court, Newark, asking seven airlines to stop polluting air with
jet engine exhaust at Newark Airport. Suit called for modification of
existing jet engines with air-pollution-control devices or for switching
to new smokeless engines and asked imposition of $2,500 fine. In
Washington, Air Transport Assn. spokesman said that "it would be
hard to make a case for massive retrofit with the absence of a major
health hazard." He said studies had shown that jet engine pollution
was only one percent of total problem and was case of "visibility" and
"esthetics" rather than health danger. United Airlines spokesman said

278

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 12

November 1968 engine modifications to three of airline's Boeing 727s
had sharply decreased pollution. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/13/69, 1)

• Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial: "The public ceremonies honor-

ing the astronauts underscore identity in a larger and much more re-
sponsible sense — a feeling of community, rooted in a family and
expanding to embrace the nation, perhaps ultimately the world. There
are other words for it — awareness of a common purpose, a sense of
decency both public and private, a common standard of behavior and
a common sense of service and loyalty to country. This is what made
Apollo succeed, and this is what the nation is recognizing as the cele-
bration begins today." (P Bull, 8/12/69)
August 13: NERVA experimental engine (XE) was successfully run through
two bootstrap startups in open-loop control and three autostart experi-
ments in Jackass Flats, Nev. Objective was to obtain additional data
about engine in startup phase. Engine and test facility operated nor-
mally and all test objectives were achieved. (NASA Proj Off; SBD,
9/2/69, 4)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried GSFC-

Dudley Observatory payload to collect micrometeoroids during Perseid
meteor shower and to study electric field. Rocket and instruments func-
tioned satisfactorily and data were expected from all experiments. Data
would be compared with data from Nike-Apache mission to be
launched Aug. 22. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., Michael

Collins, their families, and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine,
flew in presidential jet from Houston to New York, Chicago, and Los
Angeles during day of cross-country celebrations.

Three-hour New York visit included greeting at City Hall by Mayor
John V. Lindsay, motorcade to U.N. for greeting by U.N. Secretary
General U Thant, and ticker-tape procession to John F. Kennedy Inter-
national Airport for departure to Chicago. New York Public Events
Commissioner John S. Palmer estimated crowds at 4 million; other
observers said there were fewer and blamed ahead-of-schedule ap-
pearance and TV coverage.

In Chicago, welcoming crowd was estimated at 3.5 million. Mayor
Richard J. Daley greeted party at Civic Center and presented medals
symbolic of honorary citizenship to astronauts and Dr. Paine. Illinois
Gov. Richard B. Ogilvie said, "To these first citizens of the new epoch,
the people of Chicago and Illinois offer their profound admiration and
respect." Astronauts spoke to 15,000 young people in Grant Park
before returning by helicopter to O'Hare International Airport for
flight to Los Angeles.

Mayor Samuel W. Yorty met party at Los Angeles International
Airport. After brief ceremony, party sped to Century Plaza Hotel for
reception preceding state dinner. (Lelyveld, NYT, 8/14/69, 1; Ober-
dorfer, W Post, 8/14/69, Al; nasa pao)

• Climaxing day of cross-country celebrations, President and Mrs. Nixon

hosted formal state dinner at Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles to
honor Apollo 11 astronauts, their wives, and "historic achievement of
the first manned landing on the moon." Guests included other astro-
nauts and wives; widows of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and Edward

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August 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

H. White II; Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer Dr. Robert
H. Goddard; NASA and other space program officials; U.S. and inter-
national aviation pioneers; Cabinet members; Chief Justice and Mrs.
Warren E. Burger; governors of 44 states; members of Joint Chiefs of
Staff; Diplomatic Corps members representing 83 nations; Mrs. D wight
D. Eisenhower, widow of former President; former Vice President and
Mrs. Hubert H. Humphrey; and Congressional leaders.

President asked NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, to read
citation of posthumous awards: "The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration awards posthumously to Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H.
White, and Roger B. Chaffee the NASA Distinguished Service Medals for
professional skill, courage, and dedication to duty in Project Apollo.
They gave their lives in their country's historic undertaking to realize
the goal of landing men on the moon and returning them safely to
earth."

President also asked Dr. Paine to read citation of NASA Group
Achievement Award to Apollo 11 Mission Operations Team "for ex-
ceptional service in planning and exemplary execution of mission op-
erational responsibilities for . . . first manned lunar landing mission."
Award was presented to Apollo Flight Control Engineer Stephen G.
Bales, who had made decision to proceed with lunar landing when
computers failed just before Eagle's landing on Sea of Tranquility, on
behalf of 400,000 persons who had contributed to Apollo program
success.

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, as NASC chairman, presented Medal
of Freedom, nation's highest civilian honor, to Apollo 11 astronauts for
participation in "a unique and profoundly important adventure. The
accumulated scientific knowledge and technological ability of mankind
made man's first step on the moon practicable; the courage and skill
of men like these made it possible. Their contributions to this under-
taking will be remembered so long as men wonder and dream and
search for truth on this planet and among the stars."

Replying to honors, Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., said: "What
Apollo has begun we hope will spread out in many directions, not just
in space, but underneath the seas and in the cities, to tell us unfor-
gettably that we can do what we will and must and want to do."

During evening orderly crowd of peace and antipoverty protesters
gathered outside hotel. (PD, 8/18/69, 1141-2, 1148-51; Roberts,
NYT, 8/15/69, 14; B Sun, 8/14/69, Al)

• msfc announced award of three 10-mo contracts totaling $1,370,000 to

McDonnell Douglas Corp., North American Rockwell Corp., and Lock-
heed Aircraft Corp. to study design concepts and development require-
ments for nuclear rocket stage that could replace Saturn V 3rd stage
(S— IVB) for advanced missions beginning in late 1970s and serve as
workhorse for earth orbital and planetary applications.

McDonnell Douglas received $570,828 to develop and evaluate two
alternative stage concepts — one with modified Saturn V hardware,
other with new stage design and advanced design techniques, nar re-
ceived $511,734 to study modified Saturn V hardware concept only and
Lockheed received $287,000 to study advanced design concept only.
(msfc Release 69-180)

• New York Times editorial on Aug. 12 Apollo 11 news conference in

280

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 13

Houston: "What came through most clearly in yesterday's enthralling
first-hand report by the Apollo astronauts was the infinitesimal margin
by which Eagle escaped either catastrophe or a decision to abort the
moon landing. Either of the two major problems that emerged in those
nerve-wracking moments before touchdown — the overburdened com-
puter and the near-exhaustion of their fuel supply before Neil Arm-
strong and Edwin Aldrin found a suitable landing spot — might have
forced a very different ending to the historic mission. That all turned
out perfectly is a tribute to the astronauts' skill, courage and poise as
well as to the ability of the back-up personnel at Mission Control in
Houston." (NYT, 8/13/69, 40)

• Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong stood to inherit 100,000-franc

fortune of Mme. Anna E. Guzman, widow of French industrialist, which
had been held in trust by Academy of Science of Institute of France
since her 1891 death, according to article Rep. James G. Fulton
( R-Pa. ) inserted in Congressional Record. Legacy — once worth $20,000
but currently decreased in value to $290 exclusive of interest — was to
be awarded to first scientist to make personal contact with heavenly
body other than Mars. [CR, 8/13/69, E7023)

• In Senate, Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) called for at least temporary

halt in usaf plans to purchase Lockheed C— 5A cargo aircraft while
U.S. Comptroller General studied aircraft's costs and value to be
gained from further purchases. (CR, 8/13/69, S9972-8)

• Rep. J. Herbert Burke (R-Fla.) introduced joint resolution calling for

redesignation of Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral. (CR, 8/13/69,
H7387)
August 14: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCII from Plesetsk into orbit
with 765-km (475.4-mi) apogee, 745-km (462.9-mi) perigee, 99.9-min
period, and 74.0° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 8/15/69; SBD, 8/20/69,
169; UN Public Registry)

• NASA announced that 8 of 14 aerospace research pilots trained for USAF's

Manned Orbiting Laboratory program terminated June 10 would join
nasa. One, l/c Albert H. Crews (usaf), would be assigned to Flight
Crew Operations Directorate at MSC Seven would be astronauts, bring-
ing total number of active NASA astronauts to 54: Maj. Karol H. Bobko
(usaf), l/cdr Robert L. Crippen (usn), Maj. Charles G. Fullerton
(usaf), Maj. Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr. (usaf), Maj. Robert F. Over-
myer (usmc), Maj. Donald H. Peterson (usaf), and l/cdr Richard
H. Truly (usn). Effective date for new assignments had not been set.
Maj. Bobko, Maj. Hartsfield, and Maj. Peterson would complete studies
for graduate degrees before assuming astronaut duty, (nasa Release
69-120)

• NASA announced appointment of eight-man failure review committee to

determine why Intelsat-Ill F-5 comsat did not achieve planned orbit
after launch from ksc July 25. (nasa Release 69-119)

• Discovery of x-ray "star" between constellations Centaurus and Lupus

from data relayed during July by two Vela nuclear detection satellites
launched May 23 had been announced by Los Alamos Scientific Lab-
oratory astronomers, New York Times reported. Dr. J. P. Conner, Dr.
W. D. Evans, and R. D. Helian said object had twice the intensity of
most brilliant x-ray sources previously known — in constellation Scor-
pius — and had not yet been identified in wavelengths observable by

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August 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

human eye. No obvious source of x-ray emissions had been identified,
such as stars, stellar explosions, or pulsars. (Sullivan, NYT, 8/14/69,
7)

• Cross-country ceremonies for Apollo 11 astronauts constituted "probably

the single greatest peacetime celebration in the nation's history," New
York Times editorial said. "It was more than a tribute to three cou-
rageous and able men ; it was also an act of homage to the hundreds of
thousands of workers, engineers, technicians and scientists whose hard
work over almost a decade made the moon landing possible. At the
most fundamental level, perhaps, the outpouring of national rejoicing
stemmed from the renewed sense of purpose the Apollo's incredible
feat had brought to a nation long torn and depressed by military
travail abroad and racial and generational antagonisms at home. The
essence of that sentiment was well stated by Mr. Armstrong when he
declared at the United Nations that 'we citizens of earth who can solve
the problem of leaving earth can also solve the problems of staying on
earth.' " (NYT, 8/14/69)

• Research submarine Ben Franklin surfaced 300 mi south of Nova Scotia,

ending 1,200-mi, month-long Gulf Stream Drift by Swiss ocean-
ographer Jacques Piccard and team which included MSFC researcher
Chester B. May [see July 14]. During journey team had noted Gulf
Stream contained fewer fish, stronger current, and more turbulence
than expected, (upi, W Star, 8/14/69, Al; Blakeslee, NYT, 8/8/69,
38)
August 15: Results of preliminary qualitative study of Mariner VI photos
were summarized in Science by Dr. Robert B. Leighton, Dr. Norman
H. Horowitz, Dr. Bruce C. Murray, and Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal
Tech; Alan G. Herriman and Dr. Andrew T. Young of JPL; Bradford
A. Smith of New Mexico State Univ.; Merton E. Davies of rand Corp.;
and Conway B. Leovy of Univ. of Washington: Surface of Mars
"appears similar to that of the Moon, but there are significant differ-
ences; some features seen from Earth are characterized; the 'blue
haze' hypothesis is disproved; and new phenomena associated with the
polar cap are discovered." Mars resembled moon in abundance, form,
arrangement, and size of craters, but there appeared to be break in
size-distribution curve of craters in some parts of Mars not character-
istic of moon — apparently because Mars had more effective weathering
and transportation process than moon. Similarities between Martian
and lunar surfaces included craters with slump blocks, terrace, and
radial dry-debris avalanche chutes on steep inner surfaces; central
peaks, polygonal outlines, blocky ejecta rims, and irregular ejecta; and
irregularly sinuous ridges. Differences included more subdued relief of
many Martian craters, flatter floors, fewer central peaks, more subdued
debris blankets, absence of obvious secondary craters and rays, and
greater abundance of "ghost" craters. Photos showed no sinuous rilles
and no distinctive earth-like phenomena such as mountain ranges, tec-
tonic basins, stream-cut topographs, dune fields, playa flats, or other
arid-region features. (Science, 8/15/69, 685—90)

• Classical astronomical data on figures of moon and terrestrial planets

were being supplemented by new information from Lunar Orbiter
program. Comparable future planetary probes would provide funda-
mental data from simple experiments, Cornell Univ. radiophysicists

282

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 15

Dr. Brian T. O'Leary, Dr. Malcolm J. Campbell, and Dr. Carl Sagan
said in Science. Lunar Orbiter results had revealed lunar mascons'
nonuniform surface distribution that could explain lunar dynamical
asymmetries "and perhaps similar asymmetries for Mars and Mercury."
(Science, 8/15/69, 651-7)

• Astronaut Joseph P. Kerwin was uninjured when faulty landing gear on

T-33 jet trainer forced belly landing at Ellington afb, Tex. (AP,
W Star, 8/16/69, A2)

• Soviet newspaper said Tu-144, Soviet supersonic transport, had been

flying beyond sound barrier "for extended periods of time" with no
difficulty, Associated Press reported. (W Post, 8/16/69, A2)

• C-5 Galaxy aircraft would demonstrate its cargo and troop delivery

capability in joint USAF— USA— Lockheed-Georgia Co. Transport Air
Drop and Jettison Test (tadjet) program to begin in early October,
dod announced. Approximately 150 flights from Pope afb, N.C., would
airdrop equipment and men. During transport phase, C— 5 would be
loaded and unloaded some 50 times and perform mating maneuvers
with air-transportable dock that could handle cargo capacity of three
C-5s. (dod Release 683-69)

August 15—17: Second National Air Exposition at Dulles International Air-
port, Va., featured large static display including first public appearance
of Lockheed C— 5A, world's largest aircraft, and flying exhibitions by
F-lll and other aircraft. (Program; NYT, 8/16/69, 46)

August 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIII from Plesetsk into orbit
with 244-km (151.6-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 88.9-min
period, and 51.7° inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 28. (gsfc SSR,
8/31/69; UN Public Registry; SBD, 8/20/69, 166)

• Estimated 250,000 persons watched Apollo 11 astronauts parade in Hous-

ton, Tex. Crowd threw confetti, ticker tape, and "moon certificates" —
fake $100 and $1,000 paper money — until streets were two to three feet
deep in litter. Later, 55,000 persons attended gala in Houston's Astro-
dome coliseum, which was filled to capacity. Total of 31 astronauts and
families rode through cheering throngs, (upi, W Post, 8/17/69, A12)

• Associated Press said Austin, Tex., Judge John R. Brown had granted re-

quest of atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair for three- judge Federal court
to hear her suit against NASA seeking to prevent astronauts on duty
from practicing religion [see Aug. 6]. (AP, W Post, 8/16/69, A3)

• Agnew E. Larsen, space research consultant with Frankford Arsenal,

Philadelphia, Pa., died at age 73. He had received 1930 Robert J.
Collier Trophy as member of Harold F. Pitcairn's staff for developing
and applying autogiro and demonstrating its possibilities for safe aerial
transport. (NYT, 8/18/69, 31; Neely, Pegasus, 12/50, 10)
August 17: Apollo 11 astronauts discussed possible manned Mars landing
by 1982 on cbs TV program "Face the Nation." Astronaut Neil A.
Armstrong said, "I am quite certain that goals of the Mars variety are
within our range, should we choose . . . that investment of our national
resources." First exploratory flights could be combined with earth-
orbiting spacecraft to develop long-term capability with same kind of
spacecraft. It was "well within our capability" to be prepared for
Mars launch in 1981.

Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., said he was "not so sure . . . this is
the time that we can accurately set a date like 1981." Setting goal was

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August 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

worthwhile but as intermediate goals were reached "I believe we will
be able to better define exactly what our longer term goals are in terms
of ten years from now."

Astronaut Michael Collins said, "I don't think 1981 is too soon. I
think it is well within our capabality to do so." Long-duration trip
"requires careful design and testing of the equipment, which could
easily be done in Earth orbit with a number of ancillary benefits." He
defended Bible reading in space and announced he would not fly in
space again, because he found it increasingly difficult "to keep up year
after year" with rigorous training required. {SBD, 8/19/69, 159;
W Post, 8/18/69, A2; NYT, 8/18/69, 33)

• Japan successfully launched her largest rocket to date — four-stage, 75-ft-

long, 4.5-ft-dia, 43.8-ton MU3D — Kyodo News Service reported.
Rocket reached 100-mi (160.9-km) altitude in 4V-» min, with last
stage reaching 1.8 mps — about half speed thought needed to orbit satel-
lite— and splashing down in Western Pacific after 7 min 35 sees of
flight. (B Sun, 8/18/69, A4)

• President Nixon's post- Apollo 11 tour of Asia and Romania July 25—

Aug. 3, plus his remarks and reactions aboard U.S.S. Hornet at splash-
down and during welcoming ceremony for astronauts, were recorded
in New York Times Magazine article by Max Frankel and Robert B.
Semple, Jr. Authors were among press accompanying President and
Mrs. Nixon on tour. President and party had basked "in reflected
moonglow." When President walked toward reviewing stand in Guam,
spectator had remarked, "that's his moon walk." Apollo 11 had given
President "new exuberance." (NYT Magazine, 8/17/69, 26-9, 76-80)

• Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), as Chairman of House Committee on

Science and Astronautics, had forced NASA to pay $5,522 for usaf jet to
transport 32 committee members and wives to Aug. 13 Apollo 11 state
dinner in Los Angeles, Rowland Evans and Robert Novak said in
Washington Post. NASA also had to pay $19,342 for chartered com-
mercial jet for space officials and $2,800 for Aug. 12 Houston luncheon,
and White House was charging agency with most of estimated $75,000
cost of state dinner. (W Post, 8/17/69, B7)

• Controversy was building up over astronauts' future, Apollo program,

and manned space flight generally, Harry Schwartz said in New York
Times. Three major debates were over whether engineer-astronauts or
scientist-astronauts should be sent on future Apollo missions; who
should control mission schedules and astronaut activities, "nasa hier-
archy" or ground-based scientists in nasa; and whether U.S. should
emphasize unmanned probes or crash program to put men on Mars in
early 1980s. "The fact that it is the scientists who have been resigning
while astronauts with test pilot backgrounds have been receiving un-
precedented public acclaim makes it evident where the balance of
power lies for the moment within nasa. But the issue is far from
settled, since NASA itself must and does use the prospect of scientific
advances as a key argument in seeking appropriations for space ac-
tivities. Hence the dissident scientists could have substantial leverage
if they teamed up with Congressmen and others who oppose the space
appropriations for other reasons. It would not be surprising ... if
nasa sought to ease the scientists' irritation by satisfying some of their
demands." (NYT, 8/17/69, D2)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 18

August 18: Swiss physicist Dr. Johannes Geiss, originator of Apollo 11 ex-
periment to trap atomic particles from solar wind on lunar surface,
would use "deliberate speed" in assaying results, New York Times re-
ported. NASA courier had delivered square foot of aluminum foil ex-
posed on moon for an hour to catch particles emitted by sun. Dr. Geiss
and associates in Berne Univ.'s Physics Institute had devised plan for
dual study of foil in Berne and at Federal Polytechnic at Zurich. Analy-
ses, determining components by spectrometer, would require several
weeks. NASA would not release remaining three square feet of foil to
him until 1970. (NYT, 8/18/69, 34)

• British Aircraft Corp. and Sud-Aviation announced completion of second

phase of Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport flight develop-
ment program. Two prototypes were being readied for transonic phase
to push aircraft's speed beyond mach 1 in early September. Two proto-
types had logged 104 flying hrs in 39 and 24 flights and had achieved
speeds to mach 0.95 and altitudes to 40,000 ft. Concorde 002 was being
prepared for supersonic flights to mach 2, or 1,400-mph cruising speed,
in tests expected to begin at year's end. ( BAc/Sud-Aviation Release
IOC/69)
August 19: McDonald Observatory in Texas successfully recorded its first
hits on laser reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts at 9:30 pm
cdt. Scientists said distance at that moment was 232,271.406 mi and
moon was 131.2 ft farther from earth than previously believed. Lick
Observatory in California had recorded first hits Aug. 1 and had esti-
mated earth-moon distance to be 226,970.9 mi at that time. (AP, W
Star, 8/21/69, A3)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXC1V from Plesetsk into orbit with

343-km (213.1-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.7-mi
period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 27. (gsfc SSR,
8/31/69; SBD, 8/20/69, 166; UN Public Registry)

• NASA announced selection of Chester M. Lee as Apollo Mission Director,

succeeding George H. Hage, who had been elected vice president for
product development with Boeing Co. Lee, retired USN captain who had
served in Polaris missile program and in Directorate of Research and
Engineering in Office of Secretary of Defense, had been Assistant
Apollo Mission Director since August 1966. (nasa Release 69-122)
August 20: Study of possible Space Technology Applications and Research
Laboratory (starlab), sponsored by NASA and American Society for
Engineering Education, was completed at MSFC Eleven-week design
project focused space-developed technology on earth resources use,
crop-maturity prediction, soil analysis, vegetation vigor, sea farming,
and other earth problems. Final presentation in project, which had
participation of 21 faculty members from 18 colleges and universities,
was report on orbiting space laboratory illustrating systems approach
that could be valuable in solving major earth problems, (msfc Release
69-179)

• Washington Post published letter from former Secretary of State Dean

Rusk. He recommended U.S. abandon idea of space race with U.S.S.R.;
"throw wide open the doors on international cooperation"; proceed
with development of near-earth space capabilities and activities con-
tributing to understanding of earth; and "take advantage of NASA's ex-
traordinary ability to mobilize scientific, technical, industrial and other

285

August 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

talents" for other tasks, like air travel and air pollution problem-
solving. "Manned flights to the planets might better be a decision for
the next generation." (W Post, 8/20/69, A28)
August 21: nasa's X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R.
Gentry, successfully completed third flight after air-launch from B— 52
aircraft over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Objectives of unpowered
flight were to obtain handling qualities, stability and control deriva-
tives, flow visualization over aft portion of vehicle, and longitudinal
trim curves and lift-to-drag ratio at 15° upper-flap setting. Procedural
error caused X— 24A to be launched 35 sees early and some planned
data were not obtained, (nasa Proj Off)

• Intelsat I (Early Bird) had been put back into orbital retirement and full

communications service via Intelsat-III F—2 had been restored, Com-
SatCorp announced. Intelsat I, reactivated June 30 after six-month re-
tirement to compensate for failure of Intelsat-III F—2 until service was
restored Aug. 1, would remain in orbit and would be capable of opera-
tional service if needed. Restored Intelsat-III F—2 was handling 620
full-time commercial circuits serving countries in Atlantic area and
transatlantic TV programming when ordered. ( Intelsat Release
69-53)

• nasa launched series of three sounding rockets from Wallops Station.

Nike-Tomahawk carried gsfc payload to 141.1-mi (227.0-km) alti-
tude to test neutral-mass spectrometer system with unique sample-flow
and test-leak subsystem necessary for making high-pressure neutral-
constituent measurements on planned Mars and Venus missions and
to demonstrate capability of sterilized-mass-spectrometer electronics in
flight environment for first time. Rocket and instruments functioned
satisfactorily and complete data were obtained.

Nike-Tomahawk carried GSFC and Univ. of Michigan payload to
197.6-mi (318.0-km) altitude to measure nitrogen density and tem-
perature. Secondary objectives were to evaluate Omegatron system de-
signed for San Marco-C satellite, measure density and temperature of
nitrogen simultaneously, compare Pitot-static-probe and thermosphere-
probe density in 74.6-mi (120.0-km) region, and validate mass spec-
trometer nitrogen measurement and electrostatic-probe electron
temperature data. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and
complete data were obtained.

Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Michigan payload to 124.3-mi
(200.0-km) altitude to measure neutral atmospheric density by Pitot
technique in 18.4- to 74.6-mi (30.0- to 120.0-km) region. Rocket and
instruments functioned satisfactorily and all atmospheric measurements
made by Pitot probe were excellent, (nasa Rpts srl)

• Every scientist-astronaut except one — geologist Harrison Schmitt — had

been removed from NASA's lunar landing training list, Victor Cohn re-
ported in Washington Post. Report was later denied by nasa. Cohn
said remaining scientists had been assigned to train for long-duration,
earth-orbiting Apollo Applications missions beginning in 1972. (W
Post, 8/21/69, Al; 8/22/69, A18)

• Washington Post published letter from Irene S. Rubin in Lampang, Thai-

land. Real impact of Apollo 11 success in Thailand had been "on the
group of educated men who have some effect on government. Their
primary reaction was not one of shared accomplishment but of shame

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 21

in the gap thus dramatized between themselves and the developed
countries." Though U.S. could not hide technological capacity, "I think
we should be more aware of the context into which news of the Apollo
mission is received. Far from bringing the world closer together with
such performances, we may be arousing bitterness and obstinacy in the
misallocation of development funds." (W Post, 8/21/69, A18)
August 22: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCV into orbit with 473-km
(293.9-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and
71.0° inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 1 (gsfc SSR, 8/31/69;
12/15/69)

• Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried GSFC

and Dudley Observatory payload to 98.2-mi (158.0-km) altitude to
provide background particle collection for comparison with data from
Nike-Apache launched Aug. 13 during Perseid meteor shower. Rocket
and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Data were expected from all
experiments. (NASA Rpt SRL)

• NASA named Rocco A. Petrone, Director of Launch Operations at KSC

since 1966, to succeed l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf) as Director of
Apollo Program, effective Sept. 1. He would be succeeded by Deputy
Director of Launch Operations Walter J. Kapryan. Petrone had been
Saturn Project Officer and Apollo Program Manager. His awards in-
cluded NASA Exceptional Service Award for direction of Apollo 7
checkout and launch and NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA's
highest award, for direction of Apollo 8 checkout and launch, (nasa
Release 69-124)

• IAA announced selection of Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Re-

search and Operations at MSC, to receive Daniel and Florence Guggen-
heim International Astronautics Award for 1969. Award and SI, 000
prize would be presented during 20th International Astronautical Con-
gress in Argentina in October. ( upi, W Post, 8/23/69, B3 I

• NASA's alleged neglect of pure science research goals in favor of engineer-

ing pursuits and "glamor" had caused undercurrent of dissatisfaction
among scientists, Science noted. When interviewed by Science Dr. F.
Curtis Michel, Dr. Donald U. Wise, and Dr. Elbert A. King, who had
resigned from NASA recently, declined to attribute their resignations
directly to major dissatisfactions with NASA and denied that they had
resigned to protest emphasis on engineering rather than scientific re-
search. They did, however, express some dissatisfaction with role of
basic science in space exploration and impatience with nasa's manage-
ment of scientific projects and admitted they were lured from NASA
by prospects of new positions that offered more time for scientific re-
search. (Science, 8/22/69, 776-8)

• AIAA announced election of Honorary Fellows: Secretary of the Air

Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr.; German rocket pioneer Hermann
Oberth; and Northrop Corp. founder John K. Northrop. Dr. Seamans,
former NASA Deputy Administrator, was honored for "organizing the
research, development and operational base which produced the Apollo
program." Honors would be presented at Oct. 23 banquet in Anaheim,
Calif, (aiaa Release)

• In letter advocating postponement of decision on manned Mars landing

[see Aug. 20] former Secretary of State Dean Rusk had "gone to the
heart of what is bound to become a critical national decision," Richard

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August 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Wilson said in Washington Evening Star. "Now that we know we can
and will do this thing does it make any difference in the eons of time
yet to come when we do it? Fifty years from now might we not have
developed far cheaper and more efficient ways to do it? Mars will still
be there. . . . The space men have shown us not only the moon, but
what a beautiful planet we have in what may otherwise be a wholly
desolate solar system — a beautiful planet that needs loving care to pre-
serve it." (W Star, 8/22/69, A15)

• In telephone interview, ucla astronomer Dr. Samuel Herrick, Jr., said

planetoid Geographos, due to pass earth at 5.6-million-mi distance Aug.
27, would be best site of all asteroids for eventual space station beyond
moon and good spot for manned or unmanned spacecraft landing. Its
farthest point from sun in given orbit was least distant from sun and
from earth of all minor planets. But astronauts landing on it would
have to "dig in and tie themselves down" since its estimated g was so
slight "even a sneeze directed at the surface would propel a man off
into space." (AP, B Sara, 8/23/69, A3)

• In Science, MIT Lincoln Laboratory scientists Alan E. E. Rogers and

Richard P. Ingalls reported mapping Venus surface reflectivity by
radar interferometry at 3.8-cm wavelength for region from — 80° to 0°
longitude and from — 50° to +40° latitude. Map was free from two-
fold range-Doppler ambiguity, presented new features, and clearly de-
lineated features previously observed. It showed large circular regions
of significantly lower reflectivity than their surroundings, with size and
appearance of lunar maria. (Science, 8/22/69, 797—9)

• At National Amateur Astronomers convention in Denver, Colo., six-

member panel including Northwestern Univ. astronomer Dr. J. Allen
Hynek and Univ. of Arizona physicist Dr. James E. McDonald sug-
gested UFO investigation be taken from usaf and placed with scientific
body. Panelists said since UFOs apparently presented no danger to
national defense, they were unimportant to usaf. Panel disagreed with
1968 Condon Report on ufos [see Jan. 9]. Hynek said ufo research
should continue. (AP, W Star, 8/24/69, A17)
August 23: usaf launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg afb by
Titan IIIB-Agena booster. Satellite entered orbit with 234.3-mi
(377.0-km) apogee, 85.8-mi (138.1-km) perigee, 89.6-min period,
and 108.1° inclination and reentered Sept. 7. (gsfc SSR, 8/31/69;
9/15/69; SBD, 8/26/69, 190)

• Chemical analysis of moon rocks at Lunar Receiving Laboratory had dis-

closed their age might range from 2 billion to 4.5 billion yrs — far
greater than most scientists expected — lunar scientists in touch with
lrl colleagues said. It was "almost conclusive evidence that it has been
billions of years since these rocks crystallized." Finding might settle
difference between geologists who had viewed lunar surface as having
had continuous history and those like Dr. Harold C. Urey who be-
lieved moon was ancient, undisturbed place made of material which
would help unfold history of early planets. Later, msc Director of
Science and Applications, Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, said Dr. Oliver A.
Schaeffer and Dr. John Funkhouser of State Univ. of New York, Dr.
Joseph Zahringer of Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, and Dr.
Donald Bogard of msc had measured solar particles trapped in lunar

288

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 23

rocks to determine lunar material's age. (Cohn, W Post, 8/24/69, Al;
upi, W Star, 8/25/69, A4)

• Ten space pioneers were named to first National Space Hall of Fame.

Honorees, chosen by Houston City committee, would be feted at first
annual awards dinner in Houston, Tex., Sept. 27. They included Astro-
naut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., first American to journey in space; former
Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., first American to orbit in space; late
Astronaut Edward H. White II, first man to walk in space; Dr.
Wernher von Braun, msfc Director; late Rep. Albert Thomas
(D-Tex. ), staunch supporter of space program; Dr. Kurt H. Debus,
KSC Director; late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, former NASA Deputy Adminis-
trator; Dr. Maxime A. Faget, Director of Engineering and Develop-
ment at MSC; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, msc Director; and late Dr. Robert
H. Goddard, father of rocketry. Hall was in Albert Thomas Center in
Houston, (upi, NYT, 8/25/69, 8)
August 24: This Week published interview with science fiction author
Arthur C. Clarke: Most important recent outer space discovery was
pulsars — "It's possible that they might be signals from some higher
civilization." Scientific surprise in Apollo program was "its immaculate
perfection. You don't expect that, no matter how carefully you pre-
pare." Clarke was writing space exploration documentary which would
show "whole span of human interest in space, back to the Babylonian
astronomers and on up through the colonization of the solar system."
It would include Stonehenge which was "as big a burden for the prim-
itive economy that built it — in fact, probably a much bigger burden
than the Apollo program is for us." (Bradford, This Week, 8/24/69,
7)

• Transfer of usaf mol officers to nasa astronaut corps [see Aug. 14] wa9

criticized in Washington Sunday Star by William Hines: "With the
initial moon landing now an accomplished fact, the pace of manned
space operations has slowed down to three flights per year. This means
that no more than nine men can fly annually, and with 54 astronauts
now on board, this, in turn, means an average of six years between
flights." Though pace might accelerate in time and future space sta-
tions would increase annual number of crew assignments, "the glamor
and glory of being an astronaut — particularly a nonflying one — no
longer compensates for the enforced idleness imposed by the modified
flight schedule." (W Star, 8/24/69, D4)
August 25: Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced that "First
Man on the Moon" postage stamp would be issued Sept. 9 in Washing-
ton, D.C., in conjunction with National Postal Forum. Printed from
master die carried to moon on Apollo 11 mission (July 16—24), 10-
cent airmail stamp would be 50^ larger than conventional commemo-
rative stamps and would be dedicated in special ceremony attended by
Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and
Michael Collins. Post Office had received 500,000 first-day cover re-
quests within three weeks after stamp was announced July 9 and was
still receiving 60,000-80,000 requests daily — one-fifth from foreign
countries. ( PO Dept Release 130)

• Dr. Harry H. Hess, Chairman of NAS— NRC Space Science Board and

member of nasa's Science and Technology Advisory Committee for

289

August 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Manned Space Flight since 1963, died of heart attack suffered while
attending Board meeting at Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Hess, Blair pro-
fessor of geology at Princeton Univ., was one of scientists who had
analyzed Apollo 11 lunar samples. In 1960 he had advanced theory
that volcanic activity on ocean floor caused continental drift. He had
been past president of Mineralogical Society of America and of Geo-
logical Society of America, chairman of site-selection committee for
nsf's Project Mohole, and adviser to numerous other Federal agencies.
(upi, W Post, 8/27/69, A10; Science, 8/29/69, 882)

• Robert E. Bernier, former ComSatCorp systems engineer for Intelsat III

program, became NASA European Representative in Office of Inter-
national Affairs. He replaced Clotaire Wood, who would return to
Office of Advanced Research and Technology at nasa Hq. Bernier
would begin his duties at American Embassy in Paris in early October.
(nasa Release 69-125)

• Scientist-astronaut Dr. William E. Thornton, who had been grounded in

spring, received usaf clearance to continue jet pilot training. Thornton
had had difficulty landing because of distortion of vision called anisei-
konia, which reduced his depth perception. Vision had been corrected
with special glasses, (upi, W Star, 8/26/69, A3; W Post, 8/26/69, A9)

• Washington Post published results of July 30— Aug. 4 Harris survey of

1,577 U.S. households to determine attitude toward spending $4 billion
annually for decade to explore moon and other planets. While 53% of
those polled approved funding for lunar landing, narrow plurality of
47% was opposed to further $4 billion annually; 44% favored. Per-
sons under 30 favored extension of space program 60% to 34% but
those over 50 opposed it 59% to 30%. Black citizens were opposed
68% to 19%. (W Post, 8/25/69)
August 25—30: Eighth International Symposium on Space Technology, first
major international space meeting since Apollo 11 launch, was held in
Tokyo. In opening speech, general chairman Tsuyoshi Hayashi ex-
pressed world's appreciation to U.S. for making "a great leap for man-
kind" but said many other nations had contributed to scientific
knowledge that made lunar landing possible. He asked recognition of
moon as international territory.

Among 400 scientists from 19 countries attending meeting were NASA
Apollo Applications Program Director William C. Schneider; Dr.
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., msc Director of Flight Operations, and M. P.
Frank from msc; Herbert A. Wilson, Jr., Chief of Applied Materials
Div., from LaR,C; ogo Project Manager Wilfred E. Scull from gsfc;
Dr. Thomas Vrebalovich from JPL; and Leon C. Hamiter, Jr., msfc
engineer. Hamiter presented paper on increased computer capacity and
lighter weight flight hardware. Prof. Masahiko Kido of Japan's Ehime
Univ. said legal status should be developed for moon before disputes
arose over lunar real estate. Other participants urged steps to outlaw
military use of moon.

Dr. Werner J. Kleen, Director of European Space Research and
Technology Center, said ESRO had been given permission to put comsat
into orbit and would start work in autumn. Japan announced its space
development corporation would begin operations Oct. 1 and would
launch MS— 4 three-stage rocket in early 1970, followed by comsat

290

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 25-30

launch. ( Shabecoff, NYT, 8/26/69, 11; msfc Release 69-181; nasa
Int Aff)
August 26: Moon landing would change human lives, British novelist and
scientist C. P. Snow said in Look. "I am afraid that in the long run,
perhaps a generation, perhaps longer, it will have a bad effect. It will
give us the feeling, and the perfectly justified feeling, that our world
has finally closed in. This is forever the end of the mortal frontier."
Space enthusiasts thought lunar landing would liberate human imagi-
nation but "I believe . . . that human imagination is going to be re-
stricted— as to an extent it was when the last spots on the globe had
been visited, the South Pole and the summit of Everest. Nowhere on
earth for adventurous man to go. Very soon, there will be no place in
the universe for adventurous man to go." (Look, 8/26/69, 68-721

• NASA announced award by LaRC of $2.5-million contract to Ling-Temco-

Vought Aerospace Corp. to design, develop, and flight-qualify larger
lst-stage solid rocket motor for Scout booster. New Algol III motor
would have 44- or 45-in dia, 4 or 5 in wider than Algol IIB, and
would enable Scout to place 400-lb payload, 100 lbs more than IIB
capacity, into orbit with 300-mi altitude, (nasa Release 69/126)

• Bright red lights, believed by observers to be meteors, flashed across Cali-

fornia, Nevada, and Arizona at 8:50 pm PDT. North American Air De-
fense Command Inorad) later identified lights as parts of Soviet
booster burning during reentry. Booster had launched Cosmos CCXCIV
Aug. 19. ( AP, W Star, 8/27/69, A5; later ed, A13)
August 27: NASA's 148-lb drum-shaped Pioneer E failed on 5:29 pm EDT
launch from ETR by Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta (DSV-
3L) booster. Satellite had been intended for solar orbit to collect
scientific data on electromagnetic and plasma properties of inter-
planetary medium near earth's orbital path during six or more passages
of solar activity centers.

Jettison of three strap-on solid-propellant rockets, lst-stage Thor en-
gine cutoff, and 2nd-stage ignition occurred as planned but vehicle
began gyrating, veered off course, and was destroyed by Range Safety
Officer at 8 min 2 sees GET. Pioneer E and tetr c test and training
satellite, carried as secondary payload to test Apollo communications
network, splashed into Atlantic about 300 mi southeast of Barbados.
Preliminary analysis of data indicated loss of hydraulic pressure during
lst-stage burn had permitted engine nozzle to develop uncontrolled gim-
baling and vehicle gyrations. Investigation would be conducted to de-
termine exact cause and action to prevent recurrence.

Pioneer E was last in series of five spacecraft designed to provide
continuing measurements over the solar cycle at widely separated
points in interplanetary space. Pioneer VI (launched Dec. 16, 1965),
Pioneer VII (launched Aug. 17, 1966), Pioneer VIII (launched Dec.
16, 1967), and Pioneer IX (launched Nov. 8, 1968) had received
25,000 commands from ground and were still producing useful data
from widely scattered positions in heliocentric orbits. Most recent Pio-
neer missions had provided new information on functions of magneto-
sphere, additional data on finding that diffuse solar plasma regions
appeared to have attraction of their own, measurements of cosmic dust
populations, data on changes in electrical and magnetic characteristics

291

August 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

of solar corona, and targets for precision radar tracking which led to
establishment of reliable value for earth-moon-mass ratio and sun-earth-
mass ratio. Pioneer program was managed by arc under OSSA direction.
(nasa Proj Off; nasa Release 69-116; SBD, 8/29/69, 213)

• Moon was twin planet of earth, formed from same whirling gas cloud, in

early view of two lrl scientists studying Apollo 11 samples. Dr. S.
Ross Taylor of Astri National Univ., Canberra, Australia, said,
"Moon's composition is unlike the earth's. But it is not outside our ex-
perience. It is like the material you would expect if the earth and moon
were formed as a double planet." He thought moon was younger twin,
while Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer of State Univ. of New York thought it
might be equally old.

Age of two lunar rocks had been estimated at 3.1 billion yrs, "give
or take . . . 200 million years," by measuring proportion of argon 40
to potassium in rocks, Dr. Schaeffer said. Lunar highlands might be
4.5 billion yrs old. Moon, he thought, never grew big enough to melt
internally and produce geologic activity to change lunar surface and
leave younger rocks. Dr. Taylor's studies had shown unusually high
amounts of refractory material and absence or low concentration of
volatile materials, implying volatile material had boiled away in melt-
ing process. He inferred rock chemistry was different from deep mantle
of earth and from cosmic abundances — distribution of elements that
would be expected in distant, more primitive planet captured by earth.
(Cohn, W Post, 8/28/69, Al)

• msc Deputy Director George S. Trimble announced his resignation, effec-

tive Sept. 30, after 2^/2 yrs with NASA. He had been Director of Ad-
vanced Manned Missions Program in NASA Office of Manned Space
Flight before appointment to MSC post Oct. 13, 1967. (msc Release
69-70; W Post, 8/28/69, A8; nasa Ann, 10/13/67)

• NASA announced selection of RCA Service Co. to receive two-year, cost-

plus-award-fee contract with one-year option for logistic support to
Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (stadan), Manned
Space Flight Network (msfn), and nasa Communications Network
(nascom). Contract was expected to exceed $17 million, (nasa Release
69-127)

• American Airlines began showing NASA color film of Apollo 11 and dis-

tributing free copies of CBS News recording "Man on the Moon" and
free cut-out lunar modules for children on "Americana" flights between
East Coast and California through Sept. 23. (NYT, 8/18/69, 23)
August 28: Leading lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey told conference on
nuclear energy at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago he was
"pleased" at discovery that age of lunar rocks might range between
3 billion and 4.5 billion yrs [see Aug. 23] and had "expected this for
a long time. . . . But I'm not making any more bets on the moon's
origin." He was "puzzled" by once-molten lunar sea material; it might
have been formed by huge meteor or asteroid impacts rather than
volcanism and moon might have originated out of cluster of such aster-
oidal debris. (Cohn, W Post, 8/29/69, A3)

• Fiftieth anniversary of International Air Transport Assn. (iata),

founded in Amsterdam Aug. 28, 1919. International flying under iata
auspices in 1919 amounted to 3,500 passengers; in 1969 it was ex-
pected to total 300 million. Organization was still devoted to original

292

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 August 28

principles: promotion of safe, regular, and economical air transport;
collaboration among international carriers; processing of technical
matters and common fares; and functioning as clearinghouse for settle-
ment of member airline accounts. From original membership of six
airlines, iata had 103 participating members. (Bamberger, NYT,
8/24/69, 86)
August 29: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVI from Baikonur into orbit
with 299-km 1 185.8-mi) apogee, 227-km ( 141.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-
min period, and 64.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 6. (GSFC
SSR, 8/31/69; 9/15/69; SBD, 9/3/69, 9; UN Public Registry)

• Some plants treated with lunar dust in early August were showing unex-

pected responses. Treated plants — including seedlings of several com-
mon food plants like wheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, and limes — were
generally huskier and slightly greener than untreated plants. NASA state-
ment said: "The seedlings challenged with lunar materials uniformly
look better than the controls (untreated plants). Germination in the
presence of lunar soil indicates that it is behaving like a source of
nutrients." Plant cells in tissue culture showed "some evidence of subtle
change as a result of lunar inoculation." Dr. J. A. Vozzo, plant pa-
thologist at Lunar Receiving Laboratory, emphasized that changes were
minor and could not yet be positively attributed to lunar dust. (Cohn,
W Post, 8/30/69, Al )

• NASA selected General Electric Co. to receive three-year, $4-million, cost-

plus-award-fee contract with two-year option to provide engineering
and mission-related support to LaRC for Viking Project — -series of
planetary probes which would begin softlanding on Mars in 1973.
( nasa Release 69-128)

• New determination of abundance of water in Mars atmosphere was re-

ported in Science by Illinois Institute of Technology astronomers
Tobias Owen and Harold P. Mason. New spectrograms of planet had
been obtained in region of water-vapor band at 8,200 A during Febru-
ary and March 1969. Amount of precipitable water was found to be
about 15 [i. Abundance reaffirmed that some water was present at cur-
rent epoch but otherwise had little bearing on evolution of Martian
atmosphere. Water vapor did not imply liquid water existed on Martian
surface. (Science, 8/29/69, 893-5)
August 31: Washington Post Sunday supplement Potomac published profile
of Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch at LaRC.
He had won 1954 Robert J. Collier Trophy for design of "coke bottle"
aircraft fuselage configuration that enabled aircraft to pass through
mach 1 with increased power. More recently he had devised supercriti-
cal wing, which would permit subsonic jet aircraft to approach mach 1.
If adopted by commercial aircraft manufacturers, wing would cut
nearly one hour from current five-hour transcontinental flights. (Po-
tomac, 8/31/69, 1,5-7)

• dod internal, classified memoranda suggested Government would waste

money buying additional Lockheed C— 5A aircraft, Washington Post
article said. Central conclusion was that most efficient and least costly
transportation network to support two major and one "brushfire" war
"for which military wants to be prepared consists of the existing three
squadrons (58) [of] C— 5As plus smaller carriers like the C— 141 and
modern freighters." ( Nossiter, W Post, 8/31/69, Al)

293

During August ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

During August: Pace magazine published articles by Vice President Spiro
T. Agnew, also nasc Chairman, and by NASA Administrator, Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine.

Dr. Paine said, "To improve conditions in our society we need to
create more wealth through greater productivity based on new tech-
nology. We should be restless and dissatisfied with our slowness in
overcoming social ills, and I hope that the space program will con-
tinue to spur us onward here. If we can go to the moon, why can't we
build great and shining cities? Why can't we eliminate ignorance,
crime and poverty? If our space program highlights such questions and
helps form a national commitment to find new solutions, it will have
served the nation well. Our space advances should embolden the nation
to proceed forward with increased confidence in these other areas. Our
Apollo program has demonstrated anew what Americans can accom-
plish given a national commitment, capable leadership and adequate
resources.

"Man's future in space is limitless. We have embarked on a new
stage of evolution that will engage all future generations of men. We
face the unknown in countless areas: What are the effects of sustained
zero and artificial gravity? Of time-extending flight at nearly the ve-
locity of light? Of societies genetically selected for extraterrestrial
living?

"We must find the answers. We must move vigorously forward in
space. The practical benefits alone justify this venture, but there are
many other compelling human reasons. Progress in space should con-
tinue to spur us onward to find new solutions to our age-old problems
here on Spaceship Earth. We must make the blue planet Earth a home
base, worthy of men who will set forth one day on journeys to the
stars."

Vice President Agnew said: "With the remarkably successful Apollo
moon-landing program on the verge of culmination, we are now faced
with a need to define just what we should proceed to do to make use
most effectively of the results of our past and continuing space-explo-
ration investment. Wealthy as our economy is, rich as our technology
has become, we must plan carefully in order to meet a wide range of
urgent national requirements. ... It is our hope that, with a carefully
reasoned set of goals adequately funded by the people through their
Congress, the nation and the world will reap the maximum possible
benefit from mankind's most ambitious undertaking. We must keep our
horizons wide and our sights high. Despite its many internal domestic
priorities, this nation should never turn inward, away from the oppor-
tunities and challenges of its most promising frontier." (Pace, 8/69,
2-4)

• Four hundredth anniversary of Mercator's map of the world, published

in Rhenish city of Duisberg in 1569 by Gerhard Kremer (known by
his Latin name Gerardus Mercator). Map translated earth's sphere into
plane on chart on which straight line drawn by navigator cut across
all meridians at same angle. Mercator projection was still standard for
worldwide sea navigation and for aeronautical charts despite its distor-
tion of northern latitudes. (NYT, 8/17/69; EH)

• "Technologically and managerially, Apollo was difficult," Englebert

Kirchner said in Space/ Aeronautics editorial. "Politically and socially,

294

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During \ugusl

it was simple. Just the reverse is true about the great problems of our
society. What is making these so hard to solve is not technology but
serious disagreement about goals and priorities, about what is good
for whom, who is to get what and who should pay for it. The space
program does not hold the answer to these questions. Trying to find
them in Apollo will only distort and therefore belittle an incomparable
achievement. Apollo took us to the moon, to that shining disk in the
sky that looks so unbelievably distant. Isn't that enough?" iS/A, 8/69,
27)
• afsc Newsreview editorial commented on Apollo 11: "If, like the early
Vikings or Columbus at the shores of the New World, Amundsen at
Antarctica, Hillary at the peak of Mt. Everest — our astronauts stood
alone with their thoughts on unknown soil, they were not alone. With
them was the invisible presence of the most extensive, highly trained,
professionally competent, and thoroughly dedicated task force we have
known. We in the Air Force Systems Command salute the astronauts on
their accomplishment. We are proud that we have been able to con-
tribute to their magnificent achievement." (afsc Newsrevietv, 8/69, 2)

295

September 1969

September 1: l/g Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Apollo Program Director, be-
came Commander of Air Force Space and Missile Systems Organization
(samso). Gen. Phillips had been Director of Minuteman program be-
fore assignment to NASA in January 1964 as Deputy Director of Apollo
program. He was succeeded by Rocco A. Petrone [see Aug. 22]. (NASA
Ann, 7/31/69)

• S. Paul Johnston retired as Director of Smithsonian Institution's National

Air and Space Museum. He would represent aiaa on nrc. I A&A, 9/69,
15)

• Scientific Research article commented on attitude toward science of Pres-

ident Nixon and Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser: "If
there's a Nixon-DuBridge science policy it is this: to revitalize federal
support of basic research . . . and to point government-financed applied
research toward the solution of the country's many social ills." (Scien-
tific Research, 9/1/69, 11-12)
September 2: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVII from Plesetsk into orbit
with 309-km (192.0-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89.6-
min period, and 72.8° inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 10. (gsfc
SSR, 9/15/69; SBD, 9/3/69, 8)

• Qatron Corp. announced it had received $275,000 contract from gsfc

to build several recorder-receiver switching and preprogrammable
patch systems for Apollo program. (W Star, 9/2/69, A16)
September 3: NASA's HL— 10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot
William H. Dana, reached 81,000-ft altitude and mach 1.42 after air-
launch from B— 52 aircraft west of Rosamond, Calif. Primary objective
of flight, 24th in series and first with new engine, was to obtain sta-
bility, control, and engine data, (nasa Proj Off)

• Tokyo Univ. scientists successfully launched four-stage Lambda rocket in

preparation for launch of Japan's first satellite in late September, (upi,
W News, 8/4/69; Harrison, W Post, 9/24/69, A9)

• MSFC announced contract awards: McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.

was awarded $97,340,000 cost-plus-fixed-fee/award-fee contract to pro-
vide for two Saturn V Workshops — one for launch in 1972 and second
for backup. McDonnell Douglas also received $87,450,000 cost-plus-
fixed-fee/award-fee contract modification for continued work on two
airlock modules for Apollo Applications (aa) program cluster, includ-
ing tests, checkout, documentation, and logistics support.

Boeing Co. received $25,130,376 contract modification extending
period for completion of Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-15) from June 30,
1970, to June 30, 1971. (msfc Releases 69-199, 69-200, 69-201)

• Swedish aircraft constructor Has Fancher had said that in 1944 Adolf

Hitler took delivery of first Junkers 390 aircraft with 14,400-hp en-
gine constructed specially to bomb New York, Washington Daily Ncivs
reported. Fancher, pilot on aircraft's nonstop test flight between Ger-

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September 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

many and South America, said plane weighed 93 tons with bombs and
had planned range for nonstop flights from Bordeaux in occupied
France to New York and return. Aircraft, delivered too late for use in
war, had been burned by Germans. Comparable aircraft was not built
until 1956, Fancher said. (W News, 9/3/69)

September 4: Some NASA scientists were helping their communities and hid-
ing their aid projects "as tho they were sinful," Ray Cromley said in
Washington Daily News. Scientists were using space-acquired skills "to
help their fellow men in ways they were uniquely qualified." Projects
included applying systems analysis to air pollution problem, planning
school expansion to meet population expansion, applying systems con-
cept to town management and to city police force problems, developing
new concepts for airport planning and new technique for vandalism
prevention, developing improved communications systems for city
emergency departments, and helping an agency develop ways of evalu-
ating proposals for study and development contracts with private in-
dustry. (W News, 9/4/69, 23)

September 5: First measurement of Mars uv dayglow, made during Mariner
VI Mars flyby July 31, was reported in Science by Univ. of Colorado
astrogeophysicists C. A. Barth, C. W. Hord, J. B. Pearce, K. K. Kelly,
A. I. Stewart, G. E. Thomas, and G. P. Anderson; Johns Hopkins physi-
cist W. G. Fastie; and JPL's 0. F. Raper. Emission features from ion-
ized carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured in 1,900 A
to 4,300 A spectral region. Lyman alpha 1,216 A line of atomic hydro-
gen and 1,304 A, 1,356 A, and 2,972 A lines of atomic oxygen were
observed. Prime objective of experiment was to search for nitrogen in
Martian atmosphere. First analysis had shown no evidence of nitrogen
emissions in UV spectrum of upper atmosphere (Science, 9/5/69,
1004-5)

• Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying

Naval Research Laboratory payload to conduct solar physics studies.
Mission was unsuccessful, (nasa Proj Off)

• September 6: Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and

William A. Anders were named winners of 1969 Harmon International
Astronaut's Trophy for December 1968 Apollo 8 mission. Maj. Jerauld
R. Gentry (usaf) was awarded Aviator's Trophy for testing NASA's
HL— 10 lifting-body vehicle. Harmon trophies were awarded annually
to world's outstanding pilots for feats of individual piloting skill, (upi,
W Star, 9/7/69, A7)

• Apollo 11 astronauts attended celebrations in their hometowns. In Wapa-

koneta, Ohio, Neil A. Armstrong was cheered by crowd estimated at 10
times normal 7,000 population, addressed teen-age rally, and led pa-
rade including Gov. James A. Rhodes, Dr. Albert D. Sabin (developer
of oral polio vaccine) , and comedian Bob Hope — all Ohioans. Edwin E.
Aldrin, Jr., on second visit to hometown as astronaut, presented Mont-
clair, N.J., Library with autographed photo of plaque left on moon;
Library named its science collection in his honor. Astronaut Michael
Collins, who was born in Rome, Italy, visited New Orleans, La., as his
adopted hometown. He attended luncheon in his honor and visited
nasa's Michoud Assembly Facility. [W Post, 9/7/69, A3)
September 7: Self-testing-and-repairing (star) computer to direct un-
manned spacecraft of multiyear missions to outer planets and inter-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 7

galactic space had passed preliminary tests and would begin full-scale
ground operation at JPL during week, JPL announced. Believed first
computer capable of detecting its own failures and repairing itself,
star had been developed by Dr. Algirdas A. Avizienis, JPL computer
expert, who was trying for 90% probability that it would last 15 yrs,
to control operations to Neptune or Pluto in solar system Grand Tours
scheduled for late 1970s. During 9-to-ll-yr minimum lifetime, STAR
would automatically switch on up to three backup units to replace de-
fective parts. By 1974, more modest model might replace defective parts
twice for use on shorter missions like one to Jupiter, star could also
aid in hospital and supersonic-aircraft automation, (jpl Release 532)
September 8: NASA's 363-ft-tall Saturn V launch vehicle, tipped with Apollo
12 spacecraft scheduled to carry astronauts toward moon Nov. 14, was
placed on launch pad at ksc. (AP, W Post, 9/9/69, A2)

• msfc announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. to receive 11-mo,

$2,899,986 contract for preliminary design and planning for 12-man
earth-orbital space station for possible mid-1970 launch. Station —
initial element of large space base and means of investigating effects of
long-duration space flight on man — would have 10-yr lifetime, subject
to expendables resupply and crew rotation. Parallel effort was being
conducted by MSC and North American Rockwell Corp. (msfc Release
69-204)

• Mexican President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz announced in Coahuila, Mexico,

that President Nixon had accepted invitation for Apollo 11 astronauts
to start round-the-world tour in Mexico. He repeated congratulations
to Government and U.S. people on Apollo 11 success: "The United
States gave proof of its greatness when it achieved this triumph, but it
became even greater when they understood it and accepted it as a
triumph of all humanity." President Nixon was in Mexico to attend
dedication of Amistad Dam on Rio Grande. {PD, 9/15/69, 1241)
September 9: NASA's X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld
R. Gentry (usaf), reached mach 0.6 after air-launch from B-52 air-
craft at 40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purposes
of unpowered flight, fourth in series, were to evaluate stability and
control derivatives at upper flap positions, determine handling qualities,
and obtain flow visualization motion pictures of tufts on vehicle's aft
portion, (nasa Proj Off)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by nasa from wsmr with

VAM-20 booster, carried Cornell Univ. payload to 97.8-mi (157.4-
km) altitude to examine sky in far infrared (5 ^.-1,600 /*), using
copper-doped-germanium, two gallium-doped-germanium, and indium-
antimonide detectors. Loss of residual helium at 162 sees disabled
attitude-control system. Timing failed in experimental payload and no
useful scientific data were obtained. Some useful engineering data were
collected, (nasa Rpt srl)

• FRC announced award of $1.8-million nasa contract to North American

Rockwell Corp. for construction of new supercritical aircraft wing.
Wing, which utilized airfoil shape with flat top and rear edge curved
downward, had been developed by Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb and tested
at LaRC. Wind tunnel tests indicated new shape could allow highly
efficient cruise flight at nearly 600 mph at 45,000-ft altitude. By in-
creasing cruise speeds without increasing power, wing might signifi-

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September 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

cantly reduce operational cost of subsonic jet transport flights and
allow faster travel, lower fuel consumption and costs, increased opera-
tional range, or increased payload. Wing would be mounted on modi-
fied Navy f— j fighter aircraft at frc for flight testing, (frc Releases
4-69, 15-69)

• Former nasa Apollo Program Director, l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf),

received Distinguished Service Medal from Secretary of the Air Force,
Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., in Pentagon ceremonies. Award was for
achievements with NASA from December 1964 to August 1969. Gen.
Phillips had left NASA to become commander of USAF Space and Missile
Systems Organization (samso) in Los Angeles. (AFJ, 9/27/69, 8)

• At Apollo 11 splashdown party at Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C.

— attended by Apollo 11 astronauts and wives — NASA Administrator,
Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, announced new Apollo Achievement Award of
lapel button and certificate. He presented awards to NASA Associate
Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller; former
Apollo Program Director, l/g Samuel C. Phillips (usaf) ; and former
Deputy Director of Apollo Program George H. Hage. (Beale, W Star,
9/10/69, Fl)

• At first day ceremonies for commemorative moon landing stamp in

Washington, D.C., Postmaster General Winton M. Blount presented
Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and
Michael Collins and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, with
albums containing 32 stamps each. He said: "In the largest sense we
pay tribute today to the spirit of man. We cannot separate the accom-
plishments of Apollo 11 from those of Vostok 1; we cannot separate
the contributions of Michael Collins, or Edwin Aldrin or Neil Arm-
strong from those of Goddard and Einstein, Kepler and Newton, Coper-
nicus and Galileo. We know this. And in the knowing again we find
hope. For if men of all nations, together, can achieve dominion over
the heavens, men of all nations, together, can achieve peace on earth
for men for all time."

Armstrong said astronauts had deferred cancellation of stamps until
they were reunited in CM, July 22. They had then grasped canceler
simultaneously and pressed it upon die-proof version of commemorative
stamp affixed to unaddressed envelope. Cancellation date remained July
20, day of lunar landing. (PO Dept Release 135; Shandler, W Star,
9/10/69, A3)
September 10: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wal-
lops Station carried Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. payload to
127.4-mi (205-km) altitude to measure electron density, collision fre-
quency, and temperature in lower ionosphere on quarterly world day.
Payload included dual-frequency propagation experiment. Rocket alti-
tude was nominal but range was only one-fourth that predicted. Instru-
ment performance was excellent and good data were expected from all
experiments, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• Paul G. Dembling, nasa General Counsel since January 1967, became

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator. Dembling, who had joined NACA
in 1945, had been principal drafter of bill which became National
Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and had received NASA Distin-
guished Service Medal in 1968 for contributions to development of

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 10

legal framework of U.S. aeronautical and space activities. (NASA Re-
lease 69-131)
Study of lunar samples was "bringing to light as many mysteries as it
unravels," New York Times editorial said. Theorists were cautious,
with evidence from one small area, Tranquility Base. "It is likely that
the picture will become still more complex when a representative col-
lection of samples becomes available from ten, twenty or thirty areas
spread over the entire lunar surface. But even the limitations of the
present data suggest strongly that the moon is very different from
earth, and therefore has much to teach human science about the origin
and evolution of the solar system. The case for intensive scientific study
of the moon — conducted in part by geologists and other scientists sent
there for on-the-spot investigation— is strong." (NYT, 9/10/69, 40)
September 11: Press conference on results of Mariner VI (launched Feb.
24) and Mariner VII (launched March 27) was held at NASA Hq. Some
200 TV pictures of Mars were taken by two Mariners, including 57
high- and medium-resolution views of selected Martian surface areas
from altitude of only few hundred miles. Spacecraft measured Martian
atmospheric temperature, pressure, and chemical constituency and
measured surface temperatures in effort to correlate thermal charac-
teristics with features observed in TV pictures. Data indicated Mars
was heavily cratered, bleak, cold, dry, nearly airless, and generally
hostile to any earth-style life forms.

Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said: "We got nine times the
number of far encounter pictures that were originally proposed [few
years ago], 20 per cent more near encounter pictures than were pro-
posed, and 1,100 digital pictures which were entirely impossible ac-
cording to schemes at the time of the proposal. . . . After Mariner 4
Mars seemed to be like the moon. At last Mariners 6 and 7 have shown
Mars to be like Mars and have brought out Mars' own characteristic
features, some of them unknown and unrecognized elsewhere in the
solar system."

Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech said Martian terrain could be di-
vided into three types — crater, featureless, and chaotic. Cratered ter-
rain was widespread and common on Mars and resembled moon.
Featureless terrain was represented by Hellas area, which appeared to
be upland area, 150-mi-wide zone that gently sloped into flat feature-
less floor. Chaotic terrain had series of "short ridges, little valleys, and
irregular, jumbled topography." Chaotic and featureless terrain ap-
peared to be distinctly Martian, suggesting "that on Mars we have
either a difference in processes that are operating on the surface or
within the crust or we have a difference of material from one place to
another on Mars and different than on the moon, or, more likely, a
combination of both. . . . We also have good reason for believing that
the evolutionary history has been somewhat different. Again, there are
scars on the face of Mars that we do not see on the face of the moon.
And there have perhaps been episodic events in Martian history that
are unique to the planet Mars. We end up with the conclusion that
Mars is its own planet."

Dr. George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California at Berkeley said re-
evaluation of initial data from infrared spectrometer had shown infra-

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September 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

red spectral features earlier ascribed to methane and ammonia were
actually due to previously undiscovered absorptions of solid carbon
dioxide. Reflection peak recorded three times in atmosphere off Mars'
bright limb showed presence of solid carbon dioxide at high altitudes
and at latitudes north of polar cap. Broad absorption near 9 /x recorded
on bright limb was ascribed to solid silica or silicate material and
broad absorptions near 12 jx recorded near dark limb were tentatively
ascribed in part to solid carbon dioxide above ground. Further experi-
mental work was in progress to refine thermal map.

Initial results of uv spectrometer experiment were detection of ion-
ized carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, atomic hydrogen, and oxygen.
Nitrogen and nitric oxide were not detected and no evidence was found
of clouds, blue haze, or any appreciable atmospheric absorption of uv
radiation. Dr. Charles A. Barth of Univ. of Colorado said important
point "is that the atmosphere of Mars is different than the atmosphere
of the earth. If I showed you a spectrum taken the same way from the
upper atmosphere of the earth, we would see a plentiful number of
nitrogen bands. We could see emissions from nitric oxide. We could
see emissions from atomic nitrogen. None of those features is present
in the atmosphere of Mars. . . ."

Dr. Norman H. Horowitz of JPL presented biological implications of
Mariner 1969 results. "There is nothing in the new data that encour-
ages the belief that Mars is a body of life. But the results don't exclude
this possibility. . . . The Mariner 6 and 7 data strengthen the previous
conclusion that the scarcity of water on Mars is the most serious limit-
ing factor for life. . . . Mars is a cold desert by terrestrial standards. If
there is life on Mars, it must be a form of life that can utilize water in
the form of water vapor or ice." (Transcript; nasa News Release)

• Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Har-

vard Univ. payload to conduct solar studies. Rocket and instruments
functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off)

• President Nixon announced intention to nominate Secor D. Browne to

be member of Civil Aeronautics Board for remainder of term expiring
Dec. 31, 1974. He would replace John H. Crooker, who had resigned
effective Sept. 30. Browne would also be designated cab Chairman.
( PD, 9/15/69, 1249)
September 12: NASA began distribution, at msc, of about 18 lbs (8.2 kgs)
of lunar material to 106 U.S. scientific investigators and 36 in eight
other countries for university, industrial, and governmental laboratory
analyses. Lot comprised one-third of lunar samples returned by Apollo
11. Another 15% would be kept as examples of Tranquility Base
material. Remainder would be held for later scientific experiments, with
small amount possibly available on loan for public display. Material
had been quarantined in lrl since its July 25 return; tests on animal
and plant life had shown no ill effects. Interagency Committee on Back
Contamination had approved release of samples to principal investi-
gators or their representatives whose plans for safeguarding material
had been approved by msc officials.

Preliminary LRL examinations had disclosed two basic rock types,
compacted lunar soil and igneous rocks. Rocks had been on lunar sur-
face from 10 to 150 million yrs; igneous rocks had crystallized from
3 to 4 billion yrs ago. Approximately 3 kgs of samples would be de-

302

ASTRONAUTICS AND AKRONAUT1CS, 1%9

September 12

September 12: nasa began distribution of 18 pounds of lunar material to scientific
investigators in the United States and eight other countries for anaysis. The rock
above, one of the samples collected by Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E.
Aldrin, Jr., on the moon July 20, was studied at MSC's Lunar Receiving Laboratory.

stroyed during experiments; residues and remaining 5.1 kgs would be
returned to NASA. Results of analyses were to be reported early in 1970.
Among measurements to be made were those of physical properties
of rocks or soil to help in understanding optical observations of moon
from earth and future seismic experiments; mineralogy and petrology
to show mineral content, amount of water present when rocks crystal-
lized, and how surfaces were eroded by particles; chemical composition
of rocks and fines to determine concentration of 92 elements occurring
on earth and in meteorites, times of crystallization of igneous rocks,
and periods rocks had lain on lunar surface. Studies of rare gases in
soil would furnish first data on isotopic compositions of solar materials.
Biologists and organic chemists would determine structures and abun-
dances of carbon compounds in and on lunar surface and their origin,
catalog microstructures in terms of organized elements and micro-
fossils, and define presence or absence of viable lunar organisms. ( NASA
Release 69-130)
Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station

303

September 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

carried Univ. of Illinois and gca Corp. payload to 117.4-mi (189-km)
altitude to measure electron density, collision frequency, and tempera-
ture in lower ionosphere at midnight. Secondary objective was to test
mechanical delay igniter and monitor its performance. Simultaneous
launch from Chamical, Argentina, studied particle precipitation and
transport effects across equator. Rocket and instruments functioned
satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• Spencer M. Beresford, former special counsel of House Committee on

Science and Astronautics, was appointed NASA General Counsel suc-
ceeding Paul G. Dembling, new NASA Deputy Associate Administrator
[see Sept. 10]. (nasa Release 69-173)

• White House announced President's Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. Du-

Bridge, would visit four Western and two Eastern European countries
in September and October to discuss arrangements for international
scientific and technological cooperation and explore specific possibilities
for strengthening existing arrangements. {PD, 8/15/69, 1251)

• Reuters said NASA had accepted offer of French sculptor Marcel Recher

to build 140-ft "Platform for the Conquest of the Cosmos" at ksc as
memorial to first lunar landing. Recher was looking for sponsor to
contribute $145,000 for project. (W Post, 9/11/69, A3)

• Dec. 15 debut of Boeing 747 would be delayed six to eight weeks, Boeing

Co. said. Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. had en-
countered problems in meeting performance goals in 362-passenger
aircraft's engines. (NYT, 9/13/69, 46)
September 13: Aerospace Corp. announced election of Dr. T. Keith Glennan,
President Emeritus of Case Institute of Technology and first NASA
Administrator (1958—1961), as Chairman of Board of Trustees. Sher-
rod E. Skinner retired as Chairman and l/g James H. Doolittle (usaf,
Ret.), Vice Chairman, also retired during annual meeting of Board of
Trustees. Skinner and Gen. Doolittle were awarded usaf Exceptional
Service Award by Under Secretary of the Air Force John L. McLucas
in El Segundo, Calif., ceremony Sept. 12 (Aerospace Release; CR,
9/25/69, E7813)

• Smithsonian Institution Curator of Meteorites, Dr. Kurt Fredriksson,

arrived in Washington, D.C., carrying 10 gr of lunar material from
lrl in nitrogen-filled plastic bag inside steel briefcase. One of six men
in U.S. who had studied lunar samples, he later said Smithsonian sci-
entist Dr. Bryan H. Mason would receive another 10-gr set. (Conroy,
W News, 9/16/69, 5)

September 14: NASA announced availability of Earth Photographs from
Gemini VI Through XII (nasa SP-171), collection of best 250 pic-
tures taken between 1965 and 1967 from altitudes between 99 and 850
mi as Gemini spacecraft orbited earth. First and last views were of
Cape Kennedy, with views of principal areas within 30° latitude of
equator between, (nasa Release 69—129)

September 15: Space Task Group presented report The Post-Apollo Space
Program: Directions for the Future to President Nixon at White
House. It recommended basic goal of balanced manned and unmanned
space program conducted for all mankind, with emphasis on increased
utilization of space capabilities for services to man through expanded
space applications program; enhancement of U.S. defense posture for
world peace and security through exploitation of space techniques for

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 15

military missions; continuing strong program of lunar and planetary
exploration, astronomy, physics, and earth and life sciences; develop-
ment of new systems and technology for space operations, emphasizing
commonality, reusability, and economy through development of new
space transportation capability and space station modules; and promo-
tion of world community through program of broad international
participation and cooperation.

As focus for development of new capability, Task Group recom-
mended U.S. accept long-range goal of manned planetary exploration
with manned Mars mission before end of century. Activities leading
to goal should include initial concentration on exploiting existing capa-
bility and developing new one while maintaining program balance
within available resources; operational phase using new systems and
capabilities in earth-moon space, with men living and working in that
environment for extended periods; and manned exploration missions
out of earth-moon space, using experience of earlier two phases. Sched-
ule and budgetary implications of phases were subject to Presidential
choice, with detailed program to be determined in normal annual
budget and program review.

Report outlined three possible NASA programs for manned Mars
landing before century's end. Option I would launch manned mission
in mid-1980s and would establish orbiting lunar station, 50-man earth-
orbiting space base, and lunar surface base. Funding would rise from
current $4-billion level to $8- to $10-billion level in 1980. Decision
to proceed with development of space station, earth-to-orbit shuttle,
and space tug would be required in FY 1971. Option II would include
Mars mission launch in 1986, allowing for evaluation of unmanned
Mars mission results before final designation of landing date and
require about $8-billion maximum annual expenditure in early 1980s.
Option III would include initial development of space station and
reusable shuttles, as in Options I and II, but would defer decision on
manned Mars landing date while maintaining goal of after 1980 but
before close of century. Concurrent development of space transportation
system and modular space stations would require rise in 1976 annual
expenditures to $5.7 billion, while their development in series would
entail $4- to $5-billion funding level.

Recommended DOD options were: (A) program of full military space
capability in case of overt threat to national security, (B) develop-
ment of efforts to counter known and accepted projections of security-
threat and increase in development activities if threat increased, and
(C) program of lower level system deployment with technology and
support effort necessary for contingency planning on assumption that
lessening of world tensions would reduce emphasis on national defense.

At White House briefing following presentation, press secretary
Ronald L. Ziegler said President Nixon had concurred in Task Group's
rejection of two other, extreme space programs, one to land men on
Mars as soon as possible, regardless of cost, and one to eliminate
manned flight program after completion of Apollo. He did not know
when President would make decision on course to follow, but budgetary
considerations would be major factor. (Text; PD, 9/22/69, 1291;
NYT, 9/16/69, 1 )
• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVlll from Baikonur into orbit with

305

September 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

162-km (100.7-mi) apogee, 127-km (78.9-mi) perigee, 87.3-min period,
and 49.6° inclination. Satellite reentered same day. (gsfc SSR,
9/15/69; SBD, 9/19/69, 81)
• Lunar Rock Conference was held at Smithsonian Institution, with par-
ticipation of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator; Dr. Henry J.
Smith, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator (Science) ; and Lunar
Receiving Laboratory scientists. During conference NASA released PET
Summary of Apollo 11 Lunar Samples, report of 60-day preliminary
examination of 48 lbs of Apollo 11 lunar samples in lrl by university
and Government scientists on NASA Preliminary Examination Team
(pet).

Report confirmed existence of unexplained erosion process on lunar
surface indicated in Ranger, Lunar Orbiter, and Surveyor photos,
"unlike any process so far observed on earth"; said unique chemical
composition (that of silicate liquid) of Tranquility Base fines and
igneous rocks "implies either the composition of the rock from which
the liquid was derived differs significantly from that of the mantle of
the earth, or that the mechanism by which the liquid was formed
differs from analogous terrestrial processes"; and concluded there was
"very good chance that the time of crystallization of some of the
Apollo 11 rocks may date back to times earlier than the oldest rocks
on earth."

Samples could be divided into fine- and medium-grained crystalline
of igneous origin, breccias of complex origin, and fines. Crystalline
rocks differed from any terrestrial rock and from meteorites in modal
mineralogy and bulk chemistry. Erosion had occurred on lunar surface
but there was no evidence it was caused by surface water. Probable
presence of assemblage iron-troilite-ilmenite and absence of any
hydrated phase indicated crystalline rocks were formed under ex-
tremely low partial pressures of oxygen, water, and sulfur. Absence of
hydrated minerals suggested absence of any surface water at Tran-
quility Base since rocks were exposed. Rocks and fines showed evidence
of shock or impact metamorphism; all rocks displayed glass-lined
surface pits possibly caused by impact of small particles; and fine
material and breccia contained gases that indicated they were derived
from solar wind. Measurements on igneous rock indicated crystalliza-
tion 3 billion to 4 billion yrs ago. Rocks had been within one meter of
surface for 20 million to 160 million yrs. Level of indigenous volatiliz-
able and/or pyrolyzable organic material was extremely low. All rocks
and fines were generally similar chemically. Major and minor constitu-
ents were same as in terrestrial igneous rocks and meteorites, but dif-
ferences in composition were significant. Elements that were enriched
in iron meteorites were not observed or were very low in occurrence.
No evidence of biological material had been found. Tranquility Base
soil was fine grained, granular, cohesive, and incompressible, with hard-
ness increasing at six-inch depth. It was similar in appearance and
behavior to soil at Surveyor landing sites. (Program; Text; Science.
9/19/69)
• NASA announced withdrawal of three Apollo range instrumentation ships
— usns Redstone, Mercury, and Huntsville — from tracking network
supporting Apollo flights. Remaining tracking ship, usns Vanguard,
would be continued on station in Atlantic about 1,000 mi southeast of

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 15

Bermuda. NASA said reduction of Apollo ship support was based on
high success of Apollo missions, particularly their excellent "launch on
time" record, (nasa Release 69-133)

• House passed H.J.R. 775, to authorize President "to award appropriate

medals honoring those astronauts whose particular efforts and contri-
butions to the welfare of the Nation and of mankind have been excep-
tionally meritorious." \CR, 9/15/69, H7870-2)
September 16: Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and
Michael Collins reported on Apollo 11 mission to joint session of Con-
gress called in their honor. Astronaut Armstrong said: "Several weeks
ago I enjoyed the warmth of reflection on the true meanings of the
spirit of Apollo. I stood in the highlands of this Nation, near the Con-
tinental Divide, introducing to my sons the wonders of nature and
pleasures of looking for deer and for elk. In their enthusiasm for the
view they frequently stumbled on the rocky trails, but when they
looked only to their footing, they did not see the elk. To those of you
who have advocated looking high we owe our sincere gratitude, for
you have granted us the opportunity to see some of the grandest views
of the Creator. To those of you who have been our honest critics, we
also thank, for you have reminded us that we dare not forget to watch
the trail."

Astronaut Aldrin said: "Our steps in space have been a symbol of
this country's way of life as we open our doors and windows to the
world to view our successes and failures and as we share with all
nations our discovery. The Saturn, Columbia, and Eagle, and the ex-
travehicular mobility unit have proved . . . that this Nation can pro-
duce equipment of the highest quality and dependability. This should
give all of us hope and inspiration to overcome some of the more diffi-
cult problems here on earth. The Apollo lesson is that national goals
can be met where there is a strong enough will to do so."

Astronaut Collins said: "We have taken to the moon the wealth of
this Nation, the vision of its political leaders, the intelligence of its
scientists, the dedication of its engineers, the careful craftsmanship of
its workers, and the enthusiastic support of its people. We have brought
back rocks. And I think it is a fair trade. For just as the Rosetta stone
revealed the language of ancient Egypt, so may these rocks unlock the
mystery of the origin of the moon, of our earth, and even of our solar
system."

Astronauts presented Congress with two U.S. flags which previously
had flown over Senate and House of Capitol and had been carried to
moon aboard Apollo 11 spacecraft. (CR, 9/16/69, H7937-9)

• At Smithsonian Institution ceremony attended by Apollo 11 astronauts,

Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, presented two-pound, gray,
lunar rock of igneous, breccia type to Smithsonian Secretary, Dr. S.
Dillon Riply, for Smithsonian collection. It would be sealed in nitro-
gen-filled container covered by three-foot glass bubble and displayed
to public beginning Sept. 17 for indefinite period in Arts and In-
dustries Building. At presentation, Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
said: "Every human being, every animal who has looked up into the
heavens has seen that rock. It is a fortunate time for mankind to look
up and be able to say, 'here is the moon.' " ( Smithsonian Release
SI-1 50-69; Shelton, W Post, 9/17/69, Bl)

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September 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Senate passed H.J.R. 775, "to authorize the President to award, in the

name of Congress, Congressional Space Medals of Honor to those as-
tronauts whose particular efforts and contributions to the welfare of
the Nation and of mankind have been exceptionally meritorious."
(CR, 9/16/69, S10630)

• New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 11 and Mariner VI and

VII: "The unprecedented advances in the study both of the moon and
of Mars during the past few weeks have produced a stunning crop of
surprises about both celestial bodies. On the closest examination yet,
these neighbors in space have proved far more complex and strange
than previous theories have led men to believe. And the magnificent,
lifeless desolation of the lunar and Martian surfaces emphasizes more
than ever how wonderful it is and how little science understands why
it is that this third planet from the sun is so uniquely green, vibrant
and overrunning with life." (NYT, 9/16/69, 40)
September 17: Space Task Group report to President on post-Apollo space
program [see Sept. 15] was released at White House press conference
by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and Space Task Force Group
members Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator; Dr. Robert C.
Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force; Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presi-
dential Science Adviser; and William A. Anders, nasc Executive Sec-
retary. Vice President Agnew said Task Group had rejected "crash
program of the magnitude that would turn loose every bit of our tech-
nological ability" to achieve quickest possible manned Mars landing
because "there are competing priorities in a difficult time of inflation."
Task Group had also rejected "foregoing the substantial benefits that
have come out of the Apollo program, the benefits of National
prestige."

Dr. Paine said all three options recommended to President in report
would enable NASA to "hold together the team" and provide "major
challenge."

Dr. DuBridge said all three options held "heavy emphasis on earth
applications, satellites, for studying the geology, the geography, the
atmosphere of the oceans of the earth and bringing space technology
directly and immediately to the benefit of the people on earth. All three
programs also . . . include heavy emphasis on scientific programs, to
extend our scientific knowledge of the earth itself, of the moon,
through additional lunar expeditions, interplanetary space and addi-
tional scientific information about the moon and the planets." He also
cited emphasis on international collaboration. (Transcript)

NASA released Americas Next Decade in Space: A Report for the
Space Task Group. Major points had been incorporated in Task Group
report. (Text)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR with

VAM-20 booster. Rocket carried afcrl payload to 135.5-mi (218-km)
altitude to calibrate Harvard College Observatory spectrometer on
board orbiting Oso VI by telemetering, grazing incidence, scanning
euv monochromator to study active regions of sun simultaneously at
300 to 1,400 A. Pointing was marginal but data were 100% satisfac-
tory, (nasa Rpt srl)

• AH— 56A helicopter, under development by Lockheed California Co. for

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 17

USA, was destroyed when it broke loose and moved downwind inside
wind tunnel at arc. Flying debris punctured steel wall and injured two
men in control room. (NASA Release 69—154)

• First day of public display of lunar rock at Smithsonian Institution at-

tracted 8,200 visitors, including former NASA Administrator James E.
Webb. Webb said: "The rock represents all the work and all the sub-
mergence of personal ambitions that thousands put into the space
effort. It proves we have the scientific, technical and managerial capa-
bility of expanding our space values for use under the sea, on the land
and in the air." (Schaden, W Star, 9/18/69, B4)

• Senate adopted by 85—0 vote amendment offered by Sen. William Prox-

mire (D-Wis.) to S. 2546, FY 1970 military procurement authoriza-
tion, which would require study and review by Comptroller General of
profits made by Government agencies, including NASA, on contracts for
which there had been no formally advertised competitive bidding.
{CR, 9/17/69, SI 0743-52)

• Rep. George A. Goodling (R-Pa.) introduced H.R. 13838 "to provide for

the distribution to the several States, for display to the public . . .
samples of the lunar rocks and other lunar materials brought back by
the Apollo 11 mission." (CR, 9/17/69, H8098)

• New York Times editorial: "The space age is here to stay, but the precise

contours of how far and how fast this nation will go in the decades
ahead will have to be determined on a pragmatic basis, almost year by
year and Administration by Administration." ( NYT, 9/17/69, 40)
September 18: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIX from Baikonur into orbit
with 219-km (136.1-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.2-
min period, and 64.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 22. (GSFC
SSR, 9/30/69; SBD, 9/19/69, 81)

• nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by nasa test pilot John A.

Manke, reached 79,000-ft altitude and mach 1.39 after air-launch from
B— 52 aircraft west of Rosamond, Calif. Purpose of flight, 25th in
series and 12th using engine, was to obtain stability and control data at
various angles of attack in speed range around mach 1.2. (NASA Proj
Off)

• NASA and aec announced successful completion of NERVA nuclear experi-

mental rocket engine (XE) testing in Jackass Flats, Nev. Tests, from
March through August, had included 28 successful engine startups and
3 hrs 48 min cumulative operating time, with 3.5 min at full power
( 55,000-lb thrust ) . XE program had explored wide variety of operat-
ing modes and pressure and temperature conditions, demonstrated
automatic startups using bootstrap techniques, demonstrated stability
of nuclear rocket engine performance, and validated design and opera-
tion of engine test stand No. 1. XE engine runs concluded series of
successful technology tests over several years. Design and development
of flight-rated 75,000-lb-thrust nerva rocket was being initiated on
basis of information produced. Nuclear rocket program was managed
by aec-nasa Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, (nasa Release 69-134;
aec-nasa Release M-216)

• President Nixon addressed 24th session of U.N. General Assembly: "Of

all man's great enterprises, none lends itself more logically or more
compellingly to international cooperation than the venture into space.

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September 18

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Here, truly, mankind is one: as fellow creatures from the planet Earth,
exploring the heavens that all of us enjoy. The journey of Apollo 11
to the moon and back was not an end, but the beginning.

"There will be new journeys of discovery. Beyond this, we are just
beginning to comprehend the benefits that space technology can yield
here on earth. And the potential is enormous. For example, we are
now developing earth resource survey satellites, with the first experi-
mental satellite to be launched sometime early in the decade of the
seventies. Present indications are that these satellites should be capable
of yielding data which could assist in as widely varied tasks as these:
the location of schools of fish in the oceans, the location of mineral
deposits on land, the health of agricultural crops.

"I feel it is only right that we should share both the adventures and
the benefits of space. As an example of our plans, we have determined
to take actions with regard to earth resources satellites. . . . The pur-
pose ... is that this program will be dedicated to produce information
not only for the United States, but also for the world community. We
shall be putting several proposals in this respect before the United
Nations. These are among the positive, concrete steps we intend to
take toward internationalizing man's epic venture into space — an ad-
venture that belongs not to one nation but to all mankind." (PD,
9/22/69, 1275-81)

September 18: Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai (left), Chairman of the Indian Space Research
Organization, and Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, nasa Administrator, signed an agreement at
NASA Headquarters for a cooperative experiment to broadcast educational TV programs
from nasa's planned ats-f satellite direct to 5,000 small Indian villages.

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AKRONAUTICS, 1969 September 18

• Dr. Thomas (). Paine, NASA Administrator, and Dr. Vikram A. Sarab-

hai, Chairman of Indian Space Research Organization, on behalf of
India and U.S. signed agreement at NASA Hq. to provide direct TV
broadcasts from satellite to some 5,000 small Indian villages. Broad-
casts would be first from satellite to small receivers without ground
relay. Experiment would utilize ATS— f, sixth in NASA series of Applica-
tions Technology Satellites, scheduled for mid-1972 launch. India
would use experimental ground station at Ahmedabad and others to
transmit TV programs to satellite, which would relay them to village
receivers. Increased onboard power and deployable satellite antenna
with high pointing accuracy made direct broadcast possible, (nasa
Release 69-135)

• Senate began consideration of H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authorization

bill passed by House June 10 and reported with amendment in form
of substitute bill by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space
Sciences June 24. Sen. William Proxmire ( D-Wis. ) introduced new
Section 7: "Of the funds authorized . . . $300,000,000 . . . earmarked
for operation of the Apollo missions shall not be obligated or expended
until the Administrator, in consultation with the State Department, has
fully explored the possibilities of international cooperation and cost-
sharing in space exploration, and has reported to Congress on the re-
sults of these efforts." Efforts should include possibility of establishing
international consortium with NASA as manager of operations or possi-
bility of bringing space exclusively within U.N. jurisdiction and con-
trol, establishing "United Nations Space Council modeled after the
World Health Organization." ( CR, 9/18/69, S10895-907)

• List of U.S. attempts during 1969 to effect cooperative space agreement

with U.S.S.R. was entered in Congressional Record:

April 30, NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, forwarded copy
of Opportunities for Participation in Space Flight Investigations to
Academician Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov and assured him that pro-
posals by Soviet scientists of experiments to fly on NASA spacecraft
would be welcomed. Supplements to NASA document were to be sent
routinely to Soviet Academy.

May 29, Dr. Paine invited Academician Blagonravov to attend
Apollo 11 launch and to discuss, informally, mutual interests in coop-
erative space projects. Dr. Blagonravov had declined.

August 21, Dr. Paine invited Academician Prof. Mstislav V. Keldysh
to send Soviet scientists to Sept. 11—21 briefing at NASA Hq. for inves-
tigators who might wish to propose experiments for 1973 Viking mis-
sions to Mars. Dr. Paine suggested meeting serve as opportunity for
discussion of planetary exploration plans contributing to coordinated
efforts beneficial to both countries. Prof. Keldysh had declined, but
asked for copies of meeting materials so Soviet scientists might develop
proposals. He had suggested possibility of later discussions. I CR,
9/18/69, S1095-6)

• Post Office Dept. announced delay in delivery of moon landing stamp

first day covers because of "unprecedented number of requests." Proc-
essing crew of 100 — more than twice number normally employed —
were working longer shifts with more special canceling equipment than
ever before to handle "response from people all over the world." (PO
Dept. Philatelic Release 50 I

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September 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Senate swore in Sen. Ralph T. Smith (R-Ill.) to serve unexpired term of

late Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-IU.) and adopted resolution assigning
him to Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences to re-
place Sen. Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md.), reassigned to Government
Operations Committee. (CR, 9/18/69, S10763)

• Senate passed by voice vote S. 1857, FY 1970 nsf authorization of

$487,150,000. (CR, 9/18/69, S10764-70)

• Senate passed by record vote of 81 to 5, S. 2546, FY 1970 military pro-

curement authorization which included amendment requiring study
and review by Comptroller General of profits on Government contracts
for which there had been no advertised competitive bidding [see Sept.
17]. (CR, 9/18/69, S10888-91)
September 19: Canadian Black Brant IV sounding rocket was launched by
NASA from Barreira do Inferno, Natal, Brazil, carrying MSC and Univ.
of California payload to provide detailed scientific measurements of
charged particle environment in South Atlantic Anomaly region. Sec-
ondary objectives were to measure magnetic field strength and flight-
evaluate payload telemetry-system performance. Rocket reached 532-mi
(856-km) altitude, with performance higher than expected. All experi-
ments performed satisfactorily and data were obtained on all channels.
(nasa Rpt srl)

• Senate passed by voice vote H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authorization of

$3,716 billion, allocating $3,020 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for con-
struction of facilities, and $637.4 million for research and program
management. Total was $250.85 million less than had been passed by
House June 10 [see also June 24]. Senate insisted on its amendments
and requested conference with House. {CR, S10977— 99, 11002; Text)

• White House announced Apollo 11 astronauts would make 22-nation

tour starting Sept. 29, to stress U.S. willingness to share space knowl-
edge. Itinerary would include Mexico City; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos
Aires, Argentina; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Las Palmas, Canary Islands;
Madrid; Paris; Amsterdam and Brussels; Oslo; Cologne, Germany;
Berlin; London; Rome; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Ankara, Turkey; Kin-
shasa, Congo; Teheran, Iran; Bombay, India; Dacca, Pakistan; Bang-
kok, Thailand; Darwin and Sydney, Australia; Guam; Seoul; Tokyo;
Honolulu; and return to Houston, Tex., Nov. 5. Additional trip to
Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, was planned for December, (upi, NYT,
9/20/69, 5)

• U.K.'s first lunar samples — 3 oz of moon dust in 16 contamination-proof

boxes — arrived in London and were shown to scientists and press at
Science Research Council. Dr. S. O. Agrell of Cambridge Univ. and
Dr. P. E. Clegg of London Univ. had flown to MSC to collect them.
They would be examined by 14 British research teams. (AP, Kansas
City Times, 9/20/69)

• French scientists, using "world's most powerful laser" at Limeill Weap-

ons Research Center of French Atomic Energy Commission near Paris,
had generated succession of tiny thermonuclear explosions, Walter Sul-
livan said in New York Times. It was important step toward taming
hydrogen bomb energy. It also underlined concern of some scientists
that lasers might simplify design of devastating nuclear weapons.
( NYT, 9/19/69, 1)

• Report of President Nixon's Task Group on Space [Sept. 15] and Apollo

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 19

astronauts' speeches to Congress [Sept. 16] had brought some "ration-
ality back to the discussion of whither the space program," Washington
Post editorial said. Acceptance by President of recommendation "would
eliminate talk of abandoning manned space flight, which would be a
foolish course of action, or of proceeding toward Mars in a crash effort
to get there as quickly as possible." It was important "for the nation
to push ahead on the immediate recommendations of the Task Group —
exploring the moon, developing the tools that are needed for system-
atic exploration of our space travel capability, and extracting from
the space program more benefits for those of us who are earthbound."
( W Post, 9/19/69)

September 20: Economist commented on lunar investigation : "Scientists,
unlike engineers, are not at this stage interested in whether the moon
can be made habitable; but this, rather than its age, or peculiarities of
its composition, is what the astronauts went out to the moon to find.
The results are more encouraging than anyone but the confirmed star
gazers could have hoped. Space is not unfriendly; nor is the moon,
superficially barren though it looks. What we need are more assurances
about sources of water which space planners continue to be convinced
is trapped in, and can be extracted from, the rocks. Also more data on
those surprising experiments where plants have thrived on moon soil.
. . . And some idea about whether it will be possible to protect man
from ultraviolet radiation up there, without having to put him in a
protective pressure suit." (Economist, 9/20/69, 17)

September 21: Washington Sunday Star commented on display of moon
rocks at Smithsonian Institution: "The lunar chunk does indeed look
like something that, if it turned up in a Bethesda [Md.] backyard,
would not draw a second glance. And yet it is something that, until
two months ago, no man had seen before. ... It is a promise of un-
imagined things to come." Judging by crowds queued up, "Smith-
sonian has booked its best act since the Mona Lisa came to town six
years ago." (W Star, 9/21/69, CI)

• Bert Greenglass, former head of Apollo Program Control Office at KSC

and later Deputy Director of Management Systems Div. in NASA Office
of Technology Utilization, joined hud as Director of Management In-
formation and Program Control Systems. (W Star, 9/24/69; HUD
pio)

• Parade magazine called for establishment of July 4, 1976 — 200th anni-

versary of U.S. — as national deadline for conquering some of earth's
social problems. "Having harnessed our special strengths — money,
men, materials and the organizational genius to control them — we con-
quered space before 1970. Why can we not conquer some of our social
problems on earth by 1976?" (Parade, 9/21/69, 1)

• "The notion has occurred to more than one person that NASA, having

reached the moon and now fearing its way to the planets possibly
blocked by budgetary obstacles, might find the requisite new worlds to
conquer right here, at home," William Hines said in Washington Sun-
day Star. It was "fundamental precept of modern technology that any-
thing which can be imagined can be accomplished. A cure for cancer,
an end to poverty, a cleanup of the environment, termination of the
Vietnam war, even effective nuclear disarmament? If it is conceivable
it is achievable." While NASA could be depended on to give good ac-

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September 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

count of itself in scientific and engineering situations, "its ability to
handle problems with a big 'people' component is largely untested."
Since "people-problems" were predominant these days, maybe NASA
wouldn't work out so well after all. "But on the second thought, no
other government agency is showing much flair for coping with the
human element, either." (W Star, 9/21/69, C4)
September 22: usaf launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg
afb by Thorad-Agena booster. First entered orbit with 157.2-mi
(252.9-km) apogee, 110.0-mi (177-km) perigee 88.7-min, period,
and 85.0° inclination and reentered Oct. 12. Second entered orbit with
308.2-mi (495.9-km) apogee, 305.1-mi (490.9-km) perigee, 94.4-
min period, and 85.1° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 9/30/69; 10/15/69;
upi, W Post, 9/23/69, A20; Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• Japan failed in fifth attempt to launch satellite when four-stage, unguided

Lambda booster malfunctioned. (Harrison, W Post, 9/24/69, A9)

• President Nixon announced appointment of NAS President, Dr. Philip

Handler, to President's Science Advisory Committee. He would replace
Dr. Frederick S. Seitz, President of Rockefeller Univ. in New York.
(PD, 9/29/69, 1335; W News, 9/23/69, 44)

• President Nixon announced establishment of series of Presidential task

forces, including Task Force on Oceanography, to review public and
private efforts in oceanography and suggest actions to accelerate de-
velopment of "increasingly important area of exploration"; and Task
Force on Science Policy, to review present policy and make recom-
mendations for future scope and direction. {PD, 9/29/69, 1304)
September 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCC into orbit with 189-km
(117.4-mi) apogee, 183-km (113.7-mi) perigee, 88.2-min period,
and 51.5° inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 27. (GSFC SSR,
9/30/69; SBD, 9/25/69, 106)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from WSMR with

VAM-20 booster, carried Univ. of Hawaii payload to 108.4-mi
(174.4-km) altitude. Objectives were to obtain high-resolution spectra
of solar disc from 1,800 to 2,000 A, using high-resolution echelle-
grating spectrograph pointed by Univ. of Colorado biaxial pointing
control. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and photo-
graphic spectra were obtained on both camera cycles, (nasa Rpt SRL)

• President Nixon announced decision to continue development of SST.

"The supersonic transport is going to be built. The question is whether
in the years ahead the people of the world will be flying in American
supersonic transports or in the transports of other nations . . . whether
the United States, after starting and stopping this program . . . finally
decides to go ahead. ... I have made the decision that we should go
ahead . . . because I want the United States to continue to lead
the world in air transport. And it is essential to build this plane if we
are to maintain that leadership. ... I have made the decision, also, be-
cause . . . through this plane we are going to be able to bring the world
closer together in a true physical and time sense. . . . This is a massive
stride forward in the field of transport." President said prototype
would be flown in 1972. {PD, 9/29/69, 1309)
• President Nixon would ask Congress to appropriate $662 million over
five years to assist in SST development, Secretary of Transportation
John A. Volpe announced. Federal Government would spend estimated

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 23

S761 million through FY 1974, including $99 million in funds already
appropriated, to construct and flight-test two prototype Boeing SST
models. Total development cost was estimated SI. 5 billion, with $1.3-
billion Government participation to be repaid from sale of approxi-
mately 300 aircraft capable of carrying 300 passengers each at
maximum 1,800-mph speeds, (dot Release 21069)

• Modified test-pilot pressure suit delivered by arc's Dr. Alan Chambers,

Hubert Vykukal, and Richard Gallant to Stanford Univ. Hospital
saved life of Mrs. Mary Phillips, who was hemorrhaging uncontrollably
after minor surgery. G-suit, worn by pilots to avoid blacking out dur-
ing high-speed maneuvers, applied pressure to counter draining of
blood from brain and upper body. Fitted to Mrs. Phillips, suit arrested
abdominal bleeding during 10-hr application, (nasa Release 69—168)

• USA Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory helium-filled balloon was success-

fully launched from wsmr, carrying 70-lb scientific payload to meas-
ure ozone concentration, cosmic radiation, and atmospheric pressure,
temperature, and density at 160,000-ft altitude. The 600-ft-tall,
1,700-lb balloon drifted to New Mexico where it released payload for
recovery on ground. Data would be used for number of wsmr projects.
(usaf pio; upi, W News, 9/24/69, 9)

• Associated Press quoted Col. Edwin E. Aldrin (usaf, Ret.) as saying

NASA had rejected his proposal to postpone Apollo 12 and run it in
tandem with Apollo 13 so crews could protect or rescue each other in
emergency. Aldrin was father of Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin,
Jr., and a NASA safety consultant. NASA Manned Space Flight Safety
Director Jerome F. Lederer had called proposal impractical, "tremen-
dously expensive, and I don't know if it could be done." Lederer had
said there was no question that astronaut rescue capability from lunar
surface or orbital emergency must be provided, but it was "out of the
picture for Apollo." I Haughland, AP, W Star, 9/22/69, A4)

• Federation Aeronautique Internationale posthumously awarded its high-

est honor- — Gold Medal — to NASA test pilot Joseph A. Walker for "his
many enduring contributions to the advancement of aviation made
during a 21-year flight research career marked by extraordinary per-
fection and valor." Award was received by his widow at Edwards afb
ceremony. As FRC chief research pilot, Walker had flown X— 15 to its
highest altitude, 354,200 ft (67 mi) ; was first man to fly LLRV astro-
naut training craft; was author of 20 technical papers and articles;
and had taught Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong at FRC. I FRC
Release 17-69)

• MSFC announced award of $19,073,032 modification to IBM contract for

fabrication, checkout, and delivery of 27 instrument units for Saturn
IB and Saturn V boosters. Modification revised delivery schedule, ex-
tended performance period 15 mos, and provided for assessment of
certain MSFC engineering change requests. (MSFC Release 69-214)

• faa, Air Transport Assn., and manufacturers McDonnell Douglas Corp.,

Bendix Corp., and Wilcox-Sierra Div. of American Standard, Inc.,
successfully flight-tested three separate but compatible devices compos-
ing aircraft collision avoidance system (cas) capable of issuing micro-
second warning. Tests were held at Martin-Marietta Airport, Baltimore.
CAS included cesium atomic clock so precise that watch of similar con-
struction would lose only one second in 67 yrs. System operated like

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September 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

balloon around aircraft which, when penetrated by similarly equipped
plane, provided pilots with command to make evasive maneuver. All
aircraft would need system for it to be effective. Product of $12-
million, 13-yr R&D, system could be operational by 1971. (Yarborough,
W Star, 9/24/69, A7)

• In Paris press conference Presidential Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. Du-

Bridge, and French Minister for Industrial and Scientific Development
Francois X. Ortoli announced plans to increase flow of scientists and
specialists between France and U.S. to broaden scientific and technical
cooperation in wide areas, including nuclear research for peaceful
purposes. (W Post, 9/24/69, A22)
September 24: Two photometers on board NASA's Ogo V orbiting geophysi-
cal observatory (launched March 4, 1968) had successfully scanned
Lyman-alpha radiation, NASA announced. Data were expected to pro-
vide new information on Lyman-alpha emission from Milky Way and
to help determine what portion of observed radiation was from geo-
corona and what portion was from outer space. On Sept. 12 Ogo V
had pointed at sun and spun slowly while scanning mirror in Univ. of
Paris experiment rotated, covering 30° of celestial sphere. On Sept. 14
spacecraft returned to normal three-axis-stabilized operation, where it
would remain until December when second series of maneuvers would
be conducted to cover remaining portion of sky and provide first com-
plete mapping of extraterrestrial Lyman-alpha radiation. Univ. of
Colorado photometer, which provided broader coverage of Lyman-
alpha radiation at 180° to Univ. of Paris experiment, would be used
to confirm measurements and verify calibration levels.

Ogo V had 18 of 24 onboard experiments still operating. It had
provided first measurements of electric fields in earth's bow shock and
comprehensive data on particles and fields in earth's magnetosphere.
(NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-137)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCI from Baikonur into orbit with 279-km

(173.4-mi) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period,
and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 2. (gsfc SSR, 9/30/69;
10/15/69; SBD, 9/25/69, 106)

• NASA's X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry

(usaf), reached mach 0.62 after air-launch from B— 52 aircraft at
40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purpose of un-
powered flight, fifth in series, was to obtain data on upper-flap control
effectiveness, handling qualities during change from lower-flap to
upper-flap control, and effect of rudder position on air flow around
tail, (nasa Proj Off)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket, launched by NASA from wsmr with

VAM— 20 booster, carried Univ. of Colorado Laboratory for Atmos-
pheric and Space Physics payload to 124-mi (199.5-km) altitude. Ob-
jective was to obtain high-resolution spectra of Carbon IV resonance
doublet at 1,548 and 1,550 A using high-resolution, narrow-band spec-
trograph with echelle as principle dispersing element and sparcs solar
pointing control. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily.

(NASA Rpt SRL)

• Board of Investigation which probed Feb. 17 death of Sealab III Aqua-

naut Berry L. Cannon had concluded probable cause was carbon di-
oxide poisoning due to faulty diving gear, USN announced. Gear had

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 24

lacked substance for filtering carbon dioxide from exhaled breath.
Associated Press said Sealab III project had been "shelved" because of
insufficient funds for FY 1970 and quoted usn spokesman as saying it
would be continued later. Project had been suspended since Cannon
death, (dod Release 794-69; W Star, 9/24/69, A9)

• Shawbury, England, innkeeper Jack Warner had asked U.S. Government

for license to open first pub on moon, Associated Press said. He would
call it "The Space Inn" or "The Lunatic Tavern." (W Star, 9/24/69,
A16)
September 25: Apollo 9 commander James A. McDivitt was appointed Man-
ager of Apollo Spacecraft Program at MSC, replacing George M. Low,
who was temporarily on special assignment to MSC Director to plan
future MSC programs and work on organizational matters. (MSC Re-
lease 69-66 )

• East Germany's People's Chamber unanimously ratified nuclear nonpro-

liferation treaty. West Germany had not yet signed. {P Inq, 9/25/69)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics reported favorably S.

1287, which authorized appropriations for FYs 1970, 1971, and 1972
for metric system study. [CR, 9/25/69, H8488)
September 25—26: National Seminar for Manned Flight Awareness at MSC
attracted some 400 representatives of NASA, DOD, and aerospace in-
dustry. MSC Director, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, said: "I think we are all
concerned about the period of letdown which tends to occur after a
great milestone such as has just been completed," but NASA "must con-
tinue to demonstrate . . . that success can follow success."

Lee B. James, Director of Program Management at MSFC, said next
moon flights could suffer from lack of proper employee motivation.
"We are completing [rocket] stages with welders who know they are
going to be laid off." Sheet metal workers in plants with termination
papers were working on vital space hardware. Twenty defects at-
tributed to human error had been uncovered in single rocket.

Apollo Program Director Rocco Petrone said future moon landings
would be even more demanding than first, with astronauts spending 54
hrs on moon during some. To make missions successful, workers must
be motivated to pay greatest attention to detail.

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E.
Mueller, said NASA hoped to cut payload launch costs to $200 per
pound and reduce number of workers on Saturn V launches from
20,000 to about number required to get Boeing 747 off ground. ( MSC
Release 69-65; Maloney, H Post, 9/26/69)
September 26: Glazing discovered on lunar surface by Apollo 11 astronauts
was analyzed in Science by Thomas Gold of Cornell Univ., senior in-
vestigator for close-up photography. Glossy surfaces similar to glass
found clumped in centers of small lunar craters appeared to have been
swept in after craters had been formed. Glazed areas were also concen-
trated toward tops of protuberances and, in some cases, droplets ap-
peared to have run down inclined surface and congealed on sides.
Glazing might have originated from effect of exhaust of lm descent
stage, splashing of liquid drops from larger impact elsewhere, shock
heating or volcanism on moon, same impact that created craters in
which glazing was found, or intense radiation heating. Intense radia-
tion was most probable cause. Gold said. Source could have been im-

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September 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

pact fireball on moon, impact fireball on earth, or most likely, solar
outburst in geologically recent times. (Science, 9/26/69, 1345—9)

• In address at Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, N.Y., Dr.

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said: "We know that hydrogen
bombs work (unfortunately) — the Lord made the Universe that way.
And, of course, we know that (fortunately) fusion energy keeps the
sun shining every day. Our great visionary dream is to find out how
to unlock this energy for spaceship propulsion. This is a great challenge
but consider the new tools that we have available: giant magnetic fields
with superconducting magnets, tremendous power densities from lasers,
the great energy of nuclear power, and new high temperature materials.
These, with new plasma dynamic developments, may usher in fusion
power in the eighties, the nineties, or in the next century. Harnessing
fusion power for propulsion is an even farther-out challenge, but it
could prove to be one of the more direct applications. We won't have
to convert the fusion energy to electricity; just fuse a couple of deu-
terium atoms and then let them blast out the back of the vehicle!

"So fusion remains a tantalizing promise for the future. . . . If we
ever do achieve such propulsion, we'll be able to move with some ease
out from our little 8,000-mile-diameter Solar System. All of the 9
planets, 32 moons and 1600 known asteroids will come within reach
of our vehicles. And, indeed, if we could achieve high efficiencies in a
fusion propulsion process, we could talk of eventual relativistic ve-
locities, of time compression, and of travel to the nearest stars." (Text)

• Venus, "least understood of the inner planets," should be U.S. space pro-

gram priority target, Kitt Peak National Observatory physicist Dr.
Donald M. Hunten and Harvard Univ. physicist Dr. Richard M. Goody
said in Science. Some fundamental data were available; quantitative
theories had been stated; questions about atmosphere could be an-
swered by feasible missions; and geophysicists' interest had been
aroused and offered specialized knowledge needed to understand com-
plex processes. But NASA had no present plans for investigation of
Venus' lower atmosphere. Uncertainty as to Soviet intentions had been
cited as reason for giving Venus low priority. But until collaboration
with U.S.S.R. and other European countries could begin, "we have no
choice but to base our judgment upon our own scientific and technical
abilities and desires." (Science, 9/26/69, 1317-23)

• Wall Street Journal editorial: "While there will be debate on the Ad-

ministration's approval of a go-ahead on the supersonic transport, the
President plainly picked the proper method for financing further de-
velopment of the controversial plane. Earlier there had been talk of
setting up a special SST authority that would raise money by selling
Government-guaranteed bonds to the public. The idea never had much
to recommend it. At the moment the SST faces an uncertain economic
future. ... If the plane is a flop, the Government would be stuck one
way or the other. . . . the bond plan would ease the current pressure
on the Federal budget. But it also would fool at least part of the public
about the financial risk that the Government actually is assuming. . . .
Whether one especially relishes the notion or not, supersonic travel is
sure to come sooner or later. In heading toward that development, the
Administration is wise to avoid financial subterfuge." (WSJ, 9/26/69)
September 27: Evidence for detection of high-energy cosmic gamma radia-

318

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 September 27

tion (above 50 mev) from point source in constellation Sagittarius was
reported in Nature. Case Western Reserve Univ. and Univ. of Mel-
bourne (Australia) physicists presented preliminary results from col-
laborative program in which two high-altitude balloon flights were
made from Parkes, Australia, Feb. 5—6 and Feb. 26—27. Object was
first such point source of gamma rays detected in heavens. Research
was supported by NASA, nsf, and Australian Research Grants Commit-
tee. (Frye et al, Nature, 9/27/69, 1320-1; Sullivan, NYT, 10/2/69,
33)

• Satellite system which combined navigational and air traffic control and

collision prevention had been proposed to faa and DOD by TRW Inc.
Systems Group, Washington Evening Star reported. Proposal called for
four satellites, one in permanent orbit with others revolving around it
at lower altitudes. Aircraft would radio distinct signal to satellites and
its position relative to two or more satellites would be determined by
ground computers that could figure latitude and longitude of aircraft
within 50 ft. System, based on delicate measurement of time for air-
craft signals to reach satellite, would cost estimated $100 million, could
be in operation by mid-1970s, and was also being proposed to avia-
tion industry. (Lannan, W Star, 9/27/69, All)
September 28: In telephone call to Apollo 11 commander Neil A. Armstrong
on eve of Apollo 11 astronauts' round-the-world tour, President Nixon
asked astronauts to invite foreign countries to become "partners in
space" with U.S. He also invited astronauts and wives to White House
dinner Nov. 5. (upi, W Star, 9/29/69, A3)

• Washington. Post columnist Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., said 10 days after

issuance of moon landing airmail stamp in Washington, D.C., "an
already tired city post office crew had just passed the two-million first
day cover mark." Post Office had gone "all out" to cooperate with
those of other countries in returning covers and with Voice of America,
NASA, and regular servicers. There was little doubt that "new first day
cover record is in the making." [W Post, 9/28/69, F9)
September 29: Apollo 11 astronauts and wives arrived in Mexico City for
start of 39-day tour of 22 countries [see Sept. 19]. (AP, B Sun,
9/30/69, Al)

• President Nixon approved H.J.R. 775, to authorize President to award

Congressional Space Medals of Honor to astronauts [see Sept. 15].
(CR, 10/6/69, 1362)

• NASA announced appointment of Daniel J. Harnett as Assistant Adminis-

trator for Industry Affairs, effective Oct. 1. He would be responsible
for all NASA relationships with industry. Before his appointment he had
held executive positions with Northrop Corp. (nasa Release 69-139)
September 30: usaf launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg
afb by Thorad-Agena I) booster. First entered orbit with 303.2-mi
(487.9-km| apogee, 299.5-mi (481.9-km) perigee, 93.8-min period,
and 69.6° inclination. Second entered orbit with 586.0-mi (942.9-km)
apogee, 574.8-mi (924.9-km) perigee, 103.7-min period, and 70.7°
inclination. ( gsfc SSR, 9/30/69; SBD, 10/7/69, 162; Pres Rpt 70
[69])

• nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter Hoag (usaf),

reached mach 0.9 after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft alti-
tude over frc. Purposes of flight, 26th in series and first powered flight

319

September 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

for Maj. Hoag, were to provide pilot training and obtain stability and
control data. Winds rose from 5 knots at launch to 20 knots at touch-
down, but did not interfere with flight, (nasa Proj Off)

• In speech before Chicago Executive Club in Chicago, 111., Vice President

Spiro T. Agnew said operation of military systems in space "to enhance
the national defense" must be one objective of U.S. future space pro-
gram to ensure "there will be no blind reliance on good faith." Vice
President Agnew was also Chairman of nasc and of President's Space
Task Group.

Two questions dominated speculation over national space policy, he
said: Why space? And Why Mars? "Mars holds the greatest promise
of a capability to sustain human life. It is a potential resource and re-
serve. More important for the present is the fact that the mind of
America functions better when it focuses upon a clear target. Manned
exploration of the Solar System is too nebulous to capture the public's
attention. A manned landing on Mars is as understandable a challenge
to the citizen as it is to the scientist. It is a test that can be put in a
time frame and its anticipation can be appreciated by all." (Text)

• MSFC announced selection of Bendix Corp. and Boeing Co. for further

competitive negotiations on cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for design,
development, test, and delivery of four manned lunar roving vehicles
for flight to lunar surface aboard descent stage of Apollo lm [see
July 11]. First operational vehicle would be delivered in early 1971
for launch late that year.

MSFC also had awarded $238,400 contract to Bryson Construction
and $224,888 contract to Miller and Berry for construction of two clean
rooms for Apollo Telescope Mount (atm) assembly and test and had
called for bids for checkout station construction. Bids were due Oct. 21.
(msfc Releases 69-220; 69-221)

• Federal Electric Corp., it&t Corp. subsidiary, announced it had received

$21,321,680 NASA contract for continued work as KSC prime contractor.
(upi, W Star, 9/30/69, B7)

• Washington Airlines had terminated first and only STOL service between

Washington and Baltimore after one year and would liquidate its three
Dornier aircraft, Washington Post said. Company had lost nearly
$5,000 weekly and carried 25,000 passengers instead of targeted
108,000 since inauguration of service Sept. 23—25, 1968. (Samuelson,
W Post, 9/30/69)
During September: Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force,
defended value of Safeguard ABM defense and also discussed use of
space for strategic deterrence, writing in Air Force/Space Digest: "In
terms of security, the space age presents dangers — but it also affords
opportunities for increasing strategic stability." Dangers stemmed
from weapons placed in orbit: "It might be possible to trigger such
weapons with very little warning, thus increasing the risk of surprise
attack." Outer Space Treaty of 1967 might help avoid this danger,
"while providing us opportunities for other sorts of military systems
that could strengthen deterrence rather than weaken it." Each gen-
eration of space vehicles would provide additional improvements in
monitoring enemy activities. "We are now working on a satellite early-
warning system that would detect missiles as they are launched from
land or sea." Dispersed bomber force "would be able to take off from

320

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During September

its bases before the impact of enemy weapons, even if the time of
flight of the latter were greatly reduced." (AF/SD, 9/69, 61-4)

• USAF magazine Airman published interview with Secretary of the Air

Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., former NASA Deputy Administrator.
nasa-USAF X— 15 program had been highly successful in providing
data for many disciplines and "very good test bed" for atmospheric
probe instrumentation. XB— 70 program, initiated as manned super-
sonic bombing system, was "very bold step" in speeds over mach 3.
When technological difficulties and rising costs resulted in decision
against XB-70 production, NASA with USAF had initiated experimental
program. Dr. Seamans felt USAF was not using NASA expertise to fullest
extent. USAF needed new manned bomber, new fighter, and moderniza-
tion of air defense. He was not convinced USAF had yet established
"best relationships with industry to get these things done." (Airman,
9/69, 7-9)

• "There appears to be much more to be squeezed from Apollo than just

the incalculable value of national prestige or scientific discovery,"
Michael Getler wrote in Space/ Aeronautics. "The ability to mine these
supporting talents, to judge their value outside manned space flight
and disseminate and apply them may well prove the most telling and
measurable argument in the debate which is bound to continue over
Apollo's real value." Apollo had combined "much of what we have
with what we do best. Though complex, it was manageable. It had
clear goals, was well funded, enjoyed fairly widespread public support,
and dangled the element of competition in front of our involuntary
reflex. Most importantly, it tapped an industrial base and an en-
thusiasm for gadgetry that are unmatched anywhere. . . . Because many
of today's challenges confront human nature and not technology,
Apollo can be made to seem irrelevant. In fact, however, we are not
left alone with our behavioral troubles. There is still an economy to
keep sound, industry and commerce to be kept competitive, and a
government to be made more efficient. Failure to take this extraordi-
nary project apart, piece by piece, and examine its usefulness in these
areas would indeed be wasteful." (S/A, 9/69, 42-53)

• Dr. Mose L. Harvey in Science and Public Affairs, bulletin of atomic sci-

entists, discussed lunar landing and U.S. -Soviet equation: "The capa-
bility of the United States to continue in space, and otherwise keep
pace with the scientific-technological revolution, depends entirely on
continued public faith in the 'military-industrial complex' and the
'scientific and technological elite,' if one wishes to keep using these
unfortunate terms. It was only because we were able effectively to or-
ganize and use a genuine and mutually rewarding partnership between
industry, universities and government that we were able to effect the
moon landing and to do the other near-miraculous things we have
done in space and in other fields involving advanced science and ad-
vanced technology. It is precisely on this partnership that the superi-
ority of the American way over the Soviet way has so far rested."
{Science and Public Affairs, 9/69, 28-35)

• Atlas published translation of article in L'Espresso, Rome, by Italian

novelist Alberto Moravia on implications of Apollo 11. "In Columbus's
days, men were offered finite goals, like the discovery of America; or
they were offered spiritual aims, like the search for goodness, truth and

321

During September ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

beauty. At that time, no one could have guessed that Columbus's dis-
covery was only a beginning. That other discoveries would follow, a
second America, a third, a fourth, and so on through millions of years
and billions of kilometers. But today that is happening. Compared to
our new set of goals, the aims of Marx and communism are pure imag-
ination. For the first time the real and the rational are about to become
one. We are now at the end of history — and post-history is just be-
ginning." (Atlas, 9/69, 40-3)

• Atlas said its "Talk of the World" section had "got a little hoarse" on

subject of Apollo 11. It quoted "a few of the more unusual moon-
thoughts" from international press. El Tiempo in Bogota had reported
Colombian wool fabrics were used in Apollo 11 spacecraft upholstery.
Canada's Kitchener Waterloo Record had said LM had touched down
on moon with legs made in Canada by Montreal firm. Oiga, in Lima,
Peru, had said when Sputnik went into orbit "it was noted that Pedro
Paulet Mostajo had invented a jet-propelled rocket back in 1895."
Atlas commented that "this could go on forever." (Atlas, 9/69, 10)

• In Astrophysical Journal, Princeton Univ. astronomers Jeremiah P. Os-

triker and Dr. James E. Gunn predicted few pulsars should be found
with periods more than 1.5 sees, from results of their quarantine ex-
ploration of pulsar model. (Astro Journ, 9/69, 1395—1417)

• usaf communications and navigation satellite programs were outlined by

l/g John W. O'Neill, Vice Commander of afsc, in TRW Space Log.
AFSC was testing new uhf communication terminal in conjunction with
Tacsat I tactical comsat and had tested UHF shipboard, jeep, van-
mounted, and team-pack terminals as receivers for satellite communi-
cations. Second-generation defense comsats would have earth coverage
antennas and also steerable narrow-beam antennas to direct energy to
two "spotlighted" areas on earth's surface, permitting use of small ter-
minals instead of large ground stations. Proposed navigation satellite
system would consist of high-altitude satellites transmitting navigation
signals with worldwide coverage, ground stations to track and com-
mand satellites, and user receiving equipment. Navsat would provide
all four armed services with common grid for mobile operations and
could be used by aircraft, ships, submarines, and foot soldiers. Po-
tential for aircraft carrier operations was being studied.

Computer revolution would provide new data processing equipment
"with infinite potential for influencing satellite design and function"
in future. "We are pressing hard for progress in laser technology,
which appears to have excellent potential for communication applica-
tions. We are also pushing the development of new sources of power
in space in which a breakaway from our heavy reliance upon the solar
cell could make future satellite development a whole new game." (TRW
Space Log, Summer/Fall 69, 3—17)

322

October 1969

October 1: Boreas (Esro IB) satellite — designed, developed, and constructed
by European Space Research Organization — was successfully launched
by NASA from wtr by Scout booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 237.4
mi (382 km) ; perigee, 180.8 mi (291 km) ; period, 91.3 min; and in-
clination, 85.1°. Primary NASA mission objectives were to place Boreas
into planned orbit and provide tracking and telemetry support. Boreas
was backup for and identical to Aurorae [Esro I A) successfully
launched by NASA Oct. 3, 1968. It carried eight experiments to study
aurora borealis (Northern Lights) and related phenomena of polar
ionosphere, representing six organizations from U.K., Denmark, Swe-
den, and Norway.

Boreas was third successful esro satellite launched by nasa. First
success, Iris I [Esro IIB), had been launched by NASA May 16, 1968,
to replace esro iia, which had failed to enter orbit May 29, 1967. ESRO
was responsible for experiment instrumentation, delivery of spacecraft
to launch site, equipment and personnel necessary to mate spacecraft
to launch vehicle, and spacecraft testing, nasa provided Scout launch
vehicle and launch services in second launching on cost-reimbursable
basis under Dec. 30, 1966, agreement with ESRO. (NASA Proj Off; GSFC
SSR, 10/15/69; SBD, 10/3/69, 147)

• Solid-fuel U.K. Falstaff rocket, carrying equipment to measure vibrations

and temperatures, reached mach 5 after launch from Australian mono-
rail launcher at Woomera, Australia, in joint U.K. -Australia research
program. [Interavia, 11/69, 1751)

• Eleventh anniversary of NASA, established by National Aeronautics and

Space Act of 1958. ( Space Act)

• Portrait of James E. Webb, second NASA Administrator (1961-1968),

was unveiled in anniversary ceremony at Smithsonian Arts and In-
dustries Building. Painted by Gardner Cox, portrait would eventually
hang in NASA Hq. (Program; NASA Release 69-140)

• Lockheed C— 5A Galaxy, world's largest aircraft, took off from Edwards

afb, Calif., with 410,000-lb load — heaviest ever carried by any air-
craft, 21,000 lbs heavier than C-5A was expected to lift even under
wartime conditions, and 28,100 lbs heavier than record it established
June 16. Aircraft, C-5A No. 3, reached 18.800-ft altitude burning
21,000 lbs of fuel during climb. \P Inq, 10/2/69, 3; upi Service,
10/2/69)

• Sud-Aviation chief test pilot Andre Turcat flew Anglo-French Concorde

001 supersonic airliner for about nine minutes at mach 1.05 (693
mph ) , passing sound barrier for first time. Two outer engines were at
full force and two inner engines at less than capacity force during
36,000-ft-altitude flight. Concorde flew from Toulouse-Blagnac Air-
port. (NYT, 10/1/69, 1)

• Vice President Spiro T. Agnew said at press conference following tour of

323

October 1

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

October 1: nasa launched Boreas, European Space Research Organization satellite,
to study the aurora borealis and polar atmosphere. In the photo the spacecraft was
prepared for launch on a four-stage Scout booster from the Western Test Range.

J PL: ". . . the cities may benefit more from what's happening right
here at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory than they do from what's hap-
pening in some community action agency. Now, I'm not downgrading
the need to work closely with people . . . but I think it would be a des-

324

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Octobei 1

perate mistake ... to adopt an attitude that we do not challenge the
unknown, we do not move forward simply because we can't predict
what we're going to find." Columbus "didn't find what he went for but
he found something even better. Maybe that applies to the situation
with regard to the ultimate goal . . . about landing a man on Mars. . . .
we may do something a lot better."

In reply to question, he said: "We will never reach a point where
we'll have enough money for . . . the problems of the cities and of the
population. . . . we could spend every resource we have and forego
any scientific exploration and forget the need to research and develop
new techniques. ... I suppose you come down to the final determina-
tion that you've got to put some of your effort in the future and not
all of it in the present. And I don't think the lack of a focus in the
space program would be a benefit at all to the future of the cities and
the problems you mention." (Transcript)

• Daniel J. Harnett was sworn in as NASA Assistant Administrator for In-

dustry Affairs. He had held executive positions with Northrop Corp.
since 1964. (nasa Release 69-139)

• Soviet space scientist Dr. Oleg G. Gazenko said at news conference dur-

ing meeting of International Academy of Astronautics at Cloudcroft,
N.Mex., it would be desirable and technically feasible for cosmonaut
to be member of future Apollo moon-landing crew. ( AP, B Sun,
10/2/69, A15)

• Twenty-third anniversary of Naval Missile Center at Point Mugu, Calif.,

usn's principal facility for testing and evaluating air-launched missiles
and other airborne weapons systems. ( pmr Missile, 10/3/69, 1)

• William Teir, Saturn IB program manager at MSFC, became deputy di-

rector for management of Program Management directorate, (msfc
Release 69-225 1

• Japan inaugurated semiofficial Space Development Corp. to coordinate

space activities, including orbiting of two satellites — one in 1972 for
ionospheric observation and one in 1974 for communications. Corpo-
ration would replace system under which projects were undertaken
separately by different ministries. Its 539-million yen (81.5-million)
capital had been raised by government fund of 500 million yen and 39
million yen from private industry. (Reuters, NYT, 10/5/69, L27)
October 2: Astronaut Alan L. Bean described plans for Apollo 12 extra-
vehicular activities to press at KSC. Mission, to begin Nov. 14, would
include two 3M>-hr eva periods on moon. For first eva main objective
was to deploy alsep, deploy TV camera and take photos, deploy lunar
equipment conveyor, take contingency sample, deploy S-band antenna
and solar wind experiment, and collect lunar material.

After rest in LM astronauts would return to lunar surface for second
eva period, to collect good documented sample and document geologi-
cally interesting features with photographs, samples, and description.
"There's not going to be a lot of time to pick up a rock and think
about it . . . but there's going to be time to look at the craters and try
to determine what kind they are and where they came from, if this
one's different from that one, what part of the crater you want to
sample. . . . We're going to take photographs as we see all of it. And
when this is finished we're hopefully going to be over near Surveyor."
Examination of Surveyor III (launched April 17, 1967) was second

325

October 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

objective. Crew would retrieve parts for evaluation of how materials
withstood long-term exposure in space.

Final surface experiment would be conducted after liftoff from moon
when crew crashed LM ascent stage onto surface. Crash would be re-
corded by seismometer and was expected to provide data from which
scientists could make inferences about moon's internal structure.
(Transcript)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR with

VAM-20 booster carried mit payload to 97.9-mi (157.5-km) altitude
to determine precise position of two or more x-ray sources and evalu-
ate small photoelectric detector. Rocket and instruments — including
several bands of proportional counters, slot collimators, modulation
collimators, aspect cameras, and attitude control system — functioned
satisfactorily. All collimators gave expected rates and modulation on
star X— 1 in constellation Scorpius (calibration) and on Sagittarius.
(nasa Rpt srl)

• At msfc ceremony, NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, presented

awards to 117 center employees and industry representatives, mostly in
recognition of exceptional service to Apollo program. Employee awards
included NASA Medal for Distinguished Service to msfc Director, Dr.
Wernher von Braun; Deputy Director, Technical, Eberhard F. M.
Rees; Deputy Director, Management, Harry H. Gorman; Director of
Science and Engineering Hermann K. Weidner; Vice Commander,
Aeronautical Systems Div., m/g Edmund F. O'Connor (USAF) ; Direc-
tor of Program Management Lee B. James; and Deputy Director of
Science and Engineering Ludie G. Richard.

NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement was presented
to James A. Downey, III; Erwin Fehlberg; Gerhard B. Heller; Robert
J. Nauman; and Joseph L. Randall. Other awards received were NASA
Medal for Exceptional Service by NASA employees and NASA Certificate
for Distinguished Public Service by industry personnel, (msfc Re-
lease 69-222)
October 3: Ogo VI Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, launched into low-
altitude polar orbit June 5, was adjudged successful by NASA. Space-
craft had completed first diurnal cycle and had provided data on global
characteristics of neutral atmosphere; association of electric fields with
ionospheric irregularities; airglow emissions associated with oxygen,
sodium, and molecular nitrogen; and propagation of proton whistlers.
Performance of Ogo VI subsystems had been excellent and instrumen-
tation for 23 of 25 experiments was operational. Active three-axis sta-
bilization had been maintained since initial acquisition and gas usage
was consistent with one-year operation. To extend attitude-stabilized
lifetime beyond one year, operations plan had been modified to include
manual control of gas jet firing, (nasa Proj Off)

• MSC announced appointment of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper as Assistant

for Space Shuttle Program in msc's Flight Crew Operations Directo-
rate. Cooper would be responsible for flight crew training program,
astronaut inputs into design and engineering, and directorate's part
in hardware development and testing for Space Shuttle. He would re-
main on flight status and eligible for space flight. ( MSC Release 69/67)

• msfc announced that it had issued $10,751,000 contract to General

Electric Co.'s Apollo Systems Div. for electrical support equipment for

326

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 3

Apollo Telescope Mount and launch systems for Saturn V Workshop
multiple docking adapter and airlock. Work was to be completed
June 30, 1975.

msfc had also issued six-month $56,727 contract to Bionic Instru-
ments, Inc., to develop lunar roving vehicle hazard locator. Locator,
which would be installed on lunar rover or dual-model vehicle, would
use laser beam to spot rocks, holes, and other obstacles on lunar sur-
face and display on screen warning of obstacles hidden from astro-
nauts' view, (msfc Releases 69-223, 69-224)

• Spain awarded its Grand Cross of Aeronautic Merit to Apollo 11 Astro-

nauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins,
(upi, NYT, 10/4/69, 23)
October 4: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wal-
lops Station carried 223-lb Cal Tech payload to 146-mi (234.9-km)
altitude to study intensity, spectrum, and degree of isotropy of dif-
fuse x-ray background in 0.1- to 20-kev range and to study energy
spectrum of star X— 1 in constellation Scorpius in 0.1- to 15-kev range.
Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were
obtained in all 12 prime data channels. (NASA Rpt srl; WS Release)

• nasc Executive Secretary William A. Anders, Apollo 8 astronaut, told

Western Conference of Young Presidents' Organization in Phoenix,
Ariz., that U.S. lost $13 billion each year in agricultural production
from insects, disease, and fire. Use of satellite sensors could improve
surveys of agricultural and forest resources, aid mineral and petroleum
prospecting, obtain better inventory of earth's water sources, detect
natural and man-made geography changes, sense ocean currents and
temperatures to aid fishing industry and improve routing of commercial
shipping, and study effects of environmental and water pollution. While
NASA space expenditures were averaging about $4.5 billion annually —
about 2/3 of 1% of GNP — nearly $4 billion was spent in U.S. for non-
durable toys and sport supplies, $4.7 billion for foreign travel, and
over $6.5 billion in amusements.

Anders urged international harmony through space. "We travel
through space on a small planet. The Earth looked so tiny in the
heavens that there were times during the Apollo 8 mission when I had
trouble finding it. If you can imagine yourself in a darkened room with
only one clearly visible object, a small blue-green sphere about the
size of a Christmas tree ornament, then you can begin to grasp what
the Earth looks like from space. I think all of us subconsciously think
the Earth is flat or at least almost infinite. Let me assure you that,
rather than a massive giant, it should be thought of more as the
fragile Christmas tree ball which we should handle with considerable
care. . . . From space, the earth is indivisible. There are no flags, no
national boundaries. Let us on Earth then use the Communications
Revolution to break down the barriers which separate us, so that all of
Earth's people will be truly brothers." (CR, 10/6/69, E8190-2; nasc
pio)

• Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and

Michael Collins and wives arrived at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, for
two-day rest before proceeding to Madrid and meeting with Gen. Fran-
cisco Franco during 38-day goodwill tour. (AP, NYT, 10/6/69)

• USAF had awarded three-year, $20-million contract to North American

327

October 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div. to design new rocket engine to power
payloads in space, Business Week said. United Aircraft's Pratt &
Whitney Div. was also working on concept, magazine believed. (Bus
Wk, 10/4/69)

October 5: GSFC scientists and Smithsonian Institution ecologist Dr. Helmut
K. Buechner planned to use female elk named Moe for first experiment
in tracking animals by satellite, New York Times said. Wearing 23-lb
instrumentation around neck, elk was expected to migrate from point
in Wyoming to national elk refuge south of Yellowstone Park at
Jackson Hole, Wyo.— 100-mi distance. (Teltsch, NYT, 10/5/69, 16)

October 5—11: International Astronautical Federation (iaf) held 20th
Congress in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned
Space Flight, gave Invited Lecture Oct. 6 on Apollo program, space
benefits, Apollo Applications program, and lunar exploration. Apollo
Applications program would "study the earth through the use of a six
lens multispectral camera installation. On Apollo 9 some of the rudi-
mentary work was done using four lenses. 50% more kinds of informa-
tion will be brought back by the crews of Apollo Applications. Because
almost everything on earth has a different reflective quality, as distinc-
tive as a signature or a fingerprint, results from this photographic ex-
ploration can be expected to yield rich rewards. Many of the earth
sciences look to this kind of information for answers to previously
unanswerable questions. Hydrologists are interested in discovering not
only the depth, but also the temperature of the waters of the world,
and these conditions can be ascertained from space. Warm water at-
tracts certain species of fish, so fishermen are also interested in these
experiments.

"Agronomists believe that soil chemistry will reveal itself on a
large scale in certain kinds of filtered photography. Agriculturists
know that different crops, at different stages of their development and
in different states of health, reflect distinctive amounts of light. They
hope, using the photographs we will take, to get some measure of the
world's crop, as well as some knowledge of its condition. Geologists,
who have found clues to mineral deposits in the Gemini and Apollo pic-
tures, look to this more sophisticated photography for additional infor-
mation, and for distinctions which will eventually permit certain kinds
of prospecting from space. Cartographers and Geodesists are interested
in everything from urban sprawl to continental drift."

Sun would be prime target for exploration in Apollo Applications
program, with experiments conducted by astronaut-astronomers using
Apollo Telescope Mount (atm) in orbit. "For the first time we will
have a massive set of instruments with high resolution for looking in
some depth and detail at the activities of the sun from beyond the
veil of the earth's atmosphere." Program would consist of three mis-
sions into near-earth space, one of 28 days and two of 56 days each.
First step would be establishment of Saturn V workshop in orbit,
planned for March 1972 launch, followed by launches of solar panels,
ATM, and crew of three for 28-day stay. Second manned mission was
scheduled for launch about three months after first, with third to
follow one month after return of second crew. (Text)

328

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Ooiol.n 5-11

• At Third International History of Astronautics Symposium Oct. 10,

organized by iaf in connection with its 20th Congress, A. Ingemar
Skoog of Swedish Interplanetary Society traced rocket development in
Sweden from 1807, when military first understood possibilities of
rockets in warfare, to mid-1860s, when rockets were taken out of
service. "An examination of the rockets preserved at the Army Mu-
seum in Stockholm, has shown that all 14 rockets are still fitted with
their original propellant. This will be tested by propellant experts later
this year in order to find out the properties of a 140 years old pro-
pellant." (Text)

W. Geisler of Polish Astronautical Society had submitted paper on
history and development of rocket technology and astronautics in
Poland before 1949: use of rockets on Polish territory by Tartars
in 13th century probably had marked introduction of use of rockets
in Europe. (Resume)

Frederick I. Ordway, III, of Univ. of Alabama delivered paper
"The Alleged Contributions of Pedro E. Paulet to Liquid Propellant
Rocketry." "Paulet, a Peruvian chemical engineer-turned-diplomat,
spent much of his professional foreign service career in Europe. . . .
his claim to being a precursor of liquid propellant rocketry rests in
a letter he wrote from Rome on the 23rd of August 1927 that was
published in the 7 October 1927 issue of the Lima, Peru, newspaper
El Comercio. Therein, he describes liquid propellant rocket engine
experiments he had conducted ... in Paris thirty years earlier. . . .
Relying on this source and derivatives, many subsequent writers have
accorded Paulet a perhaps undeserved place in the history of rock-
etry." ( Summary )
October 6: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor II weather satellite from Plesetsk into
orbit with 676-km (420.1-mi) apogee, 619-km (384.6-mi) perigee,
97.6-min period, and 81.2° inclination. Powered by solar cells, satel-
lite was designed to trace cloud cover, detect presence of snow on dark
and daylight sides of earth, and record radiated and reflected heat
from atmosphere, (gsfc SSR, 10/15/69; SBD, 10/7/69, 166; Av
Wk, 10/20/69, 191)

• President Nixon announced Ruben F. Mettler, Executive Vice President

of trw Inc., would be Chairman of new Presidential Task Force on
Science Policy [see Sept. 22]. (PD, 10/13/69, 1376)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., and wife inspected container

vessel American Astronaut in London and signed autographs for long-
shoremen. Mrs. Lovell had christened vessel in April. (Reuters, C
Trib, 10/7/69)
October 7: Anglo-French supersonic airliner Concorde 001 reached 730
mph during 110-min flight from Toulouse, France. It was second time
aircraft had broken sound barrier [see Oct. 1]. (upi, W Star,
10/8/69, A13)

• Space Power Facility, with world's largest high-vacuum chamber ( 100-ft

dia by 120-ft height, containing 800,000 cu ft), and Spacecraft Pro-
pulsion Research Facility were opened officially at LeRC. Space Power
Facility — to test large, space electric power generating systems and
spacecraft — would first test Brayton cycle power system operated with
nuclear isotope or solar heat. Facility could produce equivalent of

329

October 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

vacuum in space 100 to 300 mi above earth. Propulsion Research
Facility would be used first for development of Centaur, 2nd-stage
rocket vehicle. (LeRC Release 69—54)

• House passed 384 to 5 amended FY 1970 nsf authorization of $477.3

million. Amendments had reduced authorization by $3.3 million. (CR,
10/7/69, H9151-62)

• U.S. and U.S.S.R. in Geneva announced agreement on draft treaty to

ban placing of nuclear weapons on world's seabeds. Proposed treaty
would be discussed by Geneva Disarmament Conference and U.N.
General Assembly. It would come into effect when ratified by U.S.,
U.S.S.R., and 20 other nations. (Roberts, W Post, 10/8/69, Al)

• Apollo 11 astronauts placed wreath at Christopher Columbus monument

in Madrid and later met Gen. Francisco Franco and Prince Juan
Carlos during world tour, (upi, W Star, 10/7/69, A6)

• Boeing Co. had responded to Federal budget trimming by eliminating

11,230 jobs between Jan. 1 and Sept. 26 and would continue cutting
back 1,000 jobs monthly well into 1970, Washington Post said. Re-
duction in work force from high of 101,554 on Jan. 19, 1968, to
83,765 on Sept. 26, 1969, had been blow to Seattle. Boeing President
T. A. Wilson saw problem for next five years as national desire to
retrench, with military spending under especially tight rein. (Wilson,
W Post, 10/7/69, Al)

• dod announced General Electric Co. was being awarded $1,300,000 sup-

plemental agreement to previously awarded USAF contract for R&D
of Mark 12 reentry vehicle. Contract was managed by samso. (dod
Release 842-69)
October 8: France successfully tested Diamant-B carrier rocket 1st stage
(L— 17) for 112 sees at Vernon, France. Test was first in series of four
planned in initial phase of qualification testing. (Interavia, 11/69,
1751)

• In Paris during world tour Apollo 11 astronauts were made chevaliers of

French Legion of Honor by Premier Jacques Chaban-Delmas and met
with French President Georges Pompidou. Paris Mayor Etienne Royer
de Vericourt presented them with city's Gold Medal, (upi, C Trib,
10/9/69)

• Two-man, 15-ft submarine Nekton with seven-inch knife taped to its

mechanical claw, sliced line to free research submarine Deep Quest,
and four-man crew trapped on ocean floor off San Diego, Calif., for
12 hrs. Deep Quest, developed by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for under-
sea research and salvage, had been demonstrating its ability to raise
and lower objects when its propeller became snarled. (AP, W Post,
10/9/69, A3)

• Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) introduced S. 3003, "to provide for

more effective control over the expenditure of funds by the Department
of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for
independent research and development." Measure was referred to Sen-
ate Committee on Armed Services. (CR, 10/8/69, S12100)

• Astronaut Anthony W. England suffered symptoms of bends while test-

ing moon-walking equipment in vacuum chamber at MSC. NASA spokes-
man said cause of symptoms, which disappeared as soon as chamber
was returned to full atmospheric pressure, was not known. England was
placed under 24-hr observation, (upi, W Post, 10/9/69, A28)

330

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 8

• First FB— 111 A strategic bomber was delivered to usaf Strategic Air

Command (sac) by AFSC in Carswell afb, Tex., ceremonies. Aircraft
were scheduled to become operational during spring and summer 1970.
General Dynamics Corp. was prime contractor. (General Dynamics
Release 1475)
October 9: Joseph P. Loftus, Jr., Manager of MSC Program Engineering
Office, described plans for future Apollo lunar exploration at MSC
press conference. Technological objectives were to increase scientific
payload to lunar orbit and to lunar surface, permit high flexibility
in landing site selection, increase lunar orbit and lunar surface stay
time, increase lunar surface mobility with self-propelled lunar roving
vehicle, develop and demonstrate advanced techniques and hardware
for expanded manned space mission capabilities, develop techniques for
achieving point landings, and demonstrate closed-loop onboard navi-
gation capability as applicable to advanced missions.

Scientific objectives were to investigate major classes of lunar sur-
face features, surface processes, and regional problems; collect samples
at each site for analyses on earth; establish network of surface instru-
mentation to measure seismic activity, heat flow, and disturbance in
moon's axis of rotation; survey and measure lunar surface from lunar
orbit with high-resolution photography and remote sensing; investigate
near-moon environment and interaction of moon with solar wind;
map lunar gravitational field and internally produced magnetic field;
and detect atmospheric components resulting from neutralized solar
wind and micrometeoroid impacts.

Achievement of scientific objectives would be facilitated by addition
of scientific instrument module (sim) under service module sector
door. SIM would consist of scientific instruments mounted on shelves
behind door, which would be deployed pyrotechnically after crew left
lunar surface. Spacecraft would also use new modular equipment
storage assembly (mesa). "Unlike the existing mesa it is modular and
people, instead of having to take many things out of compartments and
stick them into a bag . . . here you simply take hold of a handle . . .
and lift out an entire shelf. On that shelf are all the things required
for the next EVA period. So, it is one movement instead of a dozen."

One tank of hydrogen and one tank of oxygen would be added to
extend mission capability to I6V2 days. Since each EVA period would
increase up to 5 hrs and total lunar stay time would increase up to
200 hrs, lithium hydroxide would be increased for portable life-support
system and for spacecraft, and insulation would be increased on top
of spacecraft around docking tunnel. Minor changes would be made
to interior garments so crew would have more suitable environment
and crew would remove spacesuits and sleep in hammocks during rest
periods on lunar surface. (Transcript)

• Boosted Areas II sounding rocket launched by NASA from Resolute Bay,

Canada, carried GSFC payload to 68.4-mi (110-km) altitude to obtain
electron-density and collision-frequency profiles of high-latitude quiet
D region and positive ion-density measurements. Rocket and instru-
ments performed satisfactorily, (nasa Rpt srl)

• Lunar scientist Dr. Harold C. Urey said in lecture at Univ. of California

at San Diego that new evidence had been uncovered during Apollo 11
mission that moon had been formed by collision process begun about

331

October 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

4.5 billion yrs ago. Water might have been present on moon tempo-
rarily and might still be beneath lunar surface. Information was to be
made public by NASA in January 1970. (upi, W Post, 10/10/69, A5)

• Apollo 11 astronauts, welcomed by crowds in Amsterdam during world

tour, presented Queen Juliana with plaque similar to one they left on
lunar surface. In Brussels later in day they were decorated by King
Baudouin with insignia of the Order of Leopold, nation's highest
honor. (AP, Huntsville Times, 10/9/69; upi, W Star, 10/10/69, A9)

• arc Director, Dr. Hans Mark, had announced appointment of Executive

Assistant Director Loren G. Bright as Director of newly established
Directorate of Research Support, ARC Astrogram reported. Divisions
in new directorate included computation, research facilities and equip-
ment, and technical services, (arc Astrogram, 10/9/69, 1)

• Sen. Edward W. Brooke (R-Mass.) delivered Landon Lecture at Kansas

State Univ.: "With this new generation of weapons [mirvs] about to
sprout from the arsenals of the Soviet Union and the United States, I
have been joined by almost half the Senate and a sizable number of
House members in calling for a joint moratorium on flight tests of the
so-called mirv systems." (Text)
October 10: Nuclear energy in space was discussed in address opening U.S.
Technical Forum at Nuclex 69 in Basel, Switzerland, by Milton Klein,
Manager of aec— NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office and Director
of aec Space Nuclear Systems Div. : "A forward looking space pro-
gram such as that envisioned by the Task Group [see Sept. 15, 17]
will mean growing reliance on nuclear systems. ... As an integral
part of a new capability for space transportation, we look to the nuclear
rocket to provide the propulsion to move large payloads from low
earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit or to lunar orbit to support ex-
tended lunar exploration. It also offers major advantages for trans-
porting heavy payloads into deep space." nerva development was
being initiated, with nuclear engine expected to be in operation in
late 1970s. "It is also possible to envision ultimately the use of a con-
trolled thermonuclear, or fusion, reaction for producing propulsion
energy. Obviously development of such a propulsion system for space
would come only after the development of a useful controlled thermo-
nuclear reaction in a ground based plant, a goal that has not yet been
achieved." (Text)

• Apollo 11 astronauts lunched with King Olav of Norway in Oslo before

spending weekend at cottage of Norwegian Defense Minister Otto
Greig Tidemand during world tour, (upi, W Star, 10/10/69, A9)

• President Nixon announced James H. Wakelin, Jr., former Assistant

Secretary of the Navy for R&D, would be chairman of new Presidential
Task Force on Oceanography [see Sept. 22]. {PD, 10/13/69, 1393-4)
October 11—18: U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz VI, carrying Cosmonauts Georgy S. Sho-
nin and Valery N. Kubasov, was successfully launched from Baikonur
at 4:10 pm Baikonur time into orbit with 229-km (142.3-mi) apogee,
194-km (120.6-mi) perigee, 88.8-min period, and 51.7° inclination.
Tass said spacecraft carried equipment to test methods of welding
materials in weightlessness and did not carry docking equipment used
on Soyuz IV and Soyuz V Jan. 14—18. Western speculation, later con-
firmed, was that Soyuz VI would rendezvous with other spacecraft.

332

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 11-18

Soyuz VII, carrying Cosmonauts Anatoly V. Filipchenko, Vladislav
N. Volkov, and Viktor V. Gorbatko, was launched from Baikonur at
3:45 pm Oct. 12 into orbit with 217-km (134.8-mi) apogee, 200-km
(124.3-mi) perigee, 88.4-min period, and 51.6° inclination. Tass said
spacecraft's mission was "maneuvering in the orbit, staging joint
navigation observations of the spaceships ... in group flight, observa-
tion of celestial bodies and the horizon of the Earth, determination of
the real luminosity of stars, observation of changes in illumination
created by the Sun and other scientific experiments."

Third spacecraft, Soyuz VIII, carrying Cosmonauts Vladimir A.
Shatalov and Dr. Aleksey S. Yeliseyev, was launched from Baikonur
at 3:29 pm Oct. 13 into orbit with 278-km (172.7-mi) apogee, 215-km
(133.6-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 51.6° inclination. Its mis-
sion, Tass said, was "comprehensive simultaneous scientific studies in
near-terrestrial space in accordance with an extensive program; testing
of the complex system of controlling a simultaneous group flight of
three space ships; mutual maneuvering of ships in orbit with the aim
of solving a number of problems of developing the piloted space
system." TV viewers received announcement of flights about 30 min
after launches and saw video-tape recordings of launches about l1/^
hrs later. Ultimate goal of three-spacecraft mission was not given. In
prelaunch interview shown on TV several hours after launch, Dr.
Yeliseyev said group mission would conduct experiments leading to
"creation of still more powerful orbiting stations." Tass reported crews
had checked out equipment and communicated with each other. Soyuz

VI was conducting medical-biological tests, Soyuz VII was observing
and photographing earth and celestial bodies, and Soyuz VIII was
conducting research on polarization of solar light reflected by
atmosphere.

On Oct. 14 Tass reported Soyuz VII and Soyuz VIII had moved
close together, carried out "mutual observation-photography and movie
filming," studied "possibility of exchanging information with the aid
of light signals and visceral optical methods," conducted series of
medical experiments, and observed "effect of erosion by micrometeor-
ites on the condition of illuminators and optic systems of the craft."
On Oct. 15 spacecraft approached to within 500 yds during rendezvous,
while Soyuz VI hovered nearby.

On Oct. 16 Radio Moscow announced Soyuz VI had successfully
completed mission and had softlanded in preset area 100 mi northwest
of Karaganda at 12:52 pm Moscow time. No information on other two
Soyuz spacecraft was given until Tass announced softlanding of Soyuz

VII at 12:36 pm Oct. 17 and of Soyuz VIII at 12:10 pm Oct. 18.
Western officials speculated missions had not achieved all objectives.
Tass said all major tasks were carried out with "high efficiency."
(Gwertzman, NYT, 10/12-14, 18/69; SBD, 10/14/69, 195; 10/
21/69, 230; Reuters, W Post, 10/15-16/69; AP, W Star, 10/16/69,
Al; Reston, LA Times, 10/19/69, A2; GSFC SSR, 10/15/69;
10/31/69)

October 11: Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon,
Jr., and Alan L. Bean held press conference at MSC. Code names for
Apollo 12 LM and CM had been selected, they said, from entries sub-

333

October 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

mitted by North American Rockwell Corp. and Grumman Aerospace
Corp. employees, cm would be called "Yankee Clipper" and lm,
"Intrepid."

Major differences from Apollo 11 mission would be increase in
geology and photography. Detailed documented sample collection
would be team effort. Description would tell geologist about rock's
location, including how it was related to other rocks, whether it was
partially covered, and why it attracted attention. Astronauts would
carry bags and tongs at all times during EVA to collect rocks when
sighted instead of being limited to collecting during specific period
of EVA.

Photographic activities, described by Conrad as "the world's great-
est zero-G juggling act," would include multispectral photography of
lunar surface, using four Hasselblad cameras in hatch window. Three
cameras would have black-and-white film with filters; fourth would
have infrared film. Purpose of camera setup, Gordon explained, was to
"photograph the illuminated side of the moon from one minute after
sunrise to one minute prior to sunset in a stiff manner." Every 20
sees "cameras would be activated, to give complete strip photography
across the surface of the moon. . . . The big step photography I think
is probably one of the most important things we're doing on this
flight. . . ." (Transcript; MSC Release 69-68)

• At Fourth Annual avlabs Awards Banquet of USA Aviation Material
Laboratories in Fort Eustis, Va., NASA Deputy Associate Administrator
for Aeronautics Charles W. Harper discussed nasa— usa cooperation in
aeronautics. "Aviation, both military and civil, has suffered in past
years from a scarcity of new young blood bringing new ideas and new
training to research. For several years NASA has been constrained by
personnel limits and so unable to bring this kind of new talent into
its aeronautics problem. A joint Army-NASA program may provide
a unique opportunity to increase the interest of our universities in the
challenges of aviation technology and to bring the new scientists they
train into the job of finding solutions." (Text)

October 12: Walter Sullivan described mystery of cosmic rays in New York
Times. "No natural phenomena with which we have intimate contact
are more awesome." Scores of these high-energy particles flashed
through human body every second with energy capable of piercing
six feet of lead. Some believed them accountable for aging process.
Recent Australian observations had shown some particles (mostly
protons) hit atmosphere with 100-billion-bev energy. Princeton Univ.
physicists Dr. Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Dr. James E. Gunn had sug-
gested pulsars might be superaccelerators of cosmic ray particles.
(NYT, 10/12/69,8)

October 12—13: Apollo 11 astronauts visited West Germany during world
tour. They were escorted to Berlin Wall by Mayor Klaus Schuetz.
Inasa EH; B Sim, 10/14/69)

October 13: MSC announced award of $4.1-million modification to IBM
Corp. contract for design, development, implementation, maintenance,
and operation of real-time computer complex (rttc) which sup-
ported Apollo lunar landing missions. Modification definitized re-
quirements to support Apollo lunar surface experiments package

334

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 13

(alsep) and continued work under multi-inventive arrangement cov-
ering cost, performance, schedule, and equipment management, (msc
Release 69-69)

• NASA and dot award of $165,908 contract to Booz-Allen Applied Re-

search Inc. for six-month study of total U.S. investment in aeronautical
R&D since 1945 was announced by Secretary of Transportation John
A. Volpe. Joint effort was to develop methods of assessing national
benefits which accrued from R&D development expenditures. I dot
Release 22269 >

• Flaws in F-llls produced to date were detailed by l/g John W. O'Neill,

Vice Commander of afsc, and l/g George S. Boylan, Jr.. Deputy
Chief of Staff, Programs and Resources, USAF Hq., in testimony before
Senate Committee on Appropriations. Aircraft were seriously short in
engine power for nonnuclear missions. Their weight had grown with-
out commensurate engine power increase and thus acceleration time
was now four minutes. Outlay of $80 million was necessary to overhaul
450 F— Ills to correct serious flaw in wing boxes. (Testimony)

• Izvestia published article by Soviet space scientist Alexander Koval, Vice

President of International Astronomical Commission. It was "high
time" that space knowledge was used for advancement of communica-
tions, meteorology, geodesy, and navigation. Since space exploration
was not cheap, simpler and more reliable experiments must be tried
before complex and expensive ones. Three practical applications of
space research were industrial use of high vacuum and absolute cold,
industrial use of rocketry innovations, and putting "production-tech-
nical complexes" in space. (W Post, 10/15/69, A21)
October 14: U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos I into orbit with 626-km (389.0-
mi) apogee, 253-km (157.2-mi) perigee, 93.3-min period, and 48.3°
inclination. Spacecraft carried experiments from U.S.S.R., East Ger-
many, and Czechoslovakia, including x-ray spectrograph to determine
which areas of sun were chief producers of x-rays and whether
these emissions were polarized. It reentered Jan. 2, 1970. I gsfc SSR,
10/15/69; 1/15/70; SBD, 10/15/69, 203; Interavia, 11/69, 1751)

• Apollo 11 astronauts were received at Buckingham Palace by Queen

Elizabeth during their visit to U.K. on 22-nation tour. ( Reuters,
B Sun, 10/15/69)
October 15: Astrobee 1500 sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops
Station carried 102-lb gsfc payload to 1,600.0-mi (2,575-km) altitude
and transmitted 35 min of data. Primary objectives were to measure
cosmic radio noise intensities over 600-khz to 3-mhz frequency band,
continue evaluation of Astrobee performance, and verify new Alcor
IB 2nd stage. Secondary objective was to test receiver system for
Explorer XXXVIII Radio Astronomy Explorer I launched July 4,
1968). Solid-fueled Astrobee 1500 weighed 11,600 lbs and was being
developed to provide research rocket to carry heavy scientific pay-
loads to high altitudes with relatively easy handling. (WS Release
69-17; nasa Rpt srli

• nasa acknowledged it was reviewing proposed orbital flight of monkey

with transplanted heart. Project was one of two based on work of
Dr. Christiaan Barnard, South African surgeon and heart transplant pio-
neer. Second Barnard-based study would deal with effects of space

335

October 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

flight on mechanism of rejection of foreign tissues in living organisms.
Both proposals had been submitted by General Electric Co. Reentry
Systems Div. (W Post, 10/16/69)

• Washington Post reported interview with l/g Samuel C. Phillips, Com-

mander of USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization (samso) and
former nasa Apollo Program Director. Space shuttle was samso's top
priority program. New family of spaceships was being roughed out
on drawing boards. "From a military standpoint, we need to be
aggressive advocates of the capability to take a look at and deal as
necessary with space vehicles of another country." USAF and NASA were
dividing labor on space shuttle program, which would cost estimated
SI billion. Pace of program would depend on progress toward devel-
opment of reusable rocket engine which would not burn itself out as it
hurtled into space, LeRoy E. Day, Chief of NASA Space Shuttle Task
Group, said. (Wilson, W Post, 10/15/69, A3)

• usaf Space and Missile Systems Organization (samso) had awarded

$14,303,150 contract to General Dynamics' Convair Div. for manu-
facture of six Atlas (SLV— 3C) launch vehicles for nasa and for con-
version of one USAF launch vehicle (SLV— 3) to later configuration,
Convair announced. (Convair Div Release 1481)

• usaf dedicated 365-ft-long, $3.3-million telescope on 9,200-ft elevation

in Sacramento Mountains in southeast New Mexico. Described as most
important new solar observing facility constructed in U.S. in decade,
telescope would expand solar research capability of usaf's Sacramento
Peak Observatory and provide unequaled image stability. Telescope
would be used for research on solar centers of activity — sunspots,
magnetic fields, solar flares, and plage areas. Sacramento Peak solar
research was endeavoring to identify causal relationships to predict
solar energy variations and environmental disturbances affecting USAF
operations. Observatory would participate in Global Flare Patrol Net-
work support of NASA's Apollo 12 mission, scheduled for Nov. 14
launch. Operated by essa's Space Disturbance Center in Boulder,
Colo., network would give warning of any solar flares dangerous to
mission, (usaf Release 10-69-42; AP, NYT, 10/19/69, 62; essa pio)

• Eastern Airlines became first U.S. carrier to employ antihi jacking system

developed by FAA. System combined knowledge of certain behavioral
traits of hijackers with weapon screening device. Program was joint
effort of FAA, Air Transport Assn., and Eastern, with assistance from
U.S. Marshal's Office, (faa Release 69-119)

• Washington Post editorial said: "It is a pity that the Soviet Union con-

tinues to wrap its space program in secrecy. The flights of Soyuz 6,
7 and 8 were launched in secret and on a mission also kept secret from
the people whose labor supports the government that is paying for it.
The contrast with the openness of the American space program could
not be sharper and it is our lack of knowledge of what the Russians
are doing that makes difficult any assessment of the meaning of these
flights." As long as U.S.S.R. preferred to operate in secret, "there is
little that Americans can do other than congratulate them on their
successes." {W Post, 10/15/69, A18)
October 16: NASA estimated total cost of Viking project at $750 million,
Dr. John E. Naugle, nasa Associate Administrator for Space Science
and Applications, said in testimony before House Committee on Sci-

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AKRONAUTICS, 1969 October 16

ence and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space Science and Applica-
tions. "We have . . . made a substantial effort to accurately determine
funding requirements before beginning hardware development. We
believe our estimates are sound and that the Viking mission will make
major scientific advance in our knowledge about Mars."

While earliest estimates for Earth Resources Technology Satellite
Ierts) program were about $50 million, current preliminary estimates
varied from $100 to $200 million, depending on selection of spacecraft,
sensors, telecommunications network, and ground data-handling sys-
tem. "The study and design effort underway will provide for formal
cost definition by the beginning of hardware development in mid-
1970."

In Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program, 18 experiments
had been chosen in air traffic control and communications, orbiting
spacecraft communications and tracking, interference measurements,
and meteorology. Instructional TV experiment would be conducted
after completion of originally planned ATS— F program [see Sept. 18].
"We are well into the definition phase for ats F & G, and plan to
select a contractor for hardware development later this year with the
launch of ATS F in 1972." (Text)

• Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA from wsmr carried

GSFC payload to 127.2-mi (204.7-km) altitude to obtain high-resolution
spectrograms of belt and sword stars of Orion. Excellent spectrum of
star zeta in Orion was obtained and good spectrum of star epsilon
in Orion was recorded. (NASA RptSRL)

• Apollo 11 astronauts and wives on world tour had private audience with

Pope Paul VI at Vatican and later met with bishops from around the
world. During Papal audience, 200 dissident bishops attending
"shadow synod" near Vatican issued denunciation of meeting. Pope
had previously refused to see them. Priests said poor people of world
would interpret astronauts' audience with Pope to mean "that the
Church is ready to link itself with power, of which the astronauts are
the symbol, and that she refused to accept direct contact with weak-
ness, of which our modest assembly is a symbol." ( AP, P Bull,
10/16/69)

• U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov

would arrive in New York Oct. 20 to begin two-week visit to U.S. as
guests of astronauts, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman announced.
He had extended invitation during his July tour of U.S.S.R. Beregovoy
had flown Soyuz 111 mission, Oct. 26—30, 1968; Feoktistov was scien-
tist aboard Oct. 12, 1964, Voskhod I flight. Itinerary was expected to
include MSC, Grand Canyon, California, Detroit, and Washington,
D.C. (NASA Release 69-141; AP, W Star, 10/21/69)

• At LeRC technical conference on plasmas and magnetic fields, LeRt:

Electromagnetic Propulsion Div. Chief Wolfgang E. Moeckel said,
"Man has reached the Moon and there is now some talk about going
to the stars, but we are not yet ready with propulsion systems that are
suitable for exploring our own solar system." Manned flights to dis-
tant planets would become reasonable only with advanced nuclear pro-
pulsion systems. Thermonuclear fusion rocket, if feasible, could reduce
manned Mars mission to four to five months and journey to Jupiter
or Saturn to under three years. Solar electric rockets looked promising

337

October 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

for unmanned probes to planets as remote as Jupiter. (LeRC Release
69-58; LeRC pao)

• aiaa announced former arc director H. Julian Allen had been named to

receive 1969 Daniel Guggenheim Medal. Medal — presented annually
by aiaa, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Society of
Automotive Engineers for achievement in advancement of aeronautics
— would be awarded Oct. 21 during aiaa Sixth Annual Meeting and
Technical Display in Anaheim, Calif, (aiaa Release)

• Dr. Charles Stark Draper, head of mit's Instrumentation Laboratory

since 1940, said he had been replaced because "they are going to take
the lab" out of defense work and " 'convert it to civilian purposes.' "
MIT had set up committee with veto power over research projects.
Prof. Charles L. Miller had been named as Dr. Draper's successor.
(AP, W Post, 10/17/69, A3)

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in Stockholm,

Sweden, to U.S. scientists Dr. Max Delbruck, Cal Tech biologist; Dr.
Alfred D. Hershey, director of Carnegie Institution's genetics research
unit; and Dr. Salvador E. Luria, MIT microbiologist. Award recognized
discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases including reproduc-
tive processes of bacteriophage virus which infected bacteria. Scien-
tists would share $73,000 cash prize for what selection committee called
setting "the solid foundation on which molecular biology rests." (Lee,
NYT, 10/17/69, 1)

• In age of lunar landings there was boom in superstition in U.K., London

Express Service reported in El Paso Herald-Post. Psychological inves-
tigation of 140 Manchester Univ. students had revealed 12% believed
in old superstitions and London street survey had shown "pattern of
belief incredible a few years ago." One U.K. astrologer received more
than 100,000 letters yearly; three-fourths of population studied news-
paper horoscopes regularly; and 3 out of 10 winners in premium bond
stakes reckoned they owed winnings to "lucky numbers under a partic-
ular star." (El Paso Herald-Post, 10/16/69, C12)

• Meteor Crater, Arizona, 640-acre site containing crater three miles in

circumference and 570 ft deep, was attracting 200,000 visitors an-
nually as "finest example on earth" of what Apollo 11 astronauts found
on moon. (Arline, W Star, 10/16/69, A21)
October 17: Mariner Mars 1969 missions were adjudged successful by NASA.
Both spacecraft had performed satisfactorily with only minor anomalies
in transit to Mars. Mariner VI (launched Feb. 24) had encountered
Mars July 31 and had returned valuable data on Mars equatorial
region. All scientific instruments except one of two channels of infrared
spectrometer operated successfully. Mariner VII (launched March 27)
had encountered Mars Aug. 5 with all scientific instruments operating
successfully and had returned good data on Mars southern hemisphere.
Scientific data provided by two spacecraft included more than 2,000
uv spectra and more than 400 infrared spectra of atmosphere and
surface. Infrared radiometer returned more than 800 near-encounter
and 100,000 far-encounter surface and atmospheric measurements. TV
cameras produced 198 high-quality analog pictures of Martian surface.
Tracking data provided measurements of mass and ephemeris of Mars,
but degree of success of celestial mechanics experiment was yet to be
determined. S-band occultation experiment determined electron and

338

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 17

temperature profile of ionosphere and temperature and pressure profile
of lower atmosphere, (nasa Proj Off)

• U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCll from Plesetsk into orbit with 320-km

(198.8-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and
65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 25. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/69;
SBD, 10/20/69, 226)

• NASA announced appointment of l/g Frank A. Bogart I USAF, Ret.) as

msc Associate Director, succeeding Wesley L. Hjornevik, who had been
nominated Deputy Director of Office of Economic Opportunity. Bogart
would be succeeded as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned
Space Flight (Management) at NASA Hq. by Harry H. Gorman, msfc
Deputy Director (Management). (NASA Release 69-144)

• At Moscow meeting of Franco-Soviet Grand Commission, formed in 1967

to boost cooperation, France and U.S.S.R. signed protocol to join in
attempt to put laser reflector on moon. French laser reflector would be
launched by Soviet rocket. (Reuters, B Sun, 10/18/69)

• Cambridge Univ. astronomer Fred Hoyle said in Science indications

that igneous lunar rocks were perhaps as old as meteorites might "lead
to the suggestion that the moon experienced a period of intense vol-
canic activity early in its history." There was no need for volcanoes
to have occurred in situ on moon. "Considerations of angular momen-
tum show that planetary material probably separated from the sun
when the radius of the latter was considerably greater than its present
value. Current work on stellar structure requires that the effective
surface temperature of the solar condensation be substantially con-
stant at 3500° to 4000°K during this phase, independent of radius.
Hence, for comparatively large radii the luminosity would have been
very much greater than the present-day value, so that primitive plane-
tary material could well have been considerably hotter than would be
estimated for material at corresponding distances from the present-day
sun. ... It will be of great interest to see if the recently acquired
samples of lunar material estabjish the existence of such a hot phase,
and, if so, to discover if any features of terrestrial geochemistry, which
have hitherto been attributed to igneous activities on the earth itself,
really belong to the initial primitive phase of the solar system." [Sci-
ence, 10/17/69, 401 )

• Gravity at Apollo 1 1 lunar landing site had been determined to be

162,821,680 milligals from data telemetered to earth by lm on lunar
surface, msc scientist Richard L. Nance reported in Science. Gravity
was measured with pulsed integrating pendulous accelerometer. Meas-
urement could suggest order of magnitude of other anomalies, provide
guide for future surveys, and indicate degree of homogeneity of moon.
Radius of moon at an observation point could be determined inde-
pendently of other methods of measurement. (Science. 10 17 69,
384-5)

• Science published letter from Cornell Univ. astronomer Dr. Brian T.

O'Leary, former NASA scientist-astronaut: Comment from NASA officials
that he had resigned from nasa program because he did not want to
become pilot was oversimplification. "The budgetary delays in plans
for scientific space flights and the inability to carry on a reasonable
amount of scientific research in the meantime were equally important
reasons." (Science, 10/17/69, 313)

339

October 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Univ. of Iowa astronomers Dr. James A. Van Allen and Dr. Richard S.

Yeh reported in Science that abstract measurements made by lunar
orbiting Explorer XXXV during 1967—68 showed it unlikely that
alpha-particle emissivity of moon was greater than 0.064 per square
cm per sec per steradian. And it was extremely unlikely it was greater
than 0.128. (Values were 0.1 and 0.2 of 1966 provisional estimates by
H. W. Kraner and others.) Result implied abundance of uranium-238
in outer crust of moon was much less than typical of earth's litho-
sphere, though it was consistent with abundance of uranium-238 in
terrestrial basalt or in chondritic meteorites. (Science, 10/17/69,
370-2)

• NASA selected TRW Inc. and General Electric Co. for contract negotiations

to conduct competitive studies for Earth Resources Technology Satellite
(erts) program. Studies would determine how designs of existing
spacecraft could be adapted with minimum modifications to ERTS re-
quirements and to evaluate orbital and ground-based processing
requirements. Final negotiations were expected to lead to two $500,-
000, firm-fixed-price contracts. First ERTS flights would be launched
in early 1972 to evaluate sensors for monitoring earth resources and
to assess scope and requirements of eventual Earth Resources Satellite
(ers) program, (nasa Release 69-142)

• Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations,

received Mission of the Doctor award, presented annually by Italy's
Carlo Erba Foundation to a doctor for his "human qualities and tal-
ent." (AP, /VY7/, 10/17/69)

• Washington Evening Star editorial commented on U.S. -India agreement

to provide first direct TV broadcasts from satellite to small receiving
stations [see Sept. 18] : "All parties involved in this unusual enter-
prise seem confident it will succeed. If they are proved right, the whole
idea can be broadened to enrich . . . every land on every continent
where there is need to spread knowledge and forge unifying links
between cities and isolated hamlets in the hinterland." (W Star,
10/17/69, A12)

• In interview published by Neiv York Times, Boeing Co. Vice President

H. W. Withington said SST cost, quoted at $40 million, would climb
to $50 million or $60 million if inflation continued at current rate.
He did not expect increase to cut heavily into sales. Under current
forecast, Boeing would have to raise "about $2-billion to go into
production, and that's assuming we get 50 per cent progress payments
[half of the purchase price] in the 1973—74 period. I'm not so sure
we'll be able to do this." (Lindsey, NYT, 10/17/69)

• Sir George Edwards, Chairman and Managing Director of British Aircraft

Corp., told American Newcomen Society meeting in New York that
Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport had completed 75 flights
and approximately 128 flying hrs. (bac Release 42/69)

• ComSatCorp reported third-quarter net income of $1,446,000 (14 cents

per share), decline from 20 cents per share for second quarter and
from $11,760,000 (17 cents per share) for third quarter of 1968.
Earnings for first nine months of 1969 totaled $4,947,000 (49 cents
per share), down from $5,054,000 (50 cents per share) for first nine
months of 1968. ComSatCorp said revenues failed to reach expected
level because of interruption of service on Intelsat-Ill F—2 June 29

340

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 17

and amortization costs had depreciated because of expansion of comsat
system. As of Sept. 30, ComSatCorp was leasing 1,364 circuits full-time,
increase of 522 over Sept. 30, 1968. (ComSatCorp Release 59)

• Dr. Caryl P. Haskins, Carnegie Institution President, announced 40-in

telescope of advanced design would be erected atop 8,000-ft Las Cam-
panas Mountain in north central Chile. It would be first telescope of
Carnegie Southern Observatory, which eventually would house 200-in
reflector similar to that at Mt. Palomar Observatory in California.
New telescope, expected to be operational in one year, would be
equipped with ultrasensitive photoelectric instruments to measure light
from remote sources and with digital data system. I Carnegie Insti-
tution Release)
October 18: Cosmos CCCIII was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk into
orbit with 457-km (284.0-mi) apogee, 268-km (166.5-mi) perigee,
91.7-min period, and 70.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 23,
1970. (gsfc SSR, 10/31/69; 1/31/70; SBD, 10/21/69, 233)

• Apollo 11 astronauts arrived at Belgrade from Rome during world tour.

They were cheered by crowd estimated at 400,000 to 500,000 persons
between airport and tomb of Yugoslavia's Unknown Soldier, where
they placed wreath. Later, at luncheon in their honor, President Tito
said, "I do not like invaders on earth, but I hold in high esteem the
conquering of celestial bodies, and I express my wishes for biggest
success." (NYT, 10/19/69, L69; upi, W Star, 10/19/69, A4)

• Proposed Nixon Administration program of low-budget oceanic and

marine science activities was announced in Washington, D.C., by Vice
President Spiro T. Agnew. Program sought establishment of coastal
zone management program, modest grants for state planning and regu-
latory mechanisms, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency,
currently under consideration by Congress and Ash Commission on
Federal Reorganization. Program also proposed coastal laboratories for
regional problems, pilot project of lake restoration, International
Decade of Ocean Exploration, and accelerated program of Arctic
research. I Lannan, W Star, 10/19/69, A12)
October 19: Boeing Co. President T. A. Wilson was quoted in Washington
Post interview as saying 747 airliner was biggest financial gamble his
firm had ever taken. Huge aircraft would compete with Lockheed 1011
and McDonnell Douglas DC— 10, which were smaller but less expensive
to purchase and operate, with three engines instead of four. While air-
lines were seeking ways to retrench, Boeing Co. was building 747 in
plant bigger than vertical assembly building for Saturn V at KSC. To
date, Boeing Co. had announced 183 orders for 747 — not enough to
recoup its expenses with aircraft price at $20 million each. McDonnell
Douglas had orders for 97 DC— 10s and options on 104 orders. Lock-
heed had 181 orders for 1011s. (Wilson, W Post, 10/19, 69, B5)

• John N. Wilford said in New York Times: "Even though the Soyuz flights

accomplished less than American observers had expected, they served
notice that the Soviet Union may have forged ahead in space-station
development while the United States was concentrating on the Apollo
moon flight preparations." But if L^.S.S.R. had meant missions as be-
ginning of first space station, "they fell far short." There were "no
link-ups of vehicles, no transfers of crews between ships and no test of
the effects of long-duration weightlessness. None of the three ships was

341

October 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

placed in an orbit high enough for the prolonged flights being con-
sidered for space stations."

Mission accomplishments could prove useful for construction of fu-
ture space stations. "They proved that they were able to launch three
manned spacecraft in three consecutive days, which the United States
has not done. Such precision launchings are necessary for space sta-
tion deployment." Missions also had demonstrated first welding in
space. "It will probably be necessary to weld together sections of a
space station, rather than rely solely on the mechanical clamps used
for present docking operations, and to make repairs by welding during
flight." (NYT, 10/19/69, E9)
October 20: Capt. Chester M. Lee (usn, Ret.), Apollo 12 Mission Director,
described Apollo 12 plans to press at NASA Hq. [see Oct. 2]. Mission
would be launched toward moon at 11:22 am est Nov. 14, carrying As-
tronauts Charles Conrad, Jr. (commander), Alan L. Bean (lm pilot),
and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (cm pilot). Primary objectives would be
to perform selenological inspection, survey and sample mare area, de-
ploy Apollo lunar surface experiment package (alsep), develop tech-
niques for point landing capability, and photograph candidate landing
sites.

Basic flight plan would be similar to one for Apollo 11 I July 16—24)
with modifications to improve landing accuracy and increase data re-
turn. Launch azimuth had been narrowed from 72°— 108° for Apollo 11
to 72°— 96° for Apollo 12 and trajectory had been changed from free-
return to hybrid. Lunar orbit stay time for Apollo 12 would be
increased from 59.6 hrs for Apollo 11 to 89 hrs; lunar surface stay
time, from 21.6 hrs to 31.5 hrs; EVA from one 2-hr 32-min period to
two 3-hr 30-min periods; and total mission time, from 195.3 hrs to
244.7 hrs. lm sleeping arrangements would be improved with ham-
mocks, color TV if repaired by launch date would be used on surface,
and LM ascent stage would be crashed onto lunar surface near seis-
mometer after ascent from moon and redocking. To increase naviga-
tional accuracy crew would avoid waste and water dumps 10 hrs before
landing to prevent thrust that might carry them off course, would
approach moon upside-down so landing radar would be operational
during entire landing phase, and would speed up descent to conserve
fuel at landing. (Transcript)

• Tass reported Soviet scientists had tested "electric jet plasma engine"

producing jet flow of gas that reached 75 mps. Engine "needs neither
fuel nor oxidizer from the ground. Once the aircraft is taken to the
ionosphere it is able to continue flying using only atmospheric nitro-
gen." Tass said engine might be used to power "superfast" jetliners in
upper atmosphere.

Washington Post quoted U.S. scientists as saying this was misinter-
pretation. No aircraft could fly high enough to take advantage of such
an engine. Soviet development sounded like "very interesting" break-
through, which U.S. was not even pursuing. It appeared to be new
version of ion engine, which NASA would use aboard sert spacecraft
later in year. But sert engine would carry its own fuel. Electrical
power supply to convert nitrogen to electrified gas would be too heavy.
(O'Toole, W Post, 10/21/69, A23)

• nas released Scientific Uses of the Large Space Telescope, report of ad

342

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%9 October 20

hoc committee of nas— nrc Space Science Board appointed to consider
scientific functions and practical feasibility of placing in earth orbit
or on lunar surface diffraction-limited, optical telescope with 120— in
aperture. Committee concluded lst would make dominant contribution
to understanding content, structure, scale, and evolution of universe
and provide important, decisive information in other astronomical
fields; efficient space astronomy program would also require continu-
ing series of smaller telescopes; and most effective utilization of power-
ful space telescope would require substantial increase in ground-based
instruments. (Text)

• Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Soyuz VI, VII,

and VIII: "The latest Soviet space spectacular, it would seem, adds up
to a small step for mankind and a giant step for the welding trade.
There is nothing overwhelmingly impressive about having three space-
craft in orbit at once. All that is required these days is the decision to
get them up and the money to build three rockets and launch facilities.
Even the highly touted welding experiment does not constitute a major
technical breakthrough. It did raise the honorable trade to new heights,
but the conditions under which the tests were made could have been-
and probably have been — largely duplicated in the laboratory." ( W
Star, 10/20/69)

• Aquanauts Dr. Larry Hallanger, Dr. David Youngblood, Wally Jenkins,

and Richard A. Waller had successfully completed two-day experiment
in first self-contained undersea laboratory 50 ft below Atlantic near
Riviera Beach, Fla.. Associated Press reported. Hydro-Lab, 16 ft long
and 8 ft in diameter, supplied its own electricity from fuel cell similar
to cell used for power in Apollo spacecraft. It was built by Perry
Oceanographies, Inc. (W Star, 10/20/69, A3)

• San Francisco Board of Supervisors had voted to negotiate with Texas

millionaire Lamar Hunt on lease of 22-acre Alcatraz Island, United
Press International reported. Hunt planned underground museum in
tribute to Apollo 11, while restoring island's historic buildings. (W
Star, 10/20/69, B4)
October 20—23: aiaa's Sixth Annual Meeting and Technical Display was
held in Anaheim, Calif. Among 6,559 persons attending were Cosmo-
nauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov with Apollo 8
Astronaut Frank Borman, host for their U.S. visit. At press conference
Beregovoy said military use of space was not practical: "The aim of
our program is the exploration of space. In our minds, space is the
scene of peaceful work and investigation." Feoktistov said U.S.—
U.S.S.R. space race was "first phase of space flight." Space research
was now in second phase. "I think we can say that in that phase Soviet
and American scientists are intensely helping each other." U.S.S.R.
wanted to send unmanned spacecraft to moon's vicinity, outer planets,
and solar orbit and to develop weather and communications satellites.
Soviet plans called for manned space stations and manned flights to
vicinities of Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Asked when astronauts and
cosmonauts might fly side by side, Beregovoy said, "We are going
parallel but different ways now, but in principle such a possibility
exists. Maybe a year, maybe three years. Maybe as soon as we learn
English." (aiaa Release 11/3/69; O'Toole, W Post, 10/24/69, A3)
essa Administrator Robert M. White described new-generation

343

October 20-23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

weather satellite ITOS that would be launched in prototype by NASA
later in 1969 and in operational form by ESSA in early 1970. "It com-
bines in one spacecraft both the stored-data and direct readout cameras
of the present two-satellite [tiros] arrangement. Fewer launches will
be required to keep the system in operation. The design allows for
growth and the capacity to accommodate a variety of instruments to
meet new and developing needs." System would contain high-resolution
infrared radiometer for "nighttime observations approaching daytime
pictures in resolution and quality" thus providing 24-hr weather satel-
lite coverage. "This step will enable us to meet fully the first national
program objective — providing twice-daily observations of the entire
earth, both by stored and direct readout systems, day and night."
(Text)

Fifty years of transatlantic flight — from USN NC— 4 flying boat's Lis-
bon arrival May 27, 1919, to June 3, 1969, maiden Atlantic crossing
of Boeing 747 — was traced in paper by Dr. Richard K. Smith, Ramsey
Fellow at Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.
During "the Heroic Years on the North Atlantic between 27 May 1919
and 27 May 1939, there were 175 flights across the Atlantic; 142 were
by airplanes, 33 by airships. ... It is confidently believed that all the
persons who flew the Atlantic by airplane during that period could be
accommodated aboard a 747, perhaps with some seats to spare. How-
ever, at least three more 747s would be required to lift those persons
who flew by airship during 1919—1937!" (Text)

msc Flight Operations Director Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., said
Apollo program might be extended to 1973 to allow NASA to fly three
space station training missions in 1972. "It's going to be some time
before we settle it. But it's going to be difficult to handle both Apollo
and Apollo Applications from an operational point of view as well as
a people point of view in 1972." Revised launch schedule set Apollo 19
landing back to November 1972 and Apollo 20 to May 1973. Between
Apollo 18 launch Feb. 11, 1972, and Apollo 19 were three orbital
flights preparatory for establishment of first U.S. permanent space sta-
tion in 1975. These flights could come just after Apollo 18, in May
1972 and in September 1972. Further reason for Apollo landings delay
was possibility they would be made in remote lunar areas like crater
Tycho, almost 1,000 mi below moon's equator and rated among top-
priority landing sites. (O'Toole, W Post, 10/23/69, A21 )

Dr. Arthur D. Code, Univ. of Wisconsin astronomer, reported dis-
covery that relatively young stars in constellations Orion and Scorpius
were generating heats of 45,000°F — 5,000° hotter than had been
thought. Finding, from data obtained by nasa's Oao II satellite
(launched Dec. 7, 1968), suggested young stars might be more massive
and maturing faster than originally believed and supported theories of
thermonuclear processes in stars' interiors that generated such heats.
Oao II data also showed younger stars had more complex chemical
composition than stars formed near universe's beginning. They con-
tained fairly large amounts of carbon, silicon, magnesium, and heavier
elements, as well as predominant hydrogen and helium. Other Oao II
data indicated particles in interstellar space were variety of complex
matter, much of which might be debris ejected from stars. ( Wilford,
NYT, 10/21/69, C19)

344

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 20-23

msc Director of Engineering Development Maxime A. Faget outlined
concept of space vehicle with two reusable stages — -booster rocket and
orbiter craft — both with fixed wings, long fuselages, and rear rocket
engines. Vehicle would be 225 ft high and weigh 2.5 million lbs at
launch. Orbiter vehicle, capable of carrying 25,000 lbs of cargo and
passengers, would be attached pickaback to booster stage's upper half.
Booster, burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, would elevate
orbiter to fringe of space, separate, drop away, and cruise to landing
like jet airliner. Booster probably would be piloted by two astronauts.
Orbiter would ignite rocket engine to continue upward to space station
orbiting at 300-mi altitude. After link-up with space station, transfer
of cargo or 12 passengers, and pickup of new load, orbiter would be
steered by pilot into atmosphere and controlled glide to landing on
10,000-ft runways used by aircraft. Key to reentry would be orbiter's
"angle of attack" when hitting atmosphere. Faget proposed 60° angle
with nose up, so flattened bottom would catch airflow to slow descent.
Small jet engines would be fired to help control final descent phases of
both orbiter and booster. Outer surface of vehicles would be made of
metal alloys that could sustain temperatures to 2,700°F. I Wilford,
NYT, 10 24 69, 43 )

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, discussed
dod space activities: "In communications, meteorology and surveillance
. . . we are actively pursuing increased capability. . . . Tactical com-
munications using satellite relays are presently being intensely tested
and show great promise in improving control of field units and in-
creasing . . . cooperation between land, sea and air forces. In surveil-
lance, our efforts have produced results. Of first importance is a new
satellite early warning system that will do a great deal to further insure
our ability to deter nuclear attack." Savings in space travel costs "must
be linked to the recovery and reuse of space vehicles. . . . Since major
improvement in our ability to use space environment would be of direct
assistance to both NASA and the military, we are jointly planning our
research and development towards this objective." (Text)

Major aiaa awards presented included Louis W. Hill Space Trans-
portation Award to George M. Low, former Manager of Apollo Space-
craft Program at msc, currently on special assignment to MSC Director,
for "his leadership role in bringing the Apollo Program to fulfillment,
and to the thousands of engineers who dedicated their careers, without
public recognition, to the conquest of space." Daniel Guggenheim
Medal for 1969 was presented to retired ARC Director H. Julian Allen
for "personal contributions to outstanding research and development
leading to vastly improved re-entry bodies, missiles, satellites, and
spacecraft, and for leadership in directing and inspiring a large group
of research men at Ames Laboratory." Lawrence Sperry Award was
given Edgar C. Lineberry, Jr., Chief of Orbital Mission Analysis
Branch, msc, for "significant advancement in the field of rendezvous
mechanics through his development of the space maneuver logic and
associated control techniques, and his formulation of the mission plans
which contributed decisively to the success of all rendezvous operations
conducted during United States manned space flights." De Florez
Training Award was given to Gifford Bull, Principal Engineer and En-
gineering Pilot at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, for "establishing

345

October 20-23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

the use of variable stability airplanes as flight dynamics training ve-
hicles for engineering test pilots."

New aiaa Award for Spacecraft Design was awarded Otto E. Bartoe,
Jr., Vice President, Aerospace Div., Ball Brothers Research Corp., for
"concept and preliminary design of the Orbiting Solar Observatory
spacecraft configuration and control systems, the first embodiment of
the spin-despin design." Aerospace Communications Award was
awarded Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin, Director of dod Advanced Research
Projects Agency and former JPL Assistant Director for Tracking and
Data Acquisition, for "development of phase lock systems for space
communications, guidance and control, and for contributions to the
design, development and operation of NASA's Deep Space Network."
(msc Release; aiaa Releases; aiaa Booster, 10/20/69)

Honored as new Honorary Fellows at Honors and Award Banquet
Oct. 23 were Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force
and former NASA Deputy Administrator; German rocket pioneer Her-
mann Oberth; and Northrop Corp. founder John K. Northrop.

Among 29 new Fellows were: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman,
Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate, msc; former
gsfc Director, Dr. Harry J. Goett, Chief Engineer, Space and Re-Entry
Systems Div., Philco-Ford Corp.; Najeeb E. Halaby, President, Pan
American World Airways, Inc.; Samuel L. Higginbottom, Vice Presi-
dent, Operations Group, Eastern Airlines, Inc.; l/g Samuel C. Phillips,
Commander of usaf Space and Missile Systems Organization (samso)
and former nasa Apollo Program Director; John G. Borger, Chief
Engineer, Pan American World Airways, Inc.; Walter Haeussermann,
Director, Astrionics Laboratory, msfc; Dr. John C. Houbolt, Vice
President and Senior Consultant, Aeronautical Research Associates of
Princeton, (aiaa Release)

During third aiaa President's Forum, Under Secretary of Interior
Russell E. Train said, "Photographs of Earth, taken by our astronauts
from the vicinity of the Moon, bring home more forcefully than the
words of all scientists of all times the fact that we live on a finite
planet with finite but poorly known resources." iA&A, 2/70)
October 21: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCIV into orbit with 760-km
1472.2-mi) apogee, 742-km (461.1-mi) perigee, 99.8-min period, and
74.0° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 10/31/69)
• NASA's Annual Honor Awards Ceremony was held in Washington, D.C.,
with keynote speaker Dr. Charles H. Townes, Univ. of California at
Berkeley physicist and member of President's Task Force on Science
Policy.

Recipients of nasa Distinguished Service Medal were: l/g Frank
A. Bogart (usaf, Ret.), MSC Associate Director; Robert E. Bordeau,
Assistant Director for Projects, gsfc; Dr. John F. Clark, gsfc Di-
rector; Charles W. Mathews, Deputy Associate Administrator, OMSF;
Ozro M. Covington, Assistant Director for Manned Flight Support,
GSFC; George H. Hage, Boeing Co. Vice President for Product De-
velopment and former NASA Apollo Program Deputy Director; Dr.
George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space
Flight; Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space
Science and Applications; Rocco Petrone, Apollo Program Director;
l/g Samuel C. Phillips, Commander of usaf Space and Missile Sys-

346

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 21

terns Organization (sAMSOj and former Apollo Program Director;
Julian W. Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs; Dr.
Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force and former NASA
Deputy Administrator; Willis H. Shapley, Associate Deputy Adminis-
trator; and Gerald M. Truszynski, Associate Administrator for Track-
ing and Data Acquisition.

Distinguished Public Service Medal was awarded to Dr. Harry H.
Hess (posthumously), former Princeton Univ. geologist and Chairman
of nas— nrc Space Science Board, and to Dr. Townes.

Exceptional Bravery Medal was awarded to Charles J. Beverlin and
Billy B. McClure of General Dynamics Corp. at KSC, each for prompt
action during "accidental depressurization of an Atlas launch vehicle"
which "prevented destruction of a Mariner Mars space vehicle and
potential injury to his comrades."

Special recognition given to employees of NASA and leading aero-
space industries for their role in successful Apollo lunar landing re-
sulted in largest number of annual awards to date. Exceptional
Scientific Achievement Medal was awarded to 25 persons, Exceptional
Service Medal to 97, and Public Service Group Achievement Award to
29. Other awards included Group Achievement Award, Public Service
Award, and Certificate of Appreciation. (Program; NASA Release
69-143; nasa Personnel Div)

• msc Director, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, announced appointment of Dr. Gene

Simmons, MIT professor of geophysics, to new position of msc Chief
Scientist and of Anthony J. Calio as Director of Science and Applica-
tions. Dr. Simmons would divide his time between mit and NASA, re-
porting directly to MSC Director. At msc Dr. Simmons would attempt
to emphasize strong role of science in future manned flights and lunar
exploration and to effect close ties between NASA programs and scien-
tific community. (MSC Release 69—72)

• Visiting Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov

received Presidential pens and bronze inaugural medals from President
Nixon during brief stop at White House. Later they flew to msc, where
they were honored at dinner by 30 astronauts. Apollo 8 Astronaut
Frank Borman showed cosmonauts nasa T— 38 jet aircraft. ( PD,
10/27/69, 1485; AP, W Star, 10/22/69, A3)

• Richard W. Cook, Deputy Director for Operations in Science and En-

gineering Directorate, msfc, would become Deputy Director, Manage-
ment, to MSFC Director, Dr. Wernher von Braun, msfc announced. He
would succeed Harry H. Gorman, new NASA Deputy Associate Adminis-
trator for Manned Space Flight (Management), for one or two years,
or until permanent replacement became available. < MSFC Release
69-232)
October 22: Cosmos CCCV was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baikonur. Satel-
lite entered orbit with 340-km (211.3-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi)
perigee, 88.4-min period, and 51.4° inclination and reentered Oct. 24.
(gsfc SSR, 10/31/69; SBD, 10/27/69, 254)

• Press conference on preliminary science results of Biosatellitc III

(launched June 28) was held at NASA Hq. Spacecraft, carrying male
macaque monkey Bonny, had been launched on 30-day mission to in-
vestigate physiological problems during space flight but had been
deorbited after 8V2 days when monkey's condition deteriorated.

347

October 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

John W. Dyer, Manager of Biosatellite Project Operations at ARC,
said all of automatically controlled functions performed "beautifully"
after launch and spacecraft and instrumentation performed well
throughout mission. "The animal was reported to be enthusiastically
eating and drinking, and after four or five days, a routine operation
capable of going the duration of on-board consumables was projected."
Clear data on Bonny and entire flight system were recorded at 16 sta-
tions in 180 intervals of 5 to 10 min each and good quality data were
returned from onboard tape and film records recovered with capsule.

Bonny remained alert until eighth day, providing much new infor-
mation on cycles of sleep and wakefulness at zero g. Dr. W. Ross Adey
of UCLA, principal experimenter, said one important discovery was al-
terations in circadian rhythms, daily rhythms in physiological func-
tions. "At least it is clear that if there is not an actual prolongation of
the rhythms there is a very significant phase shift so that the animal
woke later and later each day." Most interesting discovery about sleep
patterns was that dream sleep, which constituted 20% of normal night's
sleep on earth and was characterized by rapid eye movements ( REM ) ,
occurred in space. "It had never been clear in space whether man or
animals have this REM sleep, and there is evidence that decreased
gravitational inputs, or decreased inputs from the body will seriously
disrupt it. So we were very interested to see that REM sleep in the
monkey . . . that there was indeed a great deal of sleep of this REM
type, and that it occurred in ... an intermediate stage of sleep."

One of first abnormalities noted in Bonny was pendular eye move-
ment, swinging movement that occurred when vestibular mechanism in
inner ear was disturbed. Fluid was moving in some fashion that might
indicate pressure or cooling if it occurred on earth. "None of these
conditions applied here. But the weightlessness would allow movements
of the fluid which were probably unusual. . . . This is interesting be-
cause the Apollo astronauts who have now much more room to move
around than in . . . the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft have . . . almost
uniformly reported some degree of vestibular disturbances."

By eighth day, brain and body temperature and central venous pres-
sure had dropped dangerously. Fluid loss by sweating and diuresis was
high, apparently because of redistribution of blood in visceral pools
from weightlessness. On recovery Bonny was semicomatose and his
temperature was below 35°C. Immediate resuscitation measures with
intravenous fluid were begun and monkey's condition improved sub-
stantially. "The temperature came up to about 35.8, the heart rate
stabilized, and the blood pressure came up. . . . And the animal was
lifting his head . . . and making coordinated movements with all four
limbs. And then quite suddenly, about twelve hours after recovery, a
condition of ventricular fibrillation ensued. It came on very suddenly,
and the heartbeat became totally disordered. And there was no re-
covery. This is a common occurrence in monkeys of this species when
recovering from hypothermia . . . and death is almost a certainty."

Autopsy revealed 20% loss in body weight, much higher than
3%-8% reported for astronuats in early days of flights. Restraint,
weightlessness, and decreased feedback from peripheral structures had
decreased shivering response, and monkey had failed to respond to
falling temperature with normal thermogenic response. Restraint and,

34S

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 22

particularly, weightlessness had led to pooling of blood in thorax and
abdomen, raising central venous pressures and leading to loss of fluid
through kidney and sweating. Dr. Adey said mission was "highly suc-
cessful in revealing physiological effects of weightlessness in spite of
the reduced duration of the experiment" and indicated "great value of
carefully designed animal experiments in collection of important bio-
medical data relevant to manned flight."

Virtually every piece of information that could be drawn about
manned space flight indicated similar changes in astronauts, though to
smaller degree, he said. Scientists still did not know whether gravity
was necessary for long-duration space flights. "Therefore, I think it is
premature to consider the design of space platforms or the larger space
stations until we know more from the biomedical point of view about
what is absolutely necessary." President's Science Advisory Committee
report to President Nixon, being printed, would say necessary bio-
medical basis for elaborate space platforms and space stations did not
exist in NASA or in scientific community. (Transcript)

• Retirement of Dr. Abe Silverstein, LeRC Director, was announced by Dr.

Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator. He would be succeeded Nov. 1
by OART Acting Administrator Bruce T. Lundin. In requesting retire-
ment, Dr. Silverstein wrote: "As NASA engages in its second ten-year
program, it may be important that the men whose decisions initiate
the new long-range projects be available to complete them. Since I do
not think I can stretch my 40 years of service into 50, it is perhaps
best ... if I bow out now." Few have made so great a contribution to
our national space effort," Dr. Paine said.

Dr. Silverstein had been first Director of Space Flight Programs in
NASA Hq. in 1958. Under his leadership first U.S. man-in-space pro-
gram, Project Mercury, had been planned and groundwork laid for
Gemini and Apollo programs. He had joined NASA at Langley Aero-
nautical Laboratory in 1929 and helped design and later was in charge
of Full-Scale Wind Tunnel. Transferring to Lewis Laboratory in 1943,
he was responsible for conception, design, and construction of first
U.S. supersonic-propulsion wind tunnels. After three years with NASA
Hq., 1958—1961, he returned to LeRC as Director.

Lundin had served NASA since 1943, when he joined staff at Lewis.
In 1961 he was appointed Associate Director for Development. In May
1968 he went to nasa Hq. as Deputy Associate Administrator for oart.
(nasa Release 69-145; LeRC Release 69-61; LeRC Biog 4/67)

• NASA's X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A.

Manke, reached mach 0.6 after air-launch from B— 52 aircraft at
40,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Objectives of
unpowered flight, sixth in series, were to check out new pilot, evaluate
handling characteristics with 30° upper flap, and evaluate handling
qualities at various roll gain settings of stability augmentation systems
(sas). (nasa Proj Off)

• At Moscow ceremony honoring Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII cosmonauts,

Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid L. Brezhnev said
U.S.S.R. had "an extensive space program drawn up for many years."
Main road lay in orbital space stations. "Our road of space conquest
is the road of solving vital fundamental problems, the problems of sci-
ence and technology." While U.S.S.R. favored international space co-

349

October 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

operation, "a major advance in the development of space techniques
has been achieved in the flight . . . just completed. Our science ap-
proached the setting up of long-term orbital stations and laboratories
— the decisive means of extensive exploration of outer space." (Clarity,
NYT, 10/23/69, 78)

• Discovery of possible planet, in orbit around NPO— 532 pulsar about

6,000 light years from solar system, was reported by Cornell Univ. as-
tronomer Dr. Thomas Gold. Discovery, by astronomers at Arecibo
Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico, was indicated by wobble in
pulsation rate from NPO— 532, pulsar or neutron star in Crab Nebula.
Planet was same distance from neutron star as Mercury was from sun.
(W Post, 10/22/69, A9)
October 23: Apollo 12 countdown demonstration test (cddt) began at ksc
in preparation for launch to moon Nov. 14. (upi, NYT, 10/25/69)

• In Kinshasa, Republic of Congo, Apollo 11 astronauts were awarded

National Order of the Leopard, Congo's highest decoration, by Presi-
dent Joseph D. Mobutu for "setting an example to all mankind."
(C Trib, 10/24/69)

• Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov told

press conference at msc they had declined invitation to visit Cape Ken-
nedy because they could not reciprocate and invite U.S. astronauts to
Soviet launch facilities. (C Trib, 10/24/69)

• Dr. George E. Mueller, nasa Associate Administrator for Manned Space

Flight, addressed 25th Annual General Meeting of iata in Amsterdam,
Netherlands. "Within the next ten years we can expect the full effect
of the space age to be felt. New insights into our complex environment
will spur the development of new industries, new products and the new
jobs which we need to gainfully employ our expanding population."
Air transportation would be one of first areas "dramatically affected"
by space experience. "An inertial guidance system fundamentally the
same as that which carried Apollo 11 to the moon is now being in-
stalled in the Boeing 747. Data concerning the flammability of non-
metallic materials, accumulated for use in the Apollo Modules, is being
utilized for interior fittings. . . ." Other space-to-aviation transfers in-
cluded composite materials to withstand stresses and temperatures not
previously encountered, optical tooling for large structures, welding
with new materials and by new processes in new aircraft, and general-
purpose onboard digital computers. "The use of solid-state large-scale
integrated circuits for multiplexing and self-checking circuits will
eliminate most cabling and much maintenance."

Desired characteristics of space shuttle, which could be operational
by 1976, would anticipate those of next generation of air transports,
possibly, global transport "so that no place on earth would be more
than an hour from any other." (Text)
October 24: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by
Titan IIIB— Agena booster into orbit with 395.8-mi (636.8-km)
apogee, 78.3-mi (125.9-km) perigee, 92.1-min period, and 108.1° in-
clination. Satellite reentered Nov. 8. (gsfc SSR, 10/31/69; Pres Rpt
70 [69])

• U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos CCCVI, launched from

Baikonur, entered orbit with 307-km (190.8-mi) apogee, 203-km
(126.1-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 64.9° inclination and re-

350

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 24

entered Nov. 5. Cosmos CCCVII entered orbit with 2,157-km
(1,340.3-mi) apogee, 213-km (132.4-mi) perigee, 109.1-min period,
and 48.4° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 10/31/69; 11/15/69; SBD,
10/27/69, 255)

• Apollo 12 spacecraft was lashed by 40-mph winds during second day of

countdown demonstration test (cddt) at ksc. Officials said exercise
proceeded without difficulty. {W Post, 10/25/69, A9; UPI, NYT,
10/25/69)

• Dr. Gene Simmons, msc Chief Scientist, told press at MSC reported con-

flict between scientists and engineers in U.S. space program was "more
apparent than it is real." MSC officials were making great efforts to
increase scientific return from nine remaining Apollo missions. Dr.
Simmons was "not sure there is this rift." ( W Post, 10/25/69, A9)

• LaRC announced award of $313,620,000 cost-plus-incentive-fee/ award-fee

contract to Martin Marietta Corp. for construction of lander portions
of two Viking spacecraft scheduled to softland on Mars in summer
1973 and for project integration services. (LaRC Release)

• Soviet Academy of Sciences President, Prof. Mstislav V. Keldysh, said

in Stockholm, "We no longer have any time plan for manned moon
trips. Right now we are concentrating on constructing big satellite
space stations." He predicted expanded scientific cooperation between
U.S. and U.S.S.R. with possibility of cosmonauts and astronauts aboard
same spacecraft in future. In Sweden for Swedish Academy of Engi-
neering's 50th anniversary, Prof. Keldysh implied U.S.S.R. planned to
assemble spacecraft in orbiting stations and launch them from there.
He indicated existence of conflicting views in U.S.S.R. as to space re-
search funding. "My personal view is that, when man has taken his
first step into space, you cannot stop further development." I UPI,
W Post, 10/25/69, A3)

• Visiting U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P.

Feoktistov went on "Flight to the Moon" ride at Disneyland, Calif.,
during U.S. tour. They received Mickey Mouse watches and caps from
employees dressed as cartoon characters in spacesuits. Beregovoy said,
"Now we are admitted to this particular societv." ( UPI, NYT,
10/25/69, 3)

October 25: Economist said of Soviet Soyuz "fiasco" U.S.S.R. had
tried "highly ambitious link-up of the components of a permanent,
orbiting space station, something the Americans will be in no shape to
do for perhaps five years. The fact that the Russians apparently failed
must have been humiliating to them, and gratifying to the Americans,
but it is unlikely to be more than a temporary check to a programme
that has rolled with considerable success since the Russians put the
world's first satellite in orbit more than a decade ago. The slow prog-
ress reflects the state of Soviet industry, but is steady progress with
few loose ends. The American programme, trimmed and squeezed by
political pressure and public opinion, is trailing appreciably more
loose ends; despite the victory on the moon Nasa will have to set
about tidying them up. And it is then that the Russians will have the
last laugh." (Economist, 10/25/69, 20)

October 26: Estimated 1.5 million persons lined streets of Bombay, India,
to welcome Apollo 11 astronauts. It was largest reception given to as-
tronauts and wives during 22-nation tour. ( AP, B Sun. 10/27/69, A3)

351

October 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• U.S.S.R. Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin P. Feoktistov

attended football game in San Diego, Calif., during two-week U.S. tour.
When interpreter failed to explain game clearly, Beregovoy described
action as "All fall down, all get up, all fall down." (AP, W Star,
10/27/69, A5)

• Eureka, Calif., high school senior Ronald Titus had identified sketch of

future space station released by Tass Oct. 11 as identical to drawing
in Sperry Gyroscope Co. advertisement in February 1962 Scientific
American, New York Times reported. Original Soviet caption had said
it was "Soviet sketch of a future space station." Sketch had appeared
in Eureka Times-Standard and New York Times as concept of Soviet
space station. (NYT, 10/26/69, 11)

• In $100,000 experiment to evaluate claims that jet noise had caused fe-

male minks to panic and eat their young, usaf planned to send jet air-
craft through sound barrier over Univ. of Alaska's experimental mink
farm near Petersburg. On ground, observers from Dept. of Agriculture
and Cornell Univ. would study mink reaction to sonic boom. Since
1962 usaf had paid 25 claims totaling $67,000 for mink problems
alleged to have been caused by supersonic aircraft. (Pinto, W Star,
10/26/69, A22)

• Comsat issue had emerged as "classic case of governmental indecision —

the result of divided federal responsibilities, complicated technical and
legal issues, and powerful, competing industrial interests," Robert J.
Samuelson said in Washington Post article. Nearly year had passed
since task force appointed Aug. 14, 1967, by President Johnson to for-
mulate "national communications policy" had submitted report. Nixon
Administration had begun separate investigation. Meanwhile, "sup-
porters of a domestic system, frustrated by repeated delay, are pushing
the White House and the FCC for a quick decision." ComSatCorp had
always been "ardent advocate." In 1965 and 1966, nbc and abc had
"enthusiastically embraced" comsats as means of transmitting TV
signals. Recently, cbs President Dr. Frank M. Stanton had become con-
vert, "apparently provoked" by AT&T's new, higher TV signal rates.
Within month, White House might propose approval of domestic
comsat system but FCC would still have difficult task of approving
specific system. Only limited number of comsats could be orbited
24,000 mi above equator without interfering with each others' trans-
mission, even if Government were to allow more than one comsat sys-
tem. If comsats assumed major role in communications, any decision
allocating ownership rights could involve multimillions in eventual
annual revenue. At first networks had asked to be allowed to create
separate system, while ComSatCorp and AT&T advocated single system.
Unresolved issue helped explain "extended years of study." However,
recent changes made compromise more likely. {W Post, 10/26/69, Fl)
October 27: NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot
William H. Dana, reached 60,500-ft altitude and mach 1.6 — vehicle's
fastest speed to date — after air-launch from B— 52 aircraft west of
Rosamond, Calif. Objective of flight, 27th in HL— 10 series and 14th
with power, was to obtain stability and control data at transonic speeds.
(nasa Proj Off; AP, NYT, 10/29/69, 12)

• Dr. Persa R. Bell, Chief of msc Lunar and Earth Sciences Div. and Man-

ager of Lunar Receiving Laboratory, announced his resignation, effec-

352

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 27

live in January 1970. He said he would return to scientific research at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Until his departure Dr. Bell would act
as special assistant to Anthony J. Calio, msc Director of Science and
Applications, evaluating and making recommendations on LRL opera-
tions and performing scientific research within LRL. Bryan R. Erb,
Deputy Chief of Lunar and Earth Sciences Div., would be acting LRL
manager for Apollo 12 mission, (msc Release 69—74)

• Thomas W. Ray, historian at Defense Communications Agency, became

Assistant NASA Historian for Manned Space Flight, replacing William
D. Putnam, who had resigned in August to join rand Corp. (nasa
Note)
October 28: Temperature measurements from satellite soundings had proved
so valuable they were being used to prepare basic maps of Northern
Hemisphere weather, essa announced. Soundings, made by 91-lb satel-
lite infrared spectrometer I sirs) on board NASA's Nimbus III (launched
April 14), had provided unprecedented coverage of conditions over
oceans and other areas where few upper-air measurements were made.
Use of sirs data had proved so successful that special computer-to-
computer link had been installed between GSFC and National Meteoro-
logical Center in Suitland, Md., to permit regular use of data in
analyses of weather conditions over eastern Atlantic and most of Pa-
cific from surface to 53,000— ft altitude. Improved version of sirs was
being readied for flight on next Nimbus launch in spring 1970. I ESSA
Release ES 69-67)

• nasa announced selection of Boeing Co. Aerospace Group to receive $19-

million, cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to design, develop, test, and
deliver four flight-qualified lunar roving vehicles and related test and
training equipment. Four-wheeled vehicles would be carried on board
Apollo lm descent stages in 1971—72 to transport astronauts on lunar
surface and store equipment and lunar samples, (nasa Release 69—147)

• Apollo 11 astronauts were welcomed by estimated 100,000 persons in

Bangkok, Thailand, after flight from Dacca, Pakistan, during world
tour. \C Trib, 10/29/69)

• Dr. William D. McElroy, nsf Director, announced 36-mo extension of

Deep Sea Drilling Project, which was nearing end of 18-mo contract
period. To date, holes up to 3,231 ft deep had been drilled at more
than 66 sites in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in water depths up to
20,140 ft, to retrieve sediment samples that had rained onto ocean
floor for millions of years. Project sought data on inner space — history
and origins of ocean basins and continents. Contract extension — from
June 30, 1970, to June 30, 1973 — covered additional drilling during
15 two-month cruises of drilling ship Glomar Challenger, (nsf Release
69-144)
October 29: Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon,
Jr., and Alan L. Bean achieved mock liftoff at 11:22 am edt — exact
minute planned — completing final phase of initial countdown demon-
stration test (CDDT) for Nov. 14 launch to moon. No major problems
arose in spite of gusty winds and rain that would have delayed actual
launch. ( W Post, 10/30/69, A8)

• Second official public display of lunar rock fragment retrieved from

moon by Apollo 11 astronauts was unveiled at MSC by Dr. Robert R.
Gilruth, msc Director. Exhibit included 12 photograph and text panels

353

October 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

and four-foot-diameter opaque sphere with 20-in viewing port, (msc
Release 69-73)

• NASA launched Areas sounding rocket from Wallops Station carrying

Pennsylvania State Univ. payload to study ion composition. Mission
did not meet minimum scientific requirements. (NASA Proj Off)

• Space shuttle was "first step or keystone to the success and growth of

future space flight developments for the exploration and exploitation of
space," LeRoy E. Day and B. G. Noblitt of Space Shuttle Task Group,
nasa omsf, said in paper presented at ieee eascon Session on Earth
Orbiting Manned Space Station in Washington, D.C. "Large experi-
ment modules and unmanned satellites can be placed into low earth
orbit and retrieved as desired. Propulsive stages and payloads . . . des-
tined for higher energy orbits can be placed into low earth orbits."
On-orbit reusable shuttles like space tugs and nuclear stages "become
economically advantageous once propellants can be inexpensively de-
livered to earth orbit. . . . On-orbit maintenance services can be pro-
vided for malfunctioning or inoperative satellites. . . . short duration
special purpose orbital missions can be conducted by the space shuttle
itself to augment or complement space station activities. The design
and operational characteristics of the space shuttle will also provide a
potential capability to conduct space rescue missions — a capability that
is not practical with conventional expendable launch systems." (Text)

• DOD announced it would scrap B— 58 supersonic bomber and cut back

continental air defenses in economy drive necessitated by congres-
sional reductions in defense budget, (dod Release 927—69; Homan,
W Post, 10/30/69, A9)

• Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, aec Chairman, testified before Senate Joint Com-

mittee on Atomic Energy during hearings on environmental effects of
producing electric power: "In the years ahead today's outcries about
the environment will be nothing compared to cries of angry citizens
who find that power failures due to a lack of sufficient generating
capacity to meet peak loads have plunged them into prolonged black-
outs . . . when their health and well being . . . may be seriously en-
dangered. The environment of a city whose life's energy has been cut
— whose transportation and communications are dead, in which medi-
cal and police help cannot be had, and where food spoils and people
stifle or shiver while imprisoned in stalled subways or darkened sky-
scrapers— all this also represents a dangerous environment that we must
anticipate and work to avoid. ... I believe that the judicial develop-
ment of nuclear power as a major source of energy for the future is in
the public interest and that five, ten and a hundred years hence, men
will look back with favor on the course we are taking today." (Text)

• Former astronaut and aquanaut M. Scott Carpenter announced he would

become President and Chief Executive of Sea Sciences Corp., private
enterprise formed to develop underwater projects. Prince Bernhard of
The Netherlands would be board chairman, (upi, W Star, 10/30/69,
A16)

• Cosmonauts Georgy T. Beregovoy and Konstantin Feoktistov spent half

hour riding into Grand Canyon on mules after arriving in Arizona
from San Francisco during two-week U.S. tour, (upi, W Star,
10/30/69, A3)
October 30: Dr. Gary V. Latham of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observa-

354

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 30

tory said in Washington, D.C.. that evidence of vibrations recorded by
seismic equipment left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts "now looks
more like volcanoes we see on earth than anything else." Concept of
volcanoes caused by isolated pockets of radioactive heating did not
conflict with "cold moon" theory but was "new working hypothesis."
Among things affecting data received on earth before Apollo 11 seismic
equipment failed were gasping, creakings, and groanings of lm lower
stage. (Lannan, W Star, 10/31/69, A3)

• LeRC announced award of $25,518,000 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to

General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div. to design and build first of new
series of improved Centaur upper stage rockets. General Dynamics
would update and simplify Centaur system and make it compatible
with Titan III booster. Centaur, first liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen
rocket developed by U.S., had been used with Atlas booster to launch
successfully Surveyor, Mariner, OAO, and ATS satellites. (LeRC Release
69-65)

• Dr. Murray Gell-Mann of Cal Tech was named winner of 1969 Nobel

Prize in physics for "fundamental work in nearly all domains of his
field," especially for "discoveries concerning the classification of ele-
mentary particles and their interactions." Dr. Gell-Mann, who would
receive $72,800 award, had introduced concept of quark — hypothetical
particle from which other particles of nucleus of atom were made — and
had proposed eightfold-way theory that many particles might change
places and their differences from each other lay in their energy quo-
tient. Dr. Gell-Mann was member of NASA Physics Advisory Committee
from 1964 to 1969.

Chemistry prize was awarded Prof. Derek H. R. Barton of Imperial
College of Science and Technology in London and Prof. Odd Hassell
of Univ. of Oslo for work to develop and apply concept of conforma-
tion in chemistry. (Getze, LA Times, 10/31/69; AP, W Star,
10/30/69, Al; nasa ossa>

• Dr. Harold Brown, former Secretary of the Air Force, was inaugurated

as president of Cal Tech during day-long ceremonies on campus. He
succeeded Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, who had become Presidential Science
Adviser. (LA Times, 9/4/69)
October 31: nas— nrc Space Science Board published Lunar Exploration:
Strategy for Research 1969-1975. Best use of manned lunar-landing
capability in lunar exploration would entail shift of emphasis from
technological development to exploitation of existing Apollo technology
for scientific objectives. Board recommended: immediately focusing
lunar program on optimizing returns on investment already made in
Apollo through maximum use of existing Apollo technology; giving
priority to current Apollo lunar-exploration phase should choice be
necessary in early 1970s between funding major new manned explora-
tion technology and funding extensions of Apollo lunar technology;
periodic reevaluation of NASA's proposed lunar landing sites; earliest
possible extensions of Apollo technology to increase scientific returns
and increasing interval up to six months between missions to allow
incorporation of improvements; early provision of roving vehicle to
transport astronauts at least 3.1—6.2 mi (5—10 km) from LM; inclu-
sion in Apollo 16 to 20 time frame, in high-inclination orbit, of ex-
periments in gravimetry by satellite-to-satellite tracking technique,

355

October 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

altimetry, magnetometry, x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometry, and
medium- and high-resolution photography; and increase in supporting
research in orbital sensing techniques, both active and passive.

Board also recommended high-priority consideration for long-dis-
tance, remotely controlled, traversing vehicle for later missions; careful
review of Apollo program management structure to increase role of
scientists in influencing basic policy and mission hardware; specific
support to lunar experiment definition as integral part of Apollo pro-
gram and more substantial investment in developing experiment pack-
ages easily modified and interchanged even shortly before flight; and
high-priority attention to management, handling, distribution, and
analysis of lunar samples brought to earth. (Text; NRC Release)

• NASA announced new quarantine procedures for Apollo 12 lunar landing

mission scheduled for launch Nov. 14. Procedures had been recom-
mended by Interagency Committee on Back Contamination. If astro-
nauts' condition was normal at splashdown they would don fresh flight
suits and oral-nasal masks instead of biological isolation garments
(big) used on Apollo 11. BIG would be available in case of unexplained
crew illness. Swimmer would swab hatch and adjacent areas with
liquid decontamination agent and crew would be carried by helicopter
to mobile quarantine facility (mqf) on board recovery ship. Subse-
quent crew quarantine procedures would be same as for Apollo 11.

Spacecraft would be returned to Hawaii by recovery ship, where
team would deactivate pyrotechnics and flush and drain fluid systems
(except water). It would then be flown to Lunar Receiving Laboratory
for storage in special room until release from quarantine Jan. 7, 1970.
(nasa Release 69-148 A)

• Measurement of transient Faraday rotation of Pioneer VI (launched into

solar orbit Dec. 16, 1965) as it was occulted by sun Nov. 21 through
Nov. 24, 1968, was reported in Science by members of J PL and ucla
staff, jpl's 210-ft antenna at Barstow, Calif., equipped with automatic
polarization tracking system, was used to observe three large-scale
transient phenomena, measurements of which indicated Faraday rota-
tion of 40° had occurred. Duration of each was approximately two
hours. Phenomena appeared to be correlated with observations of
solar radio bursts with wavelengths in dekametric region. (Science,
10/31/69, 596-8)

• Tektite II project, in which more than 50 scientists would spend varying

periods in ocean over seven-month span starting in spring 1970, was
announced by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel. Program
would include major marine scientific mission and extensive human
behavioral studies, with emphasis on problems of small crews in isola-
tion for extended periods under stress conditions. (Interior Dept
Release)

• Aerospace industry employment would continue to decline from record

achieved in 1968, according to semiannual survey results released by
Aerospace Industries Assn. Total employment was expected to drop
from 1,388,000 to 1,305,000 (6%) between March 1969 and March
1970 because of reduced expenditures for civilian space program and
declining sales of civilian transport aircraft during phase-out of cur-
rent models and commencement of production on new aircraft, (aia
Release 69-45)

356

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 October 31

• Walter Rundell, Jr., of Iowa State Univ. Dept. of History described U.S.

Government historical programs at National Convention of Southern
Historical Assn. in Washington, D.C.: "nasa's historical program be-
gan in 1959 under the leadership of Eugene M. Emme. Two years later
Emme launched the official publications with his Aeronautics and As-
tronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the
Exploration of Space, 1915-1960. This has been followed by similar
annual chronologies and chronologies devoted to the Mercury, Gemini,
and Apollo projects. Since 1966 the office has published several mono-
graphs, some written under contract by private scholars, rather than
being undertaken by the permanent staff. A good example is This New
Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, by Swenson, Grimwood, and
Alexander." (Text)
During October: The Atlantic commented on Apollo 11: "We enthusiasti-
cally join the rest of human kind in applauding the feat of the Apollo
11 astronauts and their NASA sponsors. It is an achievement far greater,
even, than the construction and successful launchings of The Brick
Moon, which happened in these pages exactly one hundred years ago."
Story, by Edward Everett Hale, had told of group of New Englanders
who had constructed artificial moon of bricks and launched it into
orbit to provide perpetual navigation aid for seamen. "So far as we
can determine, the launching of The Brick Moon provoked consider-
ably less public interest than the latest American lunar expedition."
(Atlantic, 10/69, 3)

• German space program was described in International Science Notes

published by Dept. of State. For 1969, German space budget was $88
million, with $51 million for national program and remainder for in-
ternational programs. Amount was approximately 16.5% of total Sci-
ence Ministry budget. During 1969 to 1973, program would be directed
to extraterrestrial research, development of scientific and applications
satellite technology ( communications, TV, navigation, and meteor-
ology), and development of launcher technology in cooperation with
other European countries. Plans included two German Azur research
satellites to measure earth radiation belt and density composition of
higher atmosphere, both to be launched by United States rockets; de-
velopment of two solar probes (Helios) in cooperation with NASA; re-
search comsat (Symphonie) to be developed with France; and
participation in esro research programs and in development of eldo
launcher. {Science Policy Bull, 10/69, 51)

357

November 1969

November 1: In Sydney, Australia, during world tour of Apollo 11 astro-
nauts, Astronauts Michael Collins said NASA might someday send
women on space flights, "nasa has never barred women," he told news
conference. "Flying background is usually what has prevented the
young ladies from participating." (AP, W Post, 11/2/69, 18!

• Visiting Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Georgy T. Ber-

egovoy viewed Apollo 11 lunar rock sample at Smithsonian Institution
during tour of Washington, D.C. (W Star, 11/2/69)

• Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Presidential Science Adviser, addressed Sigma Xi

Convention in Palm Springs, Calif.: "Science is now a part of society,
is a part of politics, is a part of the social and economic system. Scien-
tists must carefully ponder the relevance of their work to the problems
of human beings. . . . They must ask the question of whether the scien-
tific work in which they are engaged is of sufficient importance to the
progress of knowledge and its application to be worthy of public sup-
port. They must face the fact that budgetary problems will be difficult
in the years ahead and that we must reevaluate priorities and reevalu-
ate the mechanisms that we have adopted for allocating our limited
funds." (Text)

• In first large-scale attempt at radar mapping of ice-buried continent sur-

rounding South Pole, scientists of Scott Polar Research Institute in
Cambridge, England, would make at least 20 flights with airborne-
radar-equipped usn C— 130 Hercules aircraft from McMurdo Sound in
Antarctic, New York Times said. Radar equipment already had pene-
trated more than 14,800 ft of ice, recording profile of mountains and
valleys underneath. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/1/69, 30)

• Article in Komsomolskaya Pravda acknowledged publicly, for first time,

that U.S.S.R. had conducted underground nuclear tests "several years
ago" to blast oil storage areas in deep salt bed. In same issue Andronik
M. Petrosyants, Chairman of State Committee on Atomic Energy, said
he had discussed Soviet program with U.S. in Vienna in April. Iupi,
C Trib, 11/2/69, 16)

November 2: In Washington Post Thomas O'Toole traced NASA plans for
planetary exploration from May 1971 launch of two Mariner spacecraft
for Mars to Grand Tours of planets beginning in 1977 and 1979.
"What comes after the two Grand Tours? Nobody really knows, but
the space agency's dreamers about unmanned missions have a plot al-
ready written and it reads a little better than most science fiction does."
Spacecraft would circulate through asteroid belt for year, making
asteroid counts and photographing larger asteroids. Beyond that, scien-
tists would like to rendezvous with a comet and investigate Saturn's
rings. {W Post, 11/2/69, B3)

November 2—3: afrcl conducted program to measure polar cap absorption
(pca) event and to determine effects on earth's upper atmosphere.

359

November 2-3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Thirty-six sounding rockets — Nike-Iroquois, Black Brant, Nike-Javelin,
Sidewinder-Areas, and Areas — were launched from Churchill Research
Range to 37.3- to 124.3-mi (60- to 200-km) altitudes to measure
energies and densities of charged particles, atmospheric temperatures
and composition, and geomagnetic fluctuations. Background data had
been provided from eight sounding rockets launched before program
and support was provided by measurements from Vela, Pioneer, ATS,
Explorer, ov, and esro satellites; from instruments on board KC— 135
aircraft; and from ground-based instruments. (SBD, 11/19/69, 80)
November 3: nasa's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Peter C.
Hoag (usaf), reached 66,000-ft altitude and mach 1.4 after air-launch
from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond, Calif. Ob-
jective of powered flight, 28th in series, was to obtain stability and
control data at various angles of attack and stability augmentation
settings, (nasa Proj Off)

• Analysis of lunar soil samples supported theory that moon once was part

of earth and became separated in cataclysmic tidal wave, Dr. John A.
O'Keefe, Assistant Chief of gsfc's Laboratory for Theoretical Studies,
said in lecture at Northern Illinois Univ. Theory would explain why
both earth's crust and moon were deficient in precious metals, nickel,
and cobalt and would account for indications of intense heat in moon's
formation. Heavy metals would have sunk to earth's core when it was
molten; moon had no heavy core, so it must be part of earth's crust.
(upi, LA Her-Exam, 11/4/69; W News, 11/4/69)

• Saturn V 1st stage (S-IC-12) was successfully fired for 125 sees at Mis-

sissippi Test Facility in first ground test since failure of S— IC— 11 June
26, which caused test-stand fire. NASA board of investigation had con-
cluded fire had been caused by polyethylene disc dust cover that should
have been removed before test and recommended 12 corrections in
assembly, preparation, and test procedures, (msfc Release 69-237)
nasa published Mariner-Mars 1969: A Preliminary Report (nasa
SP— 225), summarizing results of Mariner VI (launched Feb. 24) and
Mariner VII (launched March 27) and describing Mariner program,
spacecraft, flights, equipment, experiments, and observations. (Text)

• Apollo 11 astronauts on world tour arrived in Seoul, Korea, for overnight

stay. They were treated as state guests and decorated in ceremony at
presidential mansion. (AP, W Star, 11/3/69, A21)

• Richard W. Cook, former msfc Deputy Director for Operations, Science

and Engineering, became Deputy Director for Management, replacing
Harry H. Gorman, who had been reassigned to nasa Hq. Ludie G.
Richard, former Deputy Director (Technical), Science and Engineer-
ing, became Deputy Director of directorate. {Marshall Star, 11/12/69,

• USAF issued RFPs to airframe and engine manufacturers for development

of B— 1 strategic aircraft, formerly designated Advanced Manned Stra-
tegic Aircraft (amsa). Proposals were due by spring 1970. (dod Re-
lease 946-69)
November 4: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCVIII into orbit with 408-km
(253.5-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 91.2-min period,
and 71.0° inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 5, 1970. (gsfc SSR,
11/15/69; 1/15/70)

• NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR with VAM-20 boosters.

360

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 4

Aerobee 150 carried Naval Research Laboratory payload to 124.0-mi
1 199.6-km) altitude to photograph images of sun and part of corona
in 150—400 A and 400-650 A region. Rocket and instruments func-
tioned satisfactorily and excellent spectroheliograms were obtained.

Aerobee 150 MI carried American Science and Engineering, Inc.,
payload to 112.5-mi (181-km) altitude to obtain high-resolution pic-
tures of time development of solar flare in x-ray region of spectrum.
Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, photographing IB
limb flare with appreciable x-ray emission that lasted throughout flight.
(NASA Rpts srl)

• Plans for launch of first of two Jupiter probes from KSC between Feb. 26

and March 15, 1972, were outlined by Charles F. Hall, manager of
Pioneer F and G projects at arc, during meeting of scientists, engi-
neers, and contractors at Mountain View, Calif. Launched by Atlas-
Centaur booster, Pioneer F would take 610—770 days to reach Jupiter
on voyage through planet's heavy radiation belt to within 90,000 mi
of Jupiter surface. It would carry 60 lbs of instruments and photo-
graphic equipment to conduct 13 experiments to measure solar wind
and space dust and analyze Jupiter's radiation and atmosphere. Probe
would be first to travel to asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and
eventually would leave solar system. Pioneer G Jupiter probe would be
launched in early 1973. (upi, P Bull, 11/5/69)

• House and Senate conferees, in executive session, agreed to file confer-

ence report on differences between Senate-passed [see Sept. 19] and
House-passed [see June 10] versions of H.R. 11271, FY 1970 nasa
authorization. Report would retain Senate-passed authorization of
$3,716 billion. iCR, 11/4/69, D1023)

• At televised news conference in Moscow on Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII

mission [see Oct. 12—18], Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet
Academy of Sciences, said U.S.S.R. hoped to have permanent space
station in earth orbit "certainly" within 10 yrs "and I think less than
five years." Station plans did not rule out manned lunar exploration
but, he said, "I can only say such operations are not planned for the
coming months. Shall we study the universe with the help of auto-
matic (unmanned) spacecraft? We shall. Shall we fly to the moon
and the other planets of the solar system in the future? I think we
shall because such travel is one of the further aims of mankind in
conquering outer space." (Gwertzman, NYT, 11/5/69, 16)

• AEC— NASA Nuclear Rocket Development Station in Jackass Flats, New,

was "scaling down operations, laying off workers, husbanding the fa-
cilities it already has — and waiting," New York Times reported. Like
many U.S. space research and test centers, "their futures uncertain
amid an increasing emphasis on defense and domestic matters at the
expense of space," station's scientists and engineers were "waiting for
President Nixon to decide on the direction and pace of the national
space effort in the next decade." (Wilford, NYT, 11/4/69, 20)

• Apollo 11 astronauts on world tour arrived in Tokyo. Tight security

measures prompted by fears of possible attack by radical students pro-
testing Japan's defense treaty with U.S. permitted public exposure for
only half hour. Police estimated 120,000 people watched brief parade
down Ginza, Tokyo's main street. Later astronauts and wives were
received by Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako. Astronauts were

361

November 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

presented cultural medal by Prime Minister Eisaku Sato — first time
medal had been presented to foreigners., (Pepper, B Sun, 11/5/69, A2)

• Visiting Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Georgy T.

Beregovoy left New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport for
Moscow after two-week U.S. visit. During airport interview Feoktistov
said he liked U.S. astronauts' "sincerity and hopeful approach to life."
Beregovoy said, "Friendship is a force which will help the world to
conquer space." Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman was at airport
to see them off. {NYT, 11/5/69, 52)

• National Transportation Safety Board opened hearings in Washington,

D.C., on midair collisions. In last 31 yrs of recorded aviation history
there had been only 12 midair collisions with passenger fatalities,
Clifton F. von Kann, Vice President for Operations and Engineering
of Air Transport Assn., testified. "Even with the explosive growth of
airline service during the last ten years, there have been just four
collisions with airline passenger fatalities." (Sehlstedt, B Sun, 11/5/69,
A9)
November 5: nasa announced decision to install color TV camera on Apollo
12 LM for operation on lunar surface. Decision had been made after
three-hour test using unified S-band transmitter. Engineers had simu-
lated varying return signal strengths to Manned Space Flight Network
tracking antennas. Camera had been refurbished after flying in Apollo
10 cm. (msc Release 69-75)

• Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and

Michael Collins, with wives, were welcomed by President Nixon at
White House ceremony on their return from 44,650-mi around-the-
world goodwill journey. President called 38-day, 29-stop tour of 22
countries "most successful goodwill trip in the history of the United
States." First men on the moon had demonstrated they were "the best
possible ambassadors America could have on this earth." Armstrong
said astronauts had been received everywhere, "not just as individuals,
but as representatives of the United States" and of "scientific and
technological accomplishment . . . that serves as a symbol ... of a
willing and talented nation assembling its resources and firm in its
will ... to share for the benefits of all mankind."

During journey, astronauts had given 22 news conferences, been
received by 20 heads of state, and received decorations on nine occa-
sions. (PD, 11/10/69, 1563; Robertson, NYT, 11/6/69, 22)

• NASA had put into operation $2.6-million, six-story-high flight simulator

for advanced aircraft (fsaa) at ARC, arc announced. Largest piloted-
aircraft simulator ever built would provide research data on handling
characteristics of faster and larger jets to ensure safe control by their
pilots. Designed by ARC engineers John C. Dusterberry, Maurice D.
White, and Shizuo Doiguchi, simulator had motion-generator with 100
ft of lateral motion, 10 ft of vertical motion, and 8 ft of forward and
backward motion, combined with pitch, roll, and yaw motions. It was
operated by general-purpose, digital-analog computer, which could be
programmed with flight characteristics of most aircraft. FSAA could
simulate aerodynamics of hypersonic and supersonic flight by reentry
vehicle such as space shuttle, (arc Release 69—13)

• Research to improve materials and lubricants for aerospace might aid in

replacement of human hip joint with prosthesis better than any yet

362

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 5

developed, LeRC scientist Robert L. Johnson announced. Bearing prop-
erties of materials — like cobalt alloy — used in commercial hip joints
could be improved by changing crystal structure of metal to hexagonal
form, Johnson had found in NASA studies. Interest in these alloys had
led to cooperative program with Cornell Medical Center in New York.
(LeRC Release 69-66)

• Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Dean of mit School of Engineering and

former nasa Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and
Technology, was among persons inside mit Instrumentation Laboratory
when students from mit and other Boston, Mass., campuses demon-
strated against laboratory's defense work and were confronted by
police. Later Dr. Bisplinghoff said: "The university has set as policy a
deliberate movement from Department of Defense and space research
to a different mix: more and more research relevant to societal prob-
lems. It's going to take a considerable time to make the transition,
however, and if we are going to continue on the same scale of opera-
tions . . . we're going to need lots of time and new money." It would
be up to Congress to change emphasis, not mit. Instrumentation Lab-
oratory, meanwhile, would honor commitments to DOD, including work
on Poseidon missile. (Nordheimer, NYT, 11/9/69, 61)

• Giant $6-million solar furnace had been built by French National Center

for Scientific Research at Odeillo in Pyrenees for tasks ranging from
testing effects of atomic bomb flashes to production of exotic materials
for electronic industries, New York Times reported. More than 20,000
mirrors focused sunlight on Yo-in steel plate to melt hole through
plate in seconds. Furnace also had 63 flat, mirrored panels holding 180
small mirrors to follow motion of sun and parabolic array of 9,000
mirrors, mounted to form north-facing wall of nine-story building.
Movable panels on hillside reflected sunlight into paraboloid; tower
held material to be exposed to extreme heat at focal point of parab-
oloid. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/5/69, 49)
November 6: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories launched 997-ft-
tall, 34-million-cu-ft helium balloon — largest ever built — from Hollo-
man afb, N. Mex. Balloon, part of nasa's cosmic ray ionization pro-
gram (crisp), was to have provided high-altitude platform for 13,800-
lb payload to measure cosmic radiation in upper atmosphere. It had
been scheduled to drift eastward at 108,000-ft altitude for 24 hrs, but
descended 3 hrs after launch because of leak. ( msc Roundup,
11/14/69, 2; msc Release 69-70)

• House adopted conference report on H.R. 11271, FY 1970 nasa au-

thorization, and sent it to Senate for further action. Report retained
Senate's $3.716-billion authorization— $280 million below FY 1969
NASA authorization and $285 million less than $3,966 billion passed by
House June 10. It accepted House amendment requiring astronauts
to plant U.S. flag on any planet visited for first time on U.S. -financed
mission, Senate amendment requiring public disclosure of names and
salaries of employees who exchanged positions between NASA and
aerospace industry, and House provision withholding funds to any col-
lege which barred military recruiters. (House Rpt 91-609; CR,
^ 11/6/69, H10679-84)

• Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported with amend-

ments H.R. 12307 FY Independent Offices and hud bill, which in-

363

November 6

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

eluded $3,715 billion nasa appropriation. (67?, 11/6/69, D1034;
Senate Rpt 91-521)

• Ten NASA employees and four support contractors received special awards
at White Sands Test Facility for participation in extensive Apollo
propulsion system test programs, (msc Release 69—76)

November 7: West Germany's 157-lb Azur (GRS— a) research satellite was
successfully launched by NASA from wtr by four-stage Scout booster.
Orbital parameters: apogee, 3,145.4 km (1,954.5 mi) ; perigee, 383.8
km (238.5 mi) ; period, 121.9 min; and inclination, 103°. Primary
NASA objective was to insert spacecraft into quasi-polar orbit in which
it could study Van Allen belt, Northern Hemisphere auroral zones,
and spectral variation of solar particles versus time during solar flares.
The 48-in-high, 30-in-dia cylindrical satellite carried seven experi-
ments from five German research institutes to continue studies con-
ducted by NASA Explorer and OGO satellites. Data would be available
exclusively to German principal investigators for one year. Launch
was first in series of cooperative missions between NASA and German
Ministry for Scientific Research (bmwf) under July 1965 agreement.
bmwF was responsible for design, development, fabrication, and test-
ing of spacecraft and experiments and for ground-support equipment

November 7: West German research satellite Azur — first satellite in a cooperative
Federal Republic of Germany and nasa program — was orbited from wtr by nasa to
study the earth's radiation belts, auroral zone, and effects of solar proton events. The
spacecraft was photographed during checkout, before mating to its Scout booster.

364

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 7

and data-reduction facilities. NASA was responsible for Scout booster,
launch, and tracking and data acquisition support. I NASA Release
69-146; nasa Proj Off; gsfc SSR, 11/15/69; AP, C Trib, 11/10/69)

• Apollo 12 countdown began at KSC at 12:00 pm EST for launch toward

moon at 11:22 am EST Nov. 14. Countdown, originally scheduled to
begin at 7:00 pm EST Nov. 8, had been started early to reduce costs
by eliminating overtime that would have been paid to launch crews.
(upi, NYT, 11/8/69,20)

• Senate adopted conference report on H.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA authori-

zation bill [see Nov. 6], thus clearing bill for White House. I CR,
11/7/69, S13918-9)

• Number of eminent selenologists had confirmed dating of Apollo 11

moon rocks at 4.5 billion yrs or more, to presumed formation of solar
system, indicating lunar surface was far older than any material origi-
nating on earth's surface, John Lannan said in Washington Evening,
Star. Same lunar scientists had "lashed out" at what they claimed were
NASA's "restrictions on the free flow of scientific information." Lunar
investigators would present findings at January symposium but many
felt "information of such significance should be published immediately
through normal scientific channels." Counterargument was "that all
the investigators get an even break this way." (W Star, 11/7/69, Al)

• Analysis of organic combustion products generated by LM descent engine,

deemed major and least controllable source of organic and inorganic
contamination in lunar sample collection procedure, was reported in
Science by B. R. Simoneit and A. L. Burlingame of Univ. of California
at Berkeley, D. A. Flory of MSC, and I. D. Smith of Msc's White Sands
Test Facility. Major gaseous combustion products found in model en-
gine's exhaust were ammonia, water, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. Minor products were acety-
lene, hydrogen cyanide, ethylene, formaldehyde, propadiene, ketene,
cyanous acid, hydrazoic acid, various methylamines, acetaldehyde,
methylnitrite, formic acid, nitrous acid, butadiene, nitrilohydrazines,
nitromethane, and nitrosohydrazines with other oxidized derivatives
of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine. Ion intensities of
species in all mass spectras were estimated as: gases, 87.7%; com-
pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 6.0% ; and compounds of
carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (with traces of oxygen), 5.8%. (Sci-
ence, 11/7/69, 733-8)
November 8: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin,
Jr., and Michael Collins received first Pere Marquette Discovery Award
of silver medal from Father Marquette Tercentenary Commission of
Marquette Univ. (CR, 12/4/69, E10223)

• Economist editorial commented: "If the Russians are ever going to get

another prestige victory over the United States, and not the sort of
worldwide humiliation they have endured with Luna 15 during the
American moon landing, and then with the triple Soyuz anti-climax,
they will have to pull something off soon. For if not the Soviet plan-
ners may see increasingly less reason to continue spending even 1 per
cent of the country's gross national product on its cosmonauts. . . .
What is ironic is that a Soviet slowdown could be seen as a mirror
image of the running battle in the United States between the scientists
and the space engineers, but with the Russian scientists coming out on

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November 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

top. The Academy of Sciences is widely regarded as the repository
of all that is most stuffily conservative in Soviet science. That may have
been the central cause of the Russian flop." It was also blow to Ameri-
cans who relied for new space funds on Nixon Administration's "con-
tinuing fear of what the Russians may yet do." (Economist, 11/8/69,
12-3)

• Dr. Vesto M. Slipher, astronomer who headed team that discovered planet

Pluto in 1930 and discoverer of aurora-like radiations of night sky,
died at age 93. He had been director of Lowell Observatory in Flag-
staff, Ariz., 1916-1954. (upi, LA Times, 11/10/69)
November 9: Canadian Black Brant VB sounding rocket was launched by
nasa from Wallops Station carrying 450-lb Naval Research Laboratory
payload containing telescope instrumented for infrared astronomy.
Telescope, completely cooled with liquid helium to keep telescope
radiation from interfering with measurements, contained photoelectric
detectors sensitive to optical radiation in region between visible light
and microwaves. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and
payload was recovered. (WS Release 69—18)

• Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and

Alan L. Bean underwent last major preflight medical examination at
ksc and were cleared for Nov. 14 launch. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Direc-
tor of Medical Research and Operations at msc, said astronauts were
rested and in good spirits and showed no evidence of any infectious
disease that might interfere with launch, (upi, NYT, 11/10/69, 10)

• nasa published A Long-Range Program in Space Astronomy: Position

Paper of the Astronomy Missions Board (nasa SP— 213), which Board
had submitted to nasa in July. Board of 19 leading U.S. astronomers —
chaired by Dr. Leo Goldberg, Harvard College Observatory Director —
had been appointed by NASA in autumn 1967 to consult scientific com-
munity and propose program for 1970s.

Astronomy had "far greater potential for advancement by the space
program than any other branch of science." Astronomical instruments
in space could reach regions of electromagnetic spectrum unable to
penetrate earth's atmosphere; thus, "most fundamental problems of
astronomy may be brought within range of solution."

Board provided guidelines for minimum balanced program costing
$250 million annually in 1970s and optimum program "proceeding at
fastest possible rate consistent with available scientific and technical
manpower" and costing $500 million annually during same period.
Proposals included "careful assignment of priorities and balanced allo-
cation of resources in order to optimize scientific progress on such
problems as the origin of the universe; the course of stellar evolution,
including the ultimate destiny of the Sun and solar system; the exist-
ence of other planetary systems, some of which may support other
forms of intelligent life; and other problems with deep philosophical
significance which are of great interest to everyone and are therefore
properly supported by public expenditure."

Board recommended increased effort in x-ray and gamma-ray as-
tronomy using Explorer spacecraft with large payload capability;
optical uv astronomy program leading to large space telescope in
1980s; R&D of detectors and small cooling systems for infrared astron-
omy from spacecraft to complement ground and aircraft observations;

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 9

observation of astrophysical objects in longwave radio portion of
spectrum; more sophisticated solar spacecraft to extend observations
of solar surface and study effects of solar" activity on earth; continued
observations of planets from earth orbit using oaos and Small
Astronomy Satellite; more advanced observation of interplanetary
medium, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields, with astronomy instrumen-
tation on planetary and Explorer spacecraft; and augmented experi-
ments using aircraft, balloons, and suborbital rocket launches. (Text;
nasa Release 69-149)

• Cal Tech astronomer Dr. J. B. Oke reported discovery of new kind of

galaxy with tiny, brilliant nuclei like quasars at visual edge of uni-
verse, billions of light years away. Like quasars, galaxies emitted
powerful radio signals but, unlike quasars, they seemed to have spiral
arms like Milky Way galaxy. Thus, they might be "missing link in
the evolution of the universe." First evidence of new galaxies had
been found by $250,000, 32-channel photoelectric spectrometer atop
200-in telescope at Mt. Palomar, Calif. ( Dighton, AP, W Post,
11/10/69, Al)

• New York Times editorial: "Apollo 12 must not be taken for granted.

It is another extremely important step in man's exploration of earth's
natural satellite, a venture accompanied by great risk yet promising
large rewards in additional knowledge. The mere fact that the Apollo
12 astronauts are scheduled to spend almost three times as long walk-
ing on the moon as their predecessors and to bring back to earth part
of Surveyor 3 — which landed in 1967 — emphasizes how much more
complex and ambitious this mission is." Second moon landing might
seem less glamorous than first, "but it requires great bravery and skill
from all involved, and, if successful, could move lunar science ahead
substantially." (NYT, 11/9/69, 14)

• Joint U.S.— U.S.S.R. moon flight was, again, advocated by Jess Gorkin in

Parade. Magazine had proposed cooperative space venture Jan. 9, 1966.
"The idea had international appeal. Residents of Moscow spoke warmly
of the concept. Letters of approval poured in from all over the United
States as well as Europe and Asia. The proposal was supported by
newspapers around the world." NASA had "been sharing the country's
space knowledge with other nations for years." U.S. scientists had
worked closely with scientists from nations whose scientific payloads
were launched aboard U.S. rockets. (Parade, 11/9/69)
November 10: The Biomedical Foundations of Manned Space Flight: A Re-
port of the Space Science and Technology Panel of the President's Sci-
ence Advisory Committee was submitted to President's Science Adviser,
Dr. Lee A. DuBridge: "In order to define an appropriate mix of
manned and unmanned operations, NASA will need to 'qualify man for
space flight' in the broadest sense. That is, NASA should pursue a bio-
medical program which explores the optimization of man's role in
space, the limitations on his effectiveness and means to circumvent
those limitations ... a program to determine the best use of man as
a space subsystem in interaction with automated subsystems. An effec-
tive program directed to this objective exceeds the present capabilities
of NASA and involves resources not yet developed in the biomedical
community."

Report criticized NASA for not implementing previous recommenda-

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November 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tions toward strong biomedical research capability. "Pressures for
early and reasonably certain success led to placing primary emphasis
initially on validation of the capability to construct, orbit, and recover
manned spacecraft, with long-range, scientific goals in the biomedical
field set aside as potentially interfering with flight objectives. Scientific
requirements were thus deemphasized at the very time when develop-
ment of basic scientific knowledge and a cadre of scientific talent
should have been begun." NASA was now faced "with the question of
qualifying man for more complex tasks in space, for longer duration
flights, and of evaluating man as an integral part of the spacecraft
man-machine system, without sound biomedical foundation." In par-
ticular, "decisions concerning development directions for the next gen-
eration of manned spacecraft systems for use in earth orbit must be
made without an adequate basis of understanding."

NASA should plan overall biomedical program using resources, per-
sonnel, and experience of other Government areas, especially dod, and
support multidisciplinary environmental medical laboratories within
universities. Report favored international cooperation in space explora-
tion for peaceful purposes, close communications with biomedical com-
munity, and broadened participation of biomedical scientists in space
flight programs. NASA should affiliate biologically and medically trained
astronauts with research components of NASA or qualified institutions.
They should be assigned to MSC flight-crew organization only when
participating in specific missions. Report recommended that NASA con-
sider separating space biomedical research from organization conduct-
ing space missions and from flight medical services. (Text)

• NASA announced Apollo 12 LM guidance-system targeting for Site 7 land-

ing point on moon's Ocean of Storms had been changed to improve
crew's ability to observe landing point during late portion of descent.
Crew would attempt to land close to Surveyor III spacecraft at 2.990
south latitude by 23.204 west longitude. Original aiming point was
2.982 south latitude by 23.392 west longitude— 1,118 ft northeast of
Surveyor III. (nasa Release 69-148B)

• NASA announced resignation of Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, effective Dec. 10. No successor
was named and Dr. Mueller did not reveal his plans for future. Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said: "It is due to Dr. Mueller's
creative leadership of the magnificent manned space flight organization
that the flight of Apollo 11 . . . achieved the national goal set in May,
1961. . . . We regret that Dr. Mueller has made the decision to return
to private life, but recognize that decision comes at a time when the
task he accepted is complete and a sound foundation for our future
national space program has been established."

Dr. Mueller, who had directed manned space flight program for six
years, had received NASA Distinguished Service Medal, achieved early
operational flight schedule in Gemini program, formulated concept for
thorough and comprehensive ground testing permitting all-up flight
testing and early operational availability of Saturn-Apollo hardware,
introduced improved techniques that established efficient management
of nationwide industrial complex for first lunar landing and return on
schedule and within cost, and formulated low-cost space transportation

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 10

and operations which were basis for space shuttle and space station
programs. I NASA Release 69—151)

• Senate considered H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent Offices and hud

bill which contained S3. 715 billion NASA appropriation. It rejected by
22 to 46 amendment by Sen. William Proxmire ( D-Wis. ) that would
have reduced FY 1970 NASA funds by $100 million. Conference report
accompanying bill noted considerable concern about "future of fund-
ing for manned lunar programs because of budget constraints . . . and
a question of National priorities." Conferees suggested Congress, NASA,
and Administration review manned lunar program policy for future
"and decide and determine policy" and that Committees on Appropri-
ations be "advised at earliest possible date." (CR, 10/11/69, D1046,
S13989, S14010-6, S14025-50, S14053; House Conf Rpt 91-649)

• Aircraft collision was "one of the most important specific difficulties

facing the continuing expansion of aeronautical services in the United
States," NASA OART said in prepared statement for National Transporta-
tion Safety Board [see Nov. 14]. Continuing increase in air passenger
and cargo transportation and number of general-aviation aircraft would
further increase collision risk. Advent of jumbo jet and sst would in-
crease number of fatalities and value of equipment lost in individual
collisions. Best long-term solution was "development of an adequate
traffic control system, adequate airports, and adequate airspace utiliza-
tion techniques." Until achieved, other means for preventing collisions
must be developed for commercial and general-aviation aircraft. NASA
was developing two approaches for needs of general-aviation. (Text)

• Biggest engineering problem facing 108-yr-old mit at close of 1960s was

one of identity, Eric Wentworth said in Washington Post, "namely the
increasingly disputed place of war-related research within its academic
confines." MIT ranked first among U.S. universities in receipt of DOD
funding, which in 1968 accounted for almost half of Institute's $17-
million budget. Since March 4 day-long work stoppage by students and
young faculty members protesting mit's heavy military involvement,
President Howard W. Johnson and other mit leaders had moved to
reassess mit's role. They had declared temporary halt on accepting
new contracts for classified research at Instrumentation Laboratory
and Lincoln Laboratory and established commission to review labora-
tories' role. Commission had recommended continuing basic DOD re-
search but avoiding advanced development of weaponry, reducing
secrecy, and shifting efforts toward meeting domestic and social needs.
Meanwhile, Instrumentation Laboratory had already "come to the
end of an era." Its founder and head, Dr. Charles S. Draper, had been
"eased out of his job as director although he may continue in other
capacities." His accomplishments with laboratory had included on-
board guidance navigation systems "that took Apollo 1 1 spacemen to
the moon last summer." (W Post, 11/10/69, 2)
November 11: Senate passed 68 to 1, H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent
Offices and hud bill containing $3,715 billion NASA appropriation with
$3,019 billion for R&D, $58.2 million for construction of facilities, and
$637.4 million for research and program management. {CR, 11/11/69,
S14099-108)

• Hughes Aircraft Co. executive team held press conference aboard private

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November 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

yacht near Cape Kennedy, Fla., to announce company President How-
ard R. Hughes' intention to rename Surveyor III "Hughes Automated
Lunar Observer" (halo). Hughes' assistant, Peter Maheuson, said
Hughes was understood to have asked NASA to use acronym in all air-
to-ground communications. Hughes Aircraft Co. had manufactured
Surveyor III, which landed on moon April 19, 1967. Pieces of un-
manned spacecraft were to be returned by Apollo 12 for examination
at lrl. (Lannan, W Star, 11/12/69, Al)

• West German ambassadors in Moscow, Washington, D.C., and London

signed nuclear nonproliferation treaty sponsored by U.S. and U.S.S.R.
(Morgan, W Post, 11/29/69, Al)

• Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel announced DOI— NASA agreement

to enlarge Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge within ksc area by
25,830 acres, to total 83,796 acres. Agreement put all but ksc's most
intensely used land within wildlife sanctuary established in 1963. Mer-
ritt Island's eagle population had been depleted by land development
until NASA began acquiring land in area, (doi Release 20242—69)

• Behind "computerized smoothness" of Apollo 12 countdown, there was

"smoldering and sometimes explosive struggle" at KSC among scien-
tists, engineers, and Government officials over how to run space pro-
gram, John Noble Wilford said in New York Times. General
uncertainty over future of NASA and of space priorities was fueling
"internal feud" which began to be exposed after July Apollo 11 lunar
landing. Successful Apollo 12 flight could intensify controversy by
raising "stakes" in struggle. Scientists wanted greater emphasis on sci-
entific experiments; scientist-astronauts were disenchanted at slim
prospects of space flights; engineers, especially at MSC, resented scien-
tists' attitude. (NYT, 11/11/69, 1)
November 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCIX from Plesetsk into orbit
with 353-km (219.3-mi) apogee, 191-km (118.1-mi) perigee, 89.9-
min period, and 65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 20. (gsfc
SSR, 11/15/69; 11/30/69; SBD, 11/14/69, 59)

• Oso VI Orbiting Solar Observatory (launched Aug. 9) was adjudged

successful by NASA. All spacecraft systems had operated satisfactorily
and all primary objectives had been met. Spacecraft had been operating
at slightly lower than expected temperatures and elevation motor cur-
rent was higher than on previous flights. As result, elevation servo
jitter was less than 2 arc sees, zero to peak, best achieved on any OSO
flight. (NASA Proj Off)

• Countdown for Apollo 12 lunar landing mission continued at KSC despite

discovery of leak in fuel tank. Officials said launch crews would have
ample time to replace tank and check out replacement without delaying
liftoff Nov. 14. (O'Toole, W Post, 11/13/69, Al)

• Observers on earth would have two opportunities to see Apollo 12 after

launch Nov. 14, NASA announced. During first opportunity, 57 min
after liftoff, oxygen release from Saturn V 3rd stage (S— IVB) would
be visible on east coasts of North and South America and western
Europe and Africa. During second opportunity, about 15 hrs after lift-
off, spacecraft would be visible during translunar coast through tele-
scopes in U.S., Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, and
western Africa, (nasa Release 69-148C)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 12

• Dr. Kurt H. Debus, ksc Director, announced resignation of Albert F.

Siepert, ksc Deputy Director (Management), effective Dec. 1. He
would become Program Associate at Univ. of Michigan's Institute for
Social Research and project manager for large-scale organizational
research study sponsored by General Motors Corp. Siepert had been
executive officer at National Institutes of Health before joining NASA
and had received hew's Distinguished Service Award (1955), Arthur
S. Flemming Award (1950), NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1968),
and NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969). (ksc Release 464-69)

• Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.), Chairman of Subcommittee on Space

Science and Applications of House Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics, addressed National Space Club in Washington, D.C.: "During
the entire spectrum of our second and third decades in space, manned
space flight has not merely been emphasized, but has literally canni-
balized any hope for major scientific planetary, interplanetary, com-
munications, meteorological, oceanographic (in cooperation with
satellites), earth resources satellite programs, etc.! I must conclude . . .
that the only valid justification for early development of the [space]
shuttle is to supply the newborn 50—100 crew manned space stations
and the manned exploration of Mars."

From 1958 to 1969 U.S. had launched approximately 750 spacecraft,
Karth said: usaf, 380; nasa, 241; usn, 91; and joint usaf-usn, 37.
I Text)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced new faa regula-

tion establishing maximum noise level for new subsonic transport air-
craft at 93—108 effective perceived noise decibels — up to 10 epndbs
less than those for noisiest aircraft already in service. Regulation would
be effective Dec. 1, but aircraft like Boeing 747 with high-bypass-ratio
engines for which application for type certificate was made before Jan.
7, 1967, would be granted additional time to comply. ( dot Release
69-124)
November 13: nasa's X— 24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld
R. Gentry (usaf), reached mach 0.65 after air-launch from B— 52 air-
craft at 45,000-ft altitude over South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif. Purpose
of unpowered flight, seventh in series, was to obtain stability and con-
trol data at 30° upper-flap setting and various rudder settings, (nasa
Proj Off)

• President Nixon telephoned Apollo 12 Commander Charles Conrad, Jr.,

to wish crew good luck on eve of launch. (PD, 11/17/69, 1604)

• President Nixon sent to Senate nomination of Dr. George M. Low as

NASA Deputy Administrator. Manager of Apollo spacecraft at msc
since 1964, Dr. Low had served space program since 1949, when he
joined NACA. He was recipient of NASA's Outstanding Leadership and
Distinguished Service Awards and had received Arthur S. Flemming
Award in 1963 as one of the 10 outstanding young men in Government.
{PD, 11/17/69, 1597)

• Apollo 12 prelaunch press conferences were held at KSC and msc. Opera-

tions were proceeding as planned toward launch from ksc at 11:22 am
EST Nov. 14. Astronauts were in good health and weather was expected
to be within minimums for launch. Liquid-hydrogen tank that had
leaked Nov. 12 had been replaced, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen

371

November 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

had been loaded, and conditions were all go. Launch azimuth had been
expanded to 160° to provide 120 min additional time for liftoff and
greater opportunity for launch on Nov. 14. (Transcript)

• In message transmitting to Congress NASA's Twentieth Semiannual Re-

port, President Nixon said: "During this decade, we have successfully
met many challenges and have achieved significant progress in our
ability to utilize space for practical applications, scientific exploration,
and expansion of man's frontiers. We have subsequently landed astro-
nauts upon the Moon, explored its surface, and returned these men to
Earth. This historic event was made possible because of the solid
foundation of a broad range of earlier activities, and through the skill
and dedication of the many contributors to our space program." (PD,
11/17/69, 1603; CR, 11/13/69, S14274)

• U.S. and U.S.S.R. space programs had common problem — what to do

next in space exploration, Associated Press quoted Cosmonaut Kon-
stantin P. Feoktistov as saying in Moscow. Both countries understood
need for new space exploration technology, "and we, as well as the
Americans, are facing the choice of a new direction." (AP, W Post,
11/14/69)

• House Appropriations Committee approved full $95.9 million requested

by President Nixon for continued sst development. (CR, 11/13/69,
D1065; AP, B Sun, 11/14/69)

At 42nd scientific session of American Heart Assn. in Dallas, Tex.,
Dutch scientist Dr. A. C. Arntzenius described application of jet pro-
pulsion principle — for every movement in one direction, there is an
equal opposite movement — in experiments to increase blood pumped
by animal heart without increasing heart action. With research team
from medical faculty of Rotterdam he had strapped piglets and dogs
to "frictionless" table that slid in synchronization with animal heart-
beat. Movement made it unnecessary for ventricle to expend energy to
accelerate blood as it left heart. When blood started toward animal's
head, table was moved in direction of its feet, forcing blood in opposite
direction without adding to demands on heart, (upi, W Star, 11/23/69,
All; Am Heart Assn Pio)

• DOD announced General Dynamics Corp. was awarded $66,850,000 sup-

plement to previously awarded usaf contract for production of F— 111
aircraft, bringing total obligations to $2,608,785,766. (dod Release
982-69)
November 14-24: Apollo 12 (AS— 507), second manned lunar landing mis-
sion, was successfully flown by NASA. Spacecraft's LM-6, Intrepid,
made pinpoint landing Nov. 19 on lunar surface near Surveyor III,
which had landed April 19, 1967. Two astronauts deployed experi-
ments, took photos, and collected samples in two EVA periods on moon
before lifting off to dock with orbiting CSM-108, Yankee Clipper, and
return safely to earth.

November 14—18: Spacecraft carrying Astronauts Charles (Pete)
Conrad, Jr. (commander), Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (cm pilot), and
Alan L. Bean (lm pilot) was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39,
Pad A, by Saturn V booster at 11:22 am EST Nov. 14. Launch was
watched by 3,000 invited guests, including President and Mrs. Nixon.
Weather conditions at launch were minimal: peak ground winds of 14
knots, light rain showers, broken clouds at 800 ft, and overcast at

372

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

November 14—24

November 14: President Nixon and his daughter Tricia (foreground) watched prepa-
rations for the launch of Apollo 12 from ksc, while Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Admin-
istrator, shielded Mrs. Nixon from rain. Seconds into flight an electrical discharge
shut down the spacecraft fuel cells, but the astronauts corrected the condition.

10,000 ft with tops at 21,000 ft. During ascent observers on ground
saw two parallel streaks of lightning flash between clouds and launch
pad. NASA reported electrical transients, later attributed to electrical
potential discharges from clouds through spacecraft to ground, had
suddenly shut off spacecraft's electrical power at 00:36 GET and turned
on numerous alarms in CM. Spacecraft automatically switched to
backup battery power while crew restored primary power system.

Commander Conrad radioed, "We had everything in the world drop
out." Control Center commented, "We've had a couple of cardiac ar-
rests down here, too." "There wasn't time up here," Conrad answered.

Power system remained normal throughout rest of mission. Space-
craft entered planned parking orbit with 118-mi (189.9-km) apogee
and 115.0-mi ( 185.0-km) perigee.

After postlaunch checkout csm separated from Saturn V 3rd stage
(S— IVB) and lm, code-named Intrepid. Onboard TV initiated after
separation clearly showed CSM transposing and docking with LM at
3:27 GET and ice on windows from rain frozen during liftoff. Crew
ejected CSm/lm from S-IVB and conducted first SPS burn for trans-
lunar insertion. Slingshot maneuver placed S-IVB into earth orbit with

373

November 14-24

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1969

515,549.4- to 560,429.9-mi (829,519.0- to 901,731.7-km) apogee and
93,213.2- to 109,324.1-mi (149,980.0- to 175,902.5-km) perigee and
period of 39 to 45 days, instead of heliocentric orbit planned, because
of error in instrument unit. To ensure that electrical transients during
launch had not affected LM systems, Conrad and Bean entered LM at
7:20 GET for housekeeping and systems checks. All checks indicated
systems were satisfactory. Translunar insertion maneuver was so accu-
rate that midcourse maneuver No. 1 was not necessary. Midcourse
correction No. 2, at 30:53 GET, placed spacecraft on desired hybrid
circumlunar trajectory with closest approach of 69.1 mi; third and
fourth maneuvers were not necessary. Good-quality TV coverage of
preparations for and performance of midcourse maneuver was trans-
mitted for 47 min.

Conrad and Bean began transfer to LM during translunar coast V2
hr earlier than planned to obtain full TV coverage through Goldstone
tracking station. The 56-min transmission, beginning at 62:52 GET,
showed excellent color pictures of csm, intravehicular transfer, LM in-
terior, earth, and moon. Gordon reported crew was in good condition.
TV broadcast scheduled for 81:30 GET before lunar orbit insertion was
canceled because of sun angle and glare on spacecraft windows.

374

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

November 14-24

November 18-21: Apollo 12 csm and lm separated in lunar orbit and the lm Intrepid
made a pinpoint landing on the moon Nov. 19, 600 feet away from Surveyor III, which
had landed April 19, 1967. Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., and Alan L. Bean deployed
experiments, took photos, and collected samples in two eva periods. At left Conrad,
photographed by Bean, examined Surveyor III in the Ocean of Storms, tvith Intrepid
on the horizon. Above, a crewman used hand tools from a tool carrier.

Spacecraft entered lunar orbit with 194.3-mi (.312.6-km) apolune
and 72.0-mi (115.9-km) perilune at 83:25 get (10:47 pm est Nov.
17) after first SPS burn. During first lunar orbit good quality TV
coverage of lunar surface was transmitted for 33 min. Crew provided
excellent descriptions of lunar features. Second SPS burn circularized
orbit with 76.1-mi (122.5-km) apolune and 62.5-mi (100.6-km)
perilune at 87:47 GET. Conrad and Bean transferred to LM for P/o-hr
housekeeping, voice and telemetry test, and oxygen-purge-system check
and then returned to CM.

November 18—21: Conrad and Bean reentered LM and checked out
all systems before firing reaction-control-system thrusters at 107:54
GET to separate csm and lm. Descent-propulsion-system engine pro-
pelled LM to position 4.6—5.8 mi north of expected ground track and
error was corrected during powered descent maneuver. LM guidance
computer was updated during powered descent to compensate for indi-
cations that trajectory was 4,200 ft short of target point. At entry into
approach phase trajectory was close to nominal. Crew took over manual
control at 370 ft, passed over right side of target crater, and flew to
left for landing on moon's Ocean of Storms about 600 ft from Surveyor
III spacecraft at 111:32 get (1:55 am EST Nov. 19). Landing coordi-
nates were approximately 3.036° S and 23.418° W. Conrad reported
extensive dust obscuring view during final descent. After landing he
reported sighting cms orbiting overhead. Gordon, orbiting moon in

375

November 14-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

CM Yankee Clipper, reported sighting Surveyor III and Intrepid on
moon.

Conrad opened LM hatch at 115:11 GET, descended LM ladder, and
deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly (mesa) containing
camera which recorded his descent to lunar surface. Conrad reported
seeing Surveyor III spacecraft and said LM had landed 25 ft down-
range from lip of crater. Conrad, inches shorter than Neil A. Arm-
strong, who had stepped onto moon July 21, had difficulty taking last
step from ladder. When he touched lunar surface at 115.22 GET (6:44
am est Nov. 19) Conrad said, "Whoopee! Man, that may have been
a small step for Neil, but that's a long one for me." He said lunar sur-
face was soft and loosely packed, causing his boots to dig in as he
walked, and sun was bright like a spotlight. LM had landed so gently
its shock-absorbing legs were barely telescoped by gentle impact.

Conrad recorded Bean's descent to lunar surface at 115:52 get
(7:14 am est Nov. 19). Shortly after color TV camera was removed
from mesa bracket, transmission was lost and was not regained for
remainder of EVA. Crew collected 40- to 50-lb contingency sample and
reported mounds resembling volcanoes. Mounds were 4 ft high with
flattened tops 5 ft wide and sides sloping out to 15- to 20-ft dia. Con-
rad said he saw neither breccia nor vesicular rocks, only basalts.
Lithium hydroxide canisters and contingency sample were transferred
to LM ; S-band antenna, solar wind composition experiment, and Amer-
ican flag were deployed as planned, alsep with SNAP— 27 atomic gen-
erator was deployed 600—700 ft from LM. Shortly after deployment
passive seismometer transmitted to earth signals from astronauts' foot-
steps as they returned to LM. During deployment astronauts kicked up
dust and some adhered to instruments. Overall effect would be deter-
mined through long-term measurements of system's engineering pa-
rameters. Conrad and Bean dusted each other off and entered Intrepid
after 3 hrs 56 min walking on lunar surface.

After resting inside LM and checking plans for second EVA period,
astronauts left lm at 131:33 get (10:55 pm est Nov. 19), 1 hr 40
min ahead of schedule. Astronauts stored LM TV camera in equipment
transfer bag for return to earth for failure analysis. Conrad walked to
ALSEP site to check leveling of lunar atmosphere detector. Astronaut
movement on surface was recorded on passive seismometer and lunar
surface magnetometer. EVA traverse took crew to alsep deployment
site, Head Crater, Bench Crater, Sharp Crater, Halo Crater, Surveyor
III site, Block Crater, and back to lm. Astronauts walked 1,500-2,000
ft from LM, covering about 6,000-ft distance, their confidence and
speed increasing with experience. After walk Conrad reported he had
fallen once but Bean had picked him up without difficulty. Conrad
rolled grapefruit-sized rock down wall of Head Crater about 300—400
ft from passive seismometer, but no significant response was detected.

Crew obtained desired photographic panoramas, core samples, trench
sample, lunar environment sample, and assorted rock, dirt, bedrock,
and molten samples. They reported fine dust buildup on all sides of
larger rocks and said soil color lightened as depth increased. Crew re-
ported Surveyor footpad marks were still visible and entire spacecraft
looked brown, as if something had rained on it. Glass parts were not

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 14-24

broken. Crew retrieved parts of Surveyor 111, including TV camera
and soil scoop. They then retrieved solar wind composition experiment
and stowed it in equipment bag, took stereo pictures near LM, and
transferred all collected samples, parts, and equipment to LM. They
dusted off, reentered LM, and jettisoned equipment according to plan,
closing hatch by 134:82 get (2:44 am est Nov. 20), after 3 hrs 49
min walking on lunar surface in second eva period.

While LM was on moon Gordon, orbiting moon in CSM, completed
lunar multispectral photography experiment and photographed Wall
of Theophilus and future landing sites, Fra Mauro and Descartes. Film
would be analyzed to aid scientists in planning for future sample col-
lection and in extrapolating known compositions from returned samples
to parts of moon that would not be visited.

At 142:04 get (9:26 am est Nov. 20) lm successfully lifted off
moon after 31 hrs 31 min on lunar surface, leaving LM descent stage.
Astronauts brought back 95 lbs of lunar surface samples, parts of Sur-
veyor III, films, and miniature flags of 136 nations, 50 U.S. states, and
4 U.S. possessions. A 1.2-sec overburn of LM ascent propulsion system
caused by incorrect manual switching sequence prevented automatic
shutdown of engine and resulted in insertion velocity 32 fps greater
than planned, placing LM in orbit with 71.4-mi (114.9-km) apolune
and 10.6-mi (17.1-km) perilune. Crew quickly recognized discrep-
ancy, manually shut down engine, and used RSC trim maneuver to
enter planned orbit with 53.3-mi (85.8-km) apolune and 10.1-mi
(16.3-km) perilune.

Rendezvous maneuvers occurred as planned and LM docked with
csm at 145:36 get (12:58 pm est Nov. 20). TV was transmitted from
CSM for last 24 min of rendezvous sequence. Crew transferred with
samples, equipment, and film to CSM; LM ascent stage was jettisoned
and intentionally crashed onto lunar surface at 5:17 pm EST Nov. 20
about 44.9 mi (72.2 km) southeast of Surveyor 111. Crash was detected
by seismometer left on moon and produced reverberations lasting for
more than 30 min. Crew made CSM plane-change maneuver at 159:05
GET and took high-resolution and stereo-strip photos and tracked land-
marks, to conclude planned photography of Fra Mauro, Descartes, and
Lalande.

November 21-24: Crew fired sps engine at 172:27 get (3:49 pm
EST Nov. 21), injecting CSM into transearth trajectory after 89 hrs
2 min (44 revolutions) in lunar orbit. Midcourse correction No. 5, at
188:28 GET, was so accurate that sixth correction was not necessary.
TV transmission of receding moon and spacecraft interior was trans-
mitted for 38 min, beginning at 192:27 GET. Good-quality transmission
of question-and-answer period with scientists and press was conducted
for 37 min, beginning at 224:07 GET. Final midcourse correction —
No. 7 at 241:24 get — resulted in predicted entry velocity of 36,116 fps
and flight path angle of — 6.47°. CM Yankee Clipper separated from
SM at 244:07 get. Parachute deployment and other reentry events oc-
curred as planned. Yankee Clipper splashed down in mid-Pacific at
244:36 get (3:58 pm est Nov. 24), 4.03 mi from recovery ship U.S.S.
Hornet. Astronauts, wearing flight suits and masks, were carried by
helicopter from CM to recovery ship, where they entered mobile quar-

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November 14-24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

antine facility (mqf) with recovery physician and technician. Crew,
physician, and technician remained inside mqf until it was delivered to
Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston.

CM was retrieved and mated to MQF transfer tunnel on board re-
covery ship. From inside mqf/cm containment envelope, mqf engineer
removed lunar samples and equipment through decontamination lock
and cm was sealed until delivery to lrl. Sample return containers,
film, and other data were flown to Pago Pago and to Houston for
transport to LRL.

Primary Apollo 12 mission objectives — to perform selenological in-
spection, survey, and sampling of mare area, deploy and activate
ALSEP, develop techniques for point landing capability, develop man's
capability to work in lunar environment, and obtain photos of candi-
date exploration sites — were achieved. All launch vehicle and spacecraft
systems performed according to plan, with only minor and corrected
discrepancies. Flight crew performance was outstanding. All three
crew members remained in excellent health and good spirits. Accom-
plishments included first use of hybrid trajectory, largest U.S. payload
placed into lunar orbit (72,335 lbs after lunar orbit insertion), first
demonstration of point landing capability, first use of two EVA periods,
first recharge of portable life-support system, first double-core-tube
sample, first return of samples from vehicle previously landed on moon,
longest distance traversed on lunar surface, first multispectral photog-
raphy from lunar orbit, and longest lunar mission to date.

Apollo 12 was ninth Apollo mission to date, sixth manned Apollo
mission, and second manned lunar landing mission. Apollo 11 (July
16—24, 1969) had proved capability to perform manned landing on
moon and return and to retrieve lunar samples for study on earth.
Apollo program was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight;
MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for
Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and
data acquisition was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA
Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; Mission
Commentary; nasa Release 69-148; FonF; NYT, 11/15-26/69; W
Post, 11/15-26/69; W Star, 11/15-26/69; B Sun, 11/15-26/69)
November 14: President Nixon became first President to witness space
launch while in office when he, Mrs. Nixon, and daughter Tricia viewed
Apollo 12 launch at KSC President called liftoff "spectacular." Later
he addressed NASA personnel in Launch Control: "... I know there has
been a lot of discussion as to what the future of the space program is.
... I do think you can be assured that in Dr. Paine and his colleagues
you have men who are dedicated to this program, who are making the
case for it ... as against other national priorities and making it very
effectively. I leaned in the direction of the program before. After hear-
ing what they have had to say with regard to our future plans, I must
say that I lean even more in that direction. ... I realize that in those
within the program . . . there are different attitudes as to what the
emphasis should be, whether we should emphasize more exploration or
more in taking the knowledge we have already acquired and making
practical applications of it. . . . We want to have a balanced program,
but most important, we are going forward. America ... is first in
space." (Carroll, B Sun, 11/15/69, Al; PD, 11/17/69, 1601-2)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Novenih. ■■ 1 1

• Tass carried Apollo 12 report shortly before launch. Report described

mission objectives and ended: "We wish a successful flight and a safe
return to the courageous team of the American spaceship Apollo 12."
(Reuters, W Post, 11/15/69, A6)

• While there was some "feeling of dejavu" at Cocoa Beach, near Apollo

12 launch site, some residents, especially local business men, believed
interest in Apollo 12 was "just as keen as in any other launching,"
New York Times said. Manager Hal Saunders of Cape Kennedy Hilton
Hotel had said, while pace seemed calmer and more organized, people
were no less excited than before. He felt there were more tourists at
Cape Kennedy this week than in July bcause "fewer were scared by
press reports . . . that all facilities would be jammed." Many were see-
ing launch for first time "and it is still a thoroughly thrilling experi-
ence." (Blakeslee, NYT, 11/14/69, 33)

• Liverworts grown in lunar soil at LRL had reached three-inch height and

were "green and happy," Washington Post said, while controls, grown
in earth soil, were "puny — not even an inch high — and pale." Differ-
ence in plants, commonly found on rocks and in forests and among
first to grow in volcanic areas, had been considered small when first
noted in August. However, LRL Chief of Preventive Medicine, Dr.
William Kemmerer, now called difference "one of the really unexpected
results of the lunar mission." Plant tests had been conducted to see if
lunar material caused harm to earth plants. Control plants had been
grown in desert soil. Tobacco cells and soy bean cells in culture with
lunar soil had done better than controls in earth soil; ferns were grow-
ing "more spectacularly" than some grown in earth soil. Man's knowl-
edge of trace mineral requirements in plants and animals was "very,
very limited," Dr. Kemmerer had said. "I don't think we'll find some-
thing going on in lunar nutrition that we don't find on the earth. I do
think important questions have been raised." (Cohn, W Post,
11/14/69)

• Control of Azur, West German research satellite launched by NASA Nov.

7, was phased over to German control center. Turn-on and checkout of
all subsystems and instruments had been completed within six days
after launch. All housekeeping and scientific data values were well
within expected ranges, but spurious commands had been occurring
intermittently; program of protective commands had been developed
to keep spacecraft in proper mode of operation. (NASA Proj Off)

• NASA and DOD announced signing of agreement between NASA and U.S.

Army Materiel Command to expand national capability in low-speed
aviation technology through joint use of NASA test chambers, wind
tunnels, and other facilities. Agreement expanded effort at arc and
established similar arrangement at LaRC and LeRC. (nasa Release
69-150)

• LeRC announced award of $2.5-million letter contract to United Aircraft

Corp.'s Pratt & Whitney Div. to build and test 18 RL-10 A3-3 rocket
engines. Engine, developed in 1958 and first liquid-hydrogen and
liquid-oxygen engine to be flown in space, would be used on Centaur
high-energy upper-stage rockets in early 1970s. (LeRC Release 69-68)

• U.S. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts, in joint space efforts, could suc-

ceed in improving U.S. -Soviet relations where "tired old politicians"
had failed, Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz. ) said during visit to

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November 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

MSC. "Maybe this would be a way to break through to the rulers of
Russia. When you get professional people together — scientists, aviators
. . . you find you have many common problems." Sen. Goldwater said
he hoped Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman would not seek Senate
seat in 1970 but would wait awhile "and take mine." (upi, NYT,
11/16/69, 79)

• USAF announced decision not to fund C— 5A procurement beyond FY

1970 program of 23 aircraft. Budget constraints had reduced program
requirements from 120 to 81 aircraft, (dod Release 998—69)

• National Aeronautic Assn. conferred title "Elder Statesman of Aviation"

on Adm. Joseph J. Clark (usn, Ret.), Katherine Stinson Oteroo, and
William A. Patterson, retired President of United Air Lines. (W Star,
11/15/69, A3)
November 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCX into orbit with 332-km
(206.3-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period,
and 64.9° inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 23. (gsfc SSR,
11/15/69; 11/30/69)

• Washington Post editorial on Apollo 12 launch: "Through the peculi-

arities of our time, we are all about to become participants, albeit
vicariously, in the kind of research and exploration that has been
carried out previously by lonely scientists almost in isolation. Radio
and television make it possible for us to watch and to hear two ex-
plorers as they go about the somewhat mundane business of making
and recording observations, picking up rocks, and setting up equip-
ment. As these flights roll on through the next few years, we will
watch the slow process of exploration proceed. In a way, it will be like
being there when Darwin traveled around the world and made the ob-
servations that resulted in his theory of evolution or when Lewis and
Clark explored the Northwest. Not too much should be expected from
any one trip or any one set of experiments. It is the totality of knowl-
edge, not its fragments, that counts." [W Post, 11/15/69, A20)

• Americans had generated only "scant enthusiasm" for Apollo 12 launch,

New York Times said. In contrast to Apollo 11, July 16, "television
sets in bars and business offices drew only small, languid crowds. . . ."
Collective sense of anticlimax was "perhaps predictable considering
the intense national emotion spent on the first moon landing four
months ago." Contributing to indifference might have been "the mount-
ing preoccupation with the war in Vietnam, the peace rallies, the con-
troversy surrounding Vice President Agnew and earthly social
problems." However, "there were no reports of the kind of demonstra-
tions that protested the Apollo 11 flight." Marchers in antiwar protests
had appeared "to show little interest" in Apollo 12. (Reinhold, NYT,
11/15/69)

• faa announced proposal to extend hourly flight quotas in effect at five

high-density airports serving New York, Chicago, and Washington,
D.C., for 9—12 mos beyond Dec. 31 expiration date. Experience with
quota system since June 1 inception indicated it had relieved conges-
tion and reduced delays, (faa Release 69—125)
November 16: During "Meet the Press" interview shown on NBC TV Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, said he thought Apollo 11
spacecraft would have crashed if Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong had
not piloted it on final lunar approach. Quick reactions by Apollo 12

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 16

crew had helped save mission from power failure on its launch. "I
think that the [Apollo 12] launch would have been a success. But we
felt a good deal better with the astronauts there." Dr. Paine thought
U.S.S.R. would attempt moon trips "in the next few years." ( W Post,
11/17/69, A3)

• First public display of 21.1-gm Apollo 11 moon rock at American

Museum of Natural History in New York attracted largest crowd in
museum's history — 42,195 persons. Display would run for 2V2 mos
as highlight of museum's centennial celebration. (NYT, 11/16/69, 66;
AP, W Star, 11/17/69, Al)

• Merger of U.S. and U.S.S.R. satellite systems into worldwide comsat

link for all nations was proposed in report of Sept. 21—25 international
conference at Talloires, France, released by sponsors Carnegie Endow-
ment for International Peace and Twentieth Century Fund. In Com-
municating by Satellite: An International Discussion, task force ap-
pointed to consider new rules and regulations for international satellite
communications said: "Obstacles undoubtedly exist to achieving the
goal of an integrated, global system, but technical compatibility
between the two major satellite communications systems — Intelsat and
Intersputnik I through the Soviet Orbita) — is not difficult to obtain.
Their orbital systems are complementary; their frequency plans can
be coordinated; a single ground station can operate in either system,
and their transmitting and receiving equipment can be adapted for
operation in both systems."

All nations should have access to global, integrated comsat system
with "willingness and ability to accept certain technical and adminis-
trative requirements" only relevant consideration. No political condi-
tions should be applied to membership. Voting rules should "take
account of the special contributions" of countries like U.S. and U.S.S.R.
"while recognizing the interests of virtually all nations in the basic
rules of operation of the system." No nation should be allowed to
broadcast sound and TV into territory of other nations without their
consent. (Text; AP, W Star, 11/17/69, A12)

• Space race was underway in summer of 1945, as U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R.

searched for key men who had effected Germany's "staggering lead in
rocketry," David Owen of London Daily Telegraph said in Washington
Post. Article traced escape of Wernher von Braun and Peenemunde
rocket scientists from defeated German Gen. Hans Kammler who had
ordered them shot rather than have them captured by Allies; hiding
of rocket drawings and records in remote Harz Mountain cave; volun-
tary surrender of scientists to U.S.; and withdrawal of scientists, docu-
ments, and rockets by U.S. before U.K. and U.S.S.R. could capture any
but small part of German rocketry effort. \W Post, 11/16/69, B3)
November 17: NASA's HL— 10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot
William H. Dana, reached 66,000-ft altitude and mach 1.6 in powered
flight after air-launch from B-52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of
Rosamond, Calif. Objectives of flight, 29th in series, were to obtain
stability and control data and airspeed calibration. (NASA Proj Off)

• Senate and House conferees on H.R. 12307, FY 1970 Independent

Offices and hud appropriations bill, agreed to $3.006-billion nasa R&d
appropriation instead of $3 billion proposed by House and S3. 019
billion proposed by Senate. Appropriation for construction of facilities

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November 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

was $53.2 million as proposed by House rather than $58.2 million as
proposed by Senate, and research and program management appropria-
tion was accepted at Senate's $637.4 million rather than $643.7 million
proposed by House. Conferees also agreed on $440-million FY 1970
appropriation for nsf. (Conference Rpt 91-649; CR, 11/17/69,
D1078)

• Space program could provide tools and knowledge to help eliminate air

pollution, NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders, former Apollo
8 astronaut, said in speech before Governors' Conference on Cali-
fornia's Changing Environment in Los Angeles. With remote sensors
in aircraft "pilot can quickly and accurately map pollution levels over
a wide area and range of altitudes." Pollution map of entire U.S. could
be generated each day. "Thus, aircraft and satellites with these remote
sensors offer the unique advantage of being able to view large areas
through new eyeballs very quickly and selectively. Further, by com-
puter, the data can be reduced to formats that can be quickly and
easily understood." Aircraft and satellite surveys would provide "data
which supplement surface techniques and which, in some cases, can't
be gathered in any other way." Rather than fantastically expensive,
satellite measurements could "be competitive with surface systems."
(Text)

• Soviet space program had been severely set back by "catastrophic explo-

sion of 10-million-lb-thrust prototype booster during preparatory
launch operations at Tyuratam last summer," Aviation Week & Space
Technology reported. U.S.S.R.'s manned orbiting platform (mop) pro-
gram, "already at least a year behind schedule and proceeding slowly,
has been further retarded because of the . . . failure. Last month's
triple Soyuz launch has emerged as a prime example of rescheduling
necessitated by the booster's absence and by the aftermath of short-
term and conflicting political decisions. . . .

"Failure of the booster prototype was only one event in a largely
chaotic year for the Soviet space program. During 1969 the Russians:
shifted much of their large booster inventory to military purposes in
connection with the Chinese border crisis"; postponed scheduled late
spring launch of Soyuz VI "because all remaining non-military facili-
ties were in turn preempted by a highly compressed lunar effort"; and
hastily launched Luna XV "in an effort to prove, in event of an
Apollo failure, that at least a one-way soft landing from lunar orbit
could be performed unmanned and, alternately, that failure would not
result in loss of human life." (Av Wk, 11/17/69, 26-7)

• SST economics were discussed by faa Administrator John H. Shaffer

before Long Island Assn. of Commerce and Industry in Manhasset,
N.Y. Study of simulated SST operation in 1980s, with comparison of
SST and subsonic jets based on total operating cost rather than direct
operating cost and using 1969 values, had shown "SST beats the 707
substantially and comes much nearer to equaling the impressively low
747 costs." Elements of ground support and overhead costs gained
advantage of sst's greater productivity in seat-miles per hour. "The
2707-300 [sst] is two thirds as big as the 747 and it flies three times
as fast, so it will do twice as much as the 747 (and 41/2 times the 707
or DC-8) in the same time period." By 1978, SST introduction date,
aircraft's total operating cost "comes within one-tenth of a cent per

382

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 17

seat-mile of matching the 440-seat economy version of the 747." (Text)

• Univ. of California at Berkeley astronomer Dr. David Cudaback reported

that observations indicated dust clouds in sky might contain great
quantity of diamond grains, each few thousandths of inch in diameter.
(AP, W Star, 11/18/69, A10)
November 18: President Nixon signed H.R. 11271 (P.L. 91-119), $3,715-
billion nasa FY 1970 Authorization Act. It provided for R&D: Apollo,
SI. 691 billion; space flight operations, $225.6 million; advanced mis-
sions, $2.5 million; physics and astronomy, $117.6 million; lunar and
planetary exploration, $138.8 million; and bioscience, $20:4 million.

Space applications R&D authorization was $128.4 million. Also
authorized were $112.6 million for launch vehicle procurement, $9
million for sustaining university program, $27.5 for space vehicle
systems, $33.5 for electronic systems, and $22.1 million for human
factor systems.

Act allocated $20.2 million for basic research, $36.9 million for
space power and electric propulsion systems, $50 million for nuclear
rocket, $22.8 million for chemical propulsion systems, $278 million
for tracking and data acquisition, and $5 million for technology
utilization.

For construction of facilities, law authorized $8 million for ERC,
$670,000 for gsfc, $12.5 million for ksc, $4.7 million for LaRC, $1.7
million for msc, and $500,000 for Wallops Station. Act authorized
$637.4 million for research and program management. (PD, 11/24/69,
1643; PL 91-119)

• Senate and House adopted conference report on H.R. 12307, Independent

Offices and hud appropriations bill including FY 1970 NASA funding of
$3,697 billion and $440 million for nsf. Bill was forwarded to Presi-
dent Nixon for signature. (CR, 11/18/69, S14574-9, H10981-7)

• House by vote of 362 to 25, passed and sent to Senate H.R. 14794, dot

FY appropriations bill containing $96 million for SST development
program. (CR, 11/18/69, H10990-1034)

• President Nixon approved S. 1857, $480-million National Science

Foundation Authorization Act, 1970 (P.L. 91-121). (PD, 11/24/69,
1643)

• Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors,

S.J.R. 285, authorizing Senate Foreign Relations Committee to under-
take comprehensive study of all possibilities for international coopera-
tion in space exploration. (CR, 11/18/69, S14593-4)

• President Nixon announced membership of Task Force on Air Pollution,

with Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Chairman of California Air Pollution
Board, as chairman. It would evaluate effectiveness of efforts to curtail
air pollution and recommend further actions. (PD, 11/24/69, 1624)

• New York Times editorial asked: "Why should lunar research be limited

to what this country can afford? Even if the Soviet Union is unwilling
to cooperate, there are very substantial human and material resources
in Western Europe, Japan and other areas that could be mobilized for
the task of lunar exploration and settlement that lies ahead. President
Nixon could demonstrate high statesmanship by offering to turn the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration into the International
Aeronautics and Space Administration if others will join to help
carry the burdens of the effort and provide additional talents for the

383

November 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

job. And if NASA became iasa, even Moscow— after its recent space
disappointments — might see advantages in joining the common effort
to make the moon a lever for uniting mankind." {NYT, 11/18/69)
• aec released report of investigation into May 11 fire at AEC plutonium-
handling facility at Rocky Flats, Colo. Estimated damage to buildings
and equipment was $45 million excluding cost of plutonium recovery.
Fire had originated in plutonium storage cabinet; cause was unknown.
(aec Release M-257)
November 18—19: LeRC's work in development of longer lasting, high-
temperature-enduring, corrosion-resistant materials was described at
conference on Research in Aerospace Materials at Center. Conference
was attended by 400 scientists and engineers from universities, indus-
try, and Government. New alloying concept had yielded "WAZ— 20,"
alloy of nickel, tungsten, aluminum, zirconium, and carbon with melt-
ing point 150° higher than conventional cast-nickel-base alloys and
higher strength at 2,200°F, for possible use in lst-stage turbine stator
vanes. Also reported were use of prealloyed powders to improve prop-
erties of nickel-base alloys; dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys
and solid-state welding of these materials; developments in chromium,
molybdenum, and tungsten alloys and fiber composites; and experi-
mental techniques developed to predict properties of materials after
10—20 yrs of use from tests lasting less than year. (LeRC Release
69-70; LeRC Pio)
November 19: In international reaction to Apollo 12 moon walk Moscow
Radio announced landing eight minutes after touchdown, followed with
brief progress bulletins, and broadcast seven-minute film on event
seven hours after LM landed on moon. Foreigners in Moscow said BBC
broadcast was jammed by two stronger stations just before lunar
touchdown.

Pope Paul VI at Vatican watched astronauts on TV, then knelt for
short prayer. He sent message to President Nixon: "Many, many
congratulations to you and the American nation on yet another mag-
nificent step for the human race."

Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K.'s Jodrell Bank Experimental
Station, saluted "precision and accuracy" of Apollo 12 lunar landing.
He said, "Until the Russians achieve a rocket with the thrust of the
order of Saturn 5, or greater, it is unlikely they will be able to stage
any manned flight comparable with Apollo." London's morning news-
papers put Apollo 12 story well down on front pages in contrast to
Apollo 11 banner headlines.

In Helsinki, Finland, Soviet diplomats attending strategic arms
limitation talks toasted Apollo 12 crew.

Tokyo TV dealers expressed unhappiness because repeat of run on
color sets after Apollo 11 landing failed to materialize.

West German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel said Apollo 12 was an
invitation to Europe to organize its own space potential.

Egyptian newspapers gave Apollo 12 second billing to continuing
conflict with Israel. In Poland millions watched lunar landing by direct
TV transmission. In Sweden TV reception was poor and viewer inter-
est lagged.

Former Argentine President Arturo U. Illia, in Buenos Aires, called
lunar landing "a victory for democracy."

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 19

Australians watched landing 10 sees before U.S. because of time
lag. In France many viewers were unable to watch landing because of
electric utility strikes. Moon walk was one of few programs shown on
Italian TV during day of general strike.

Shah of Iran sent congratulations to President Nixon and Apollo 12
crew for "untiring endeavor." Landing was shown live on Iranian TV.

West Germany's Wickert Public Opinion Institute estimated 82% of
German adults watched TV shots of lunar landing, 92^ watched
Apollo 11. It concluded Apollo 12 lacked suspense that attended first
moon shot. ( AP, B Sun, 11/20/69, Al; Robinson, NYT, 11/20/69,
30; W Post, 11/20/69, A16; Spencer, W Star, 11/21/69, A6)

• Reaction to Apollo 12 lunar landing was "almost a ho-hum," Associated

Press reported. "It seemed to indicate they are now taking moon
voyages for granted."

At White House, President and Mrs. Nixon arose before dawn to
watch moon walk on TV. President had commented it was "first time
anybody has sung from the moon," as Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr.,
hummed while conducting lunar tasks.

In Philadelphia's Franklin Institute, where thousands had gathered
in July to watch Apollo 11 lunar landing, only 45 persons showed up
to watch Apollo 12.

Of 12 New Yorkers interviewed by New York Times, only Bernard
Granite of the Bronx had watched lunar landing. He said, "The first
one was more exciting. This one was anticlimactic, but I still think
they are justified in spending the money."

Portland, Ore., secretary Jeanne Paulson said, "I'm at the point
where I think the money should go to the poverty program. There
are too many starving people in the slum ghettos."

Des Moines, Iowa, secretary Eileen Brown said, "The biggest con-
cern seemed to be that they couldn't make the TV work rather than
whether they could perform their assignments. What do we think they
are up there for, anyway, to put a show on for us?"

Police in Los Angeles, Calif., attributed sharp drop in reported crime
to Apollo 12 moon landing and walk.

In Washington, D.C., McKinley High School teacher said, "This
doesn't concern us at all. There are far more important things going
on here." Question for his pupils was "whether we will survive to
the year 2000." (AP, B Sun, 11/20/69, Al; Robinson, NYT, 11/20/69,
31; W Post, 11/20/69, A16; Spencer, W Star, 11/21/69, A6)

• NASA Launch Vehicle Review Board recommended resumption of launch

operations for spacecraft using Delta booster. In interim report board
said recommendation was based on findings of Failure Review Board
which had investigated failures of Delta 71 (July 25) and Delta 73
(Aug. 27). Delta 71, carrying Intelsat-Ill F—5, had failed because of
motor case rupture or nozzle failure; Delta 73, carrying Pioneer E,
had failed because of vibrating relief valve which caused hydraulic oil
leak. Failure Review Board suggested additional internal insulation,
pressure tests, equipment x-rays, installation of specially tested and
selected valves, and new acceptance tests of hydraulic system. Next
mission scheduled with Delta was U.K.'s Skynet comsat Nov. 21.
(nasa Release 69-152)

• NASA announced selection of Aerojet-General Corp. to receive $5-million,

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November 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

cost-plus-award-fee contract for development of advanced optical com-
munications experiment — first laser communications system to be used
on satellite. Lasers provided extremely wideband communications func-
tion and would be able to transmit hundreds of TV channels around
the world, greatly increasing microwave capability. Experiment would
be placed on board ats— f, scheduled for launch in 1972, and could be
expanded to include spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications between
ats-f and ats-g, to be launched in 1974. (NASA Release 69-153)

• Delegation of 10 Soviet scientists visited Brookhaven National Labora-

tory at Upton, N.Y. During luncheon they peered through microscope
at 12-gm piece of lunar matter brought back by Apollo 11 for study at
laboratory's nuclear research facilities. Scientists were on two-week
tour arranged through memorandum of cooperation on peaceful uses
of atomic energy. Group of U.S. scientists would pay reciprocal visit
to U.S.S.R. early in 1970. (Kaufman, NYT, 11/20/69, 45)

• dod announced Martin Marietta Corp. would receive $2,313,740 supple-

mental agreement to previously awarded usaf contract for design,
development, fabrication, and delivery of Titan III booster. Contract
would be managed by Space and Missile Systems Organization, (dod
Release 1003-69)
November 20: U.S. newspaper editorials commented on Apollo 12 landing
on moon:

Washington Post: "The sheer joy of these two astronauts . . . shines
out over everything else. They are obviously moon-struck. Conrad
sounded like the most eager and happiest young geology student in the
universe as he hummed and laughed his way from rock to rock, grab-
bing one after the other and complaining that he couldn't get enough.
And who would have thought that one of these highly skilled men
would resort, as Bean did, to bonking the television camera with a
hammer in an effort to make it work? Unfortunately, the failure of
the camera did deprive us of seeing this frolic. . . . There was much
to be learned from it about the moon and about the men who combine
such cool technical competence with such zest for a serious and
dangerous job." (W Post, 11/20/69)

Detroit News: "To travel 230,000 miles and hit the target on the
button is almost unbelievable except that NASA, its crews and its' ma-
chines are making believers of us all. But there's a lesson to be taken
to heart in the camera's freak failure. Conrad and Bean tried to remedy
the defect. . . . But they had to drop that to get on with more
essential scientific exploratory experiments. Conrad's oxygen limit was
four hours. He hadn't time to spare. . . . that should be warning to
those euphoric advocates of setting a target date for a trip to Mars.
An astronaut limited to four hours work on the moon is a reminder
of the vast project ahead in confounding the elements in this untapped
lunar mystery. Prophecies of colonizing the moon should be set against
that four-hour limit, even though we no doubt will improve on it."
(D News, 11/20/69)

Atlanta Constitution: "This second landing, more than 900 miles
from where the pioneers of Apollo 11 put down last July, notably ex-
tends our knowledge. New landing techniques, a longer lunar stay,
nuclear-powered experiments — they all serve to push back a fantastic

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 20

frontier which only a few short years ago was regarded as a most
implausible province of man." {Atlanta Constitution, 11/20/69)

Houstin Chronicle: "Our admiration for the coolness and the skill of
astronauts Conrad, Bean and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. — the latter still
in lonely orbit around the Moon — is boundless. The astronauts con-
tinue to perform, one mission after the other, in story-book perfection.
We marvel, too, at the ability of the technicians on the ground to
quickly respond to unexpected eventualities, like the electrical difficulty
just after the launch, and to enable the mission to proceed unimpaired.
These achievements inspire all men. They lift our sights for the future."
(H Chron, 11/20/69, 2 Sec, 5)

Birmingham News: "The flight has been so predictably on schedule
that its very success is certain to help push moon travel back into the
ho-hum recesses of blase mankind's mind, as each success in the
Mercury and Gemini and early Apollo series made earth orbital space-
flight seem routine." (B News, 11/20/69)

• Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman received gold medal for "distin-

guished service to humanity" from National Institute of Social Sciences
in New York. Institute President Frank Pace, Jr., said, "The great
scientific adventure in which you extend the reach of man cannot equal
for us the moments in which you expanded the human spirit." Borman
replied, "The awesome power of today's technology undoubtedly ter-
rifies many social scientists. But far from subjugating man, I think
this technology, if properly applied, is the only chance to preserve the
dignity of human life." (AP, W Star, 11/21/69, A2)

• Second largest lunar sample shown to public to date — 67.7-gm moon

rock — went on display at usia "Education — U.S.A." exhibit at Sekoniki
Park in Moscow. One of 14 moon rocks thus far released by NASA for
publicity tours, rock later would travel with usia exhibit to Tashkent,
Baku, and Novosibirsk, where it would become first U.S. exhibit ever
shown in Siberia. Other moon rocks had been scheduled for showing
at 30 U.S. museums. Largest lunar sample — Smithsonian Institution's
478.8-gm rock — was expected to be only permanent display. NASA also
had approved display of samples entrusted to U.S. scientists who
wished to show them in their home towns. (Lardner, W Post,
11/24/69, Al; usia pio)

• In NASA-funded project U.S. Bureau of Mines was seeking way to get

water and air from lunar rocks, build underground lunar shelters like
mines, weld and melt lunar materials, and mine planets like Mars and
Venus which might bear substances more valuable than those on moon,
Associated Press said. First lunar mining would occur during Apollo
13 mission in March. Astronaut would bore 10-ft hole in lunar crust
to determine what lay beneath and to test drill designed for NASA by
Martin Corp. Scientists at U.S. Bureau of Mines research center in
Bruceton, Pa., and at six other locations had been studying since 1965
possible use of lunar materials to build and support manned lunar
station. Project Director Thomas C. H. Hutchinson had said, "Even
if we found pure platinum on the moon, it would cost too much to
bring it back." Goal was to establish manufacturing processes on moon
to speed exploration of planets. (AP, W Post, 11/20/69, A78|

• Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov said in Pravda: "The Americans

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November 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

have not been entirely rational in adapting aviation control panels to
the needs for space flight. The control system of the Soyuz ship, for
example, seems to me to be simpler, more logical and therefore more
perfect." Feoktistov, who toured U.S. Oct. 20 to Nov. 4, congratulated
his new acquaintances in U.S. on Apollo 12 lunar landing and wished
them "complete success." (AP, W Star, 11/20/69, A6)

• Moon "loomed large in Chinese tradition," but 700 million people of

Communist China had not been told of Apollo 12 lunar landing,
Christian Science Monitor said. Though "elite hierarchy in Peking . . .
learned of Intrepid's touchdown as fast as the Soviets," story of
Apollo 12 had not passed beyond select group of leaders. "Indeed
the Chinese people have yet to be told by their government-controlled
press and radio of the flight of Apollo 11. . . ." Some might hear of
flight from foreign radio broadcast, but many were jammed by Peking.
VOA report to Hong Kong on Intrepid's lunar landing had been
"curiously overlaid with martial music from a Chinese Communist
radio station on the mainland." (Hughes, CSM, 11/20/69)

• Washington Daily News reported song called "The Wondrous Tele-

phone," by Thomas P. Westendorf, had been published in 1877 with
cover showing group of men talking by telephone to man in the moon.
{W News, 11/20/69, 52)

• Apollo 11 cm was being readied at North American Rockwell plant in

Downey, Calif., for tour of 50 state capitals and final resting place at
Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., Associated Press re-
ported, nasa was sponsoring tour. (CSM, 11/20/69)

• North American Rockwell Corp. announced plans to develop for NASA

flying lunar excursion experimental platform (fleep) — one-man, jet-
propelled craft with adjustable hand controls — to transport astronauts
across lunar surface. < AP, NYT, 11/22/69, 38)

• Use of space technology in "complete and systematic rehabilitation" of

Washington, D.C., was proposed by RCA president Robert W. Sarnoff
in speech before Fourth Annual Computer Age Conference of National
Industrial Conference Board in New York City. "A comprehensive
systems effort to revitalize the city and its environs should invoke a
nationwide response ... as broad and enthusiastic as that inspired by
the Apollo moon landing." (Text)

• MSFC announced award of $8-million letter contract to McDonnell

Douglas Corp. for two sets of structural components for Saturn V 3rd
stage (S— IVB) for Saturn V manned orbital workshop. Work would
be completed by January 1972. (MSFC Release 69-249)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $279,032

contract to Control Data Corp. Melville Space and Defense Systems
Div. for 22-mo study of pilot warning instrument (pwi) systems that
would improve pilots' ability to detect other aircraft in flight, (faa
Release 69-126)
November 21—23: U.K.'s Skynet A (idcsp-a) military comsat was success-
fully launched from etr at 7:37 pm est by NASA for usaf and U.K. by
Long-Tank Thrust- Augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-3M) booster. Space-
craft entered transfer orbit with 23,045.4-mi ( 37,080.1-km) apogee,
160.7-mi (258.6-km) perigee, 655.3-min period, and 27.6° inclination.
Primary NASA objective was to place spacecraft into synchronous

388

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 21-23

transfer orbit accurate enough for apogee motor to place spacecraft
into synchronous equatorial orbit.

On Nov. 23 apogee motor was fired and spacecraft entered cir-
cular orbit with 22,216.5-mi (35,746.4-km) apogee, 21,558.3-mi
( 34,687.3-km ) perigee, 1,431-min period, 2.44° inclination, and 1.3°
per day eastward orbital drift. Drift rate was increased to 8° per day
to ensure arrival on station over Indian Ocean by Dec. 30. All systems
except primary communications system had been turned on and were
operating satisfactorily.

Skynet A was first of two U.K. military comsats scheduled to be
launched over Indian Ocean under DOD— U.K. agreement, usaf managed
project for DOD and would reimburse NASA for launch services. U.K.
would reimburse USAF. Skynet B would be launched in May 1970.
Spacecraft consisted of two concentric cylinders containing apogee
motor, solar cells, despun antenna, high-pressure hydrazine stabiliza-
tion system, and redundant x-band communications system. It was 32
in high, 54 in in dia, and had five-year lifetime.

Initial operation of spacecraft telemetry and command functions
were performed from USAF satellite control facility. Control of orbital
operations would be transferred to U.K. telemetry command facility
after spacecraft reached station. (NASA Proj Off; SBD, 11/26/69, 114)
November 21: Apollo 12 Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., orbiting moon
in csm, set new world record for solo space flight. Gordon piloted
csm alone for 37 hrs 41 min, breaking 30-hr 20-min record set by
Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., in Faith 7 May 15—16, 1963. I upi,
W Star, 11/21/69, A7)

• NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle piloted by Maj. Peter C. Hoag

(USAF) reached 78,000-ft altitude and mach 1.4 in powered flight
after air-launch from B— 52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosa-
mond, Calif. Purpose of flight, 30th in series, was to obtain stability
and control data at varying stability augmentation gain settings, (nasa
Proj Off)

• President Nixon and Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan issued joint

statement following White House discussions on international situation.
On space, statement said: "The Prime Minister congratulated the
President on the successful moon landing of Apollo XII, and expressed
the hope for a safe journey back to earth for the astronauts. The
President and the Prime Minister agreed that the exploration of space
offers great opportunities for expanding cooperation in peaceful scien-
tific projects among all nations. In this connection, the Prime Minister
noted with pleasure that the United States and Japan last summer had
concluded an agreement on space cooperation. The President and the
Prime Minister agreed that the implementation of this unique program
is of importance to both countries." (PD, 11/24/69, 1633-7)

• Inaccurate signals from controlling gyro mechanism had caused Sept. 17

destruction of AH— 56A helicopter inside wind tunnel at arc, nasa
announced. Investigation board, appointed by arc Director, Dr. Hans
Mark, had determined accident did not result from malfunction of
rotor control system or of wind-tunnel systems and equipment. Board
recommended greater use of computers to analyze rotor systems before
test, study of safety systems and hazards and procedures for wind-

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November 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tunnel crews in emergencies, and addition of metal barriers to protect
control room and sections near tunnel. It said visual close observa-
tion of tests should be minimized. AH— 56A was under study for sta-
bility and control at USA request. (NASA Release 69-154)

• Total $21.35-billion investment "in the development and demonstration

of a national manned lunar landing capability" was detailed by Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, in letter to Sen. Clinton P.
Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee on Aero-
nautical and Space Sciences. "At the time of its establishment, the
national goal of a manned lunar landing and return in this decade
represented the most difficult technological endeavor ever to challenge
the American nation. During this period, senior NASA officials in testi-
mony before the Congress estimated the cost ... at between $20 and
$40 billion." Estimate was refined to approximately $19.5 billion in
March 1964, with assumption "there would be a timely initiation of a
follow-on program which would bear a portion of the relatively fixed
cost required to develop and sustain this national capability."

Estimates then and annual reassessments had reflected total program
cost, including cost of initial lunar landing. Lunar objective "was not
simply an end in itself but, rather, provided the focus for the effort
to attain space supremacy for whatever the national interest required."

In March 1966 NASA had furnished estimate of $22,718 billion based
on assumption that there would not be timely initiation of follow-on
program. In April 1969 NASA furnished estimate of $23,877 billion,
which would still be valid if negative assumption had materialized.
"But with the success of Apollo 11, we have the opportunity to utilize
this demonstrated capability in a more meaningful way. By improving
payloads and modifying spacecraft to increase lunar surface systems,
we can enhance significantly the return of scientific data from both
lunar orbit and the lunar surface."

nasa had met national commitment "at a cost nearer the lower end
of the range of estimates" despite "unpredictable substantial infla-
tionary conditions." Actual cost accrued through July 31, 1969, was
$21.35 billion, of which $2 billion was value of flight hardware avail-
able for future flights. Capital assets included were approximately
$2.8 billion and were "of continuing national value."

Apollo was "triumph in management as well as in technology and
engineering which united government, industry and universities in a
common peaceful undertaking. At least one-half million people worked
on the manned lunar landing program . . . during the eight years from
its announcement to its initial success." (Text)

• U.S. radioastronomers had been unable to obtain funds for facilities

recommended five years ago and were beginning to fear "that the
momentum that has attracted talented researchers from engineering
and physics into radio astronomy may soon be lost," Robert W. Hol-
comb said in Science. "Pulsars and the interstellar clouds provide
astronomers with the opportunity to extend their ideas about stellar
evolution into very early and very late stages, and most of the pertinent
research must be done with radio telescopes. These instruments are
also required for some of the most important cosmological problems
currently being considered." (Science, 11/21/69, 984—6)

• At opening day ceremonies of American Bible Week in New York,

390

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 21

sponsors, Laymen's Committee of American Bible Society and Catholic
Biblical Assn. of America, awarded citation to crew of Apollo 8 for
reading from Genesis as they orbited moon during Dec. 21—27, 1968,
mission. (NYT, 11/22/69, 40)

• Astronaut promotion policy seemed "certain to discomfit someone after

the end of Apollo 12 no matter whether it's followed or ignored,"
Washington Post said. President Johnson had decreed in 1965 that
each military astronaut would get one spot promotion after his first
space flight. Apollo 12 commander Charles (Pete) Conrad, Jr., and
CM pilot Richard F. Gordon, Jr., had both received promotions to
commander, USN. Apollo 12 lm Pilot Alan L. Bean, also commander,
USN, now rated promotion to captain, but was junior crewman in age,
service in grade, and space experience. Bean promotion might "irri-
tate" others but would be fair to Bean. Promotion for all three astro-
nauts would be "unfair to other astronauts who have flown twice or
three times and only promoted once." President Nixon might have to
make "sticky" decision. (W Post, 11/21/69, A17)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced award of $200,000

faa contract to Univ. of Tennessee at Knoxville for two-year study of
methods of reducing sonic boom, to help FAA establish certification
standards for new aircraft, (faa Release 69—127)

• DOD announced General Electric Co. would receive $5,192,730 supple-

mental agreement to previously awarded USAF contract for R&D of
Mark 15 reentry vehicle. Contract would be managed by Space and
Missile Systems Organization, (dod Release 1015—69)
November 22: Weightlessness during extended space trips "reduces the
flexibility of men's bones," Soviet scientist V. V. Parin said in inter-
view published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in Moscow. "The organism
of a cosmonaut dehydrates in weightlessness and calcium leaves the
bones." Probable solution would be to create artificial gravity in
space, Parin said. (UPI, W Post, 11/23/69, A6)

• Economist commented on perils of prolonged space voyages: "When

astronauts begin to do tours of duty that could run from three months
to a year at a time on the moon, or on orbiting earth platforms —
still more when they embark on 2V2 year trips to Mars — the problems
will be much greater. Their bodies may adapt themselves to conditions
of weightlessness or low gravity, and to living in atmospheres of rather
less density than on earth, and then find it hard to re-adapt back to
earth conditions again. If, over time, the changes become irreversible,
we could witness the evolution of a new race of space hominoids with
whom we could communicate but not cohabit." (Economist, 11/22/69)

• Apollo 12 congratulatory telegrams at MSC suggested "crew members of

Apollo 12 will not be lacking their own fan club," Washington Post
article said. Meanwhile, Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and
Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Apollo 8 crew continued to receive fan mail.
Biggest fans of space program appeared to be "little children and sup-
porters of prayers in outer space." (Lardner, W Post, 11 22/69, A6)
November 23: ESRo's Boreas (Esro IB), launched Oct. 1 into lower than
planned orbit, reentered atmosphere after 52 days in orbit. During
this period spacecraft and all experiments functioned satisfactorily.
ESRO accumulated large quantity of scientific data and adjudged mis-
sion successful, (gsfc SSR, 11/30/69; nasa Proj Off)

391

November 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 12: "It is almost in-

credible that such giant strides could have been made in the few
months that separated Apollo 12 from Apollo 11." Navigational
capabilities available to Neil Armstrong last July were "so inexact that
for days or weeks after his landing there was no certainty even as to
just where Eagle had touched down. Intrepid, on the contrary, landed
within a few hundred feet of Surveyor 3, the prime target of its crew's
planned collection activities. It will take months, perhaps years, to
harvest the full scientific gains from Apollo 12. Already, however, it is
evident that mankind is still at the stage where the more it learns
about the moon, the more mysterious and puzzling that natural satellite
appears to be." (NYT, 11/23/69, 12)

• Nonspace nations were expressing growing resentment at U.N. over lack

of progress on treaty covering damages for space accidents, Neiv York
Times said. Members of 28-nation Outer Space Committee had com-
plained that they cooperated with space powers on space rescue treaty
in 1967 on understanding that treaty on damages would be pushed to
completion. U.S. had reassured nonspace nations that it wanted im-
mediate action on damages treaty but U.S.S.R. had been "balking"
over provision for binding arbitration when damage claims were not
settled by direct negotiations or through commission. Other disagree-
ments included financial ceiling on liability for single accident — U.S.
had suggested $500 million — and objections to U.S. and U.S.S.R.
tendency to negotiate directly and consult other nations later. (Teltsch,
NYT, 11/23/69, 73)
November 24: Following successful completion of Apollo 12 President
Nixon issued statement: "This mission has shown conclusively that the
system we have developed has enormous scientific potential and we
can now look forward to utilizing that capability. . . . The triumph of
Apollo 12 is not only an American triumph. This second voyage to
the surface of the moon represents another great victory of the human
mind and spirit, one which will lift the sights and raise the spirits of
men everywhere." (PD, 12/1/69, 1659)

• During telephone call from White House to U.S.S. Hornet, shortly after

Apollo 12 splashdown and recovery, President Nixon told Apollo 12
astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and Alan F.
Bean of their promotions to captain, USN. {PD, 12/1/69, 1659)

• Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., msc Director of Flight Operations, told press

at MSC he wanted full report on piloting difficulties in landing on moon
before committing Apollo 13 to landing attempt on moon's rugged
central highlands. Full discussion of lunar landing — described by
Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., as "no easy task" — was important
aspect of what must be learned during crew debriefing, Kraft said.
(Wilford, NYT, 11/25/69, 33)

• U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos CCCX1

entered orbit with 467-km (290.2-mi) apogee, 272-km (169.0-mi)
perigee, 91.9-min period, and 71.0° inclination and reentered March
10, 1970. Cosmos CCCXII entered orbit with 1,180-km (773.2-mi)
apogee, 1,141-km (709.0-mi) perigee, 108.5-min period, and 74.0°
inclination, (gsfc SSR, 11/30/69; 3/31/70; SBD, 11/26/69, 112)

• President Nixon signed nuclear nonproliferation treaty in Washington,

D.C. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ratified treaty simultaneously in

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 24

Moscow, with President Nikolay V. Podgorny signing document. U.S.
and U.S.S.R. were 23rd and 24th nations to ratify treaty, which would
become effective after ratification by 43 countries. {PD, 12/1/69,
1658; NYT, 11/25/69, 1)

• Aurora Expedition — during which arc's Convair 990 aircraft would

make about 12 flights from Fort Churchill, Canada, to study aurora in
polar regions — began with first data flight. Twenty-five university,
industry, NASA and other U.S. Government, French, and Canadian
scientists would operate at altitudes up to 40,000 ft across and parallel
to auroral oval in flights until Dec. 18. (NASA Note to Editors,
11/12/69; nasa News Release 69-165)

• U.S. Geological Survey Director William T. Pecora said in Washington,

D.C., that rocks brought back by Apollo 11 were geologic "hors
d'oeuvre" but Apollo 12 rocks "will be a veritable feast." Geologists
were delighted "by the onsite descriptions provided by astronauts
Conrad and Bean" who were "eager rock hounds." ( UPI, NYT,
11/25/69, 32)

• Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Apollo 72's man-made

lunar quake: "ft seems that when the lunar lander was sent rocketing
down to crash on the Ocean of Storms, it left the moon 'ringing like
a gong' for some 30 minutes. This, in the words of one ecstatic
scientist, constitutes 'a major discovery . . . quite beyond the range
of our experience.' " Scientific curiosity "is a good thing — provided it's
kept within reasonable limits. . . . Just suppose that their first reading
was right, and that the moon really is some sort of celestial gong.
Remember what happened when people got too enthusiastic with the
Liberty Bell." (W Star, 11/24/69, A12)

• usaf announced successful completion of tests at Arnold Engineering and

Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., to qualify 41,000-lb-thrust
TF— 39 turbofan engine — largest U.S. military jet engine — for usaf's
C-5 Galaxy transport, world's largest aircraft, (afsc Release 183.69)

• Senate Interior Committee held hearing on July 10 S.J.R. 133 by Sens.

Spessard L. Holland ( D-Fla. ) and Edward J. Gurney I R-Fla. ) to
return original name, "Cape Canaveral," to Cape Kennedy. Sen.
Gurney said name "Canaveral" "may well be the oldest geographical
point in the United States, certainly on the east coast, recorded even
before the ancient names of Cape Cod and Jamestown." ksc would
retain late President John F. Kennedy's name. Witnesses suggested
name change had been made "with high emotions" and without proper
legal proceedings. Cape had been renamed for late President by execu-
tive order from President Lyndon B. Johnson Nov. 29, 1963. ( Greider,
W Post, 11/25/69, A3)

• Jack C. Swearingen, former Chief of Program Control in MSFC Apollo

Applications Program Office, became Assistant Director in Science
and Engineering. (Marshall Star, 11/12/69, 1)

• Raymond Einhorn, former NASA Director of Audits, became Special

Assistant to NASA Acting Associate Administrator for Organization and
Management. He would be succeeded by Martin Sacks, Special Assist-
ant to Assistant Administrator for Special Contracts Negotiation and
Review, (nasa Ann, 11/20/69)

• Washington Evening Star editorial commented on proposal by Carnegie

Endowment for International Peace and Twentieth Century Fund con-

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November 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

ference that U.S. and U.S.S.R. merge comsat systems [see Nov. 16].
"Intelsat ... is already a going concern — an increasingly successful
and expanding one — operating on a global scale. Open to every coun-
try on a nonpolitical, nondiscriminatory basis, it has no reason what-
ever to consolidate itself and its resources with Russia's Intersputnik
setup — a system that exists only on paper, and not very clearly at that.
... In the circumstances, the Talloires panelists would have been on
sounder ground had they recommended that the Kremlin join Intelsat.
Such a move would better serve not only Russia's interests, but the
cause of East- West cooperation as well." (W Star, 11/24/69, A12)
November 25: nasa's X— 24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld
R. Gentry (usaf), completed eighth glide flight at FRC. Objective of
flight, last glide flight in series, was to obtain stability and control
data at 30° upper flap setting and 0° rudder bias setting, (nasa Proj
Off)

• Two boxes of lunar samples from Apollo 12 arrived at Lunar Receiving

Laboratory in Houston, where they would be examined and used in
experiments. (AP, W Star, 11/26/69, A2)

• Pakistan President Yahya Khan sent "hearty felicitations" to President

Nixon and American people on Apollo 12 success. "May your endeavor
lead to increasing expansion of the bounds of human knowledge and
bring forth newer possibilities of lasting peace and progress on earth."
(NYT, 11/26/69, 24)

• Washington Post Apollo 12 editorial: "Although it will be weeks or

months before we know what the harvest of knowledge from this trip
has been, the first impression is that the harvest has been a rich one.
The astronauts accomplished everything they had been asked to do
and more. The pinpoint landing indicates that the navigational problems
are not nearly as great as once thought, clearing the way for future
astronauts to go precisely where the scientists want them to. The ease
with which Mr. Conrad and Mr. Bean functioned on the moon's surface
indicates that their successors will be able to range farther afield and
undertake more complicated assignments. Even the accidental fall of
Pete Conrad is a plus. It cuts down the fear that a fall would be
extremely serious and points out . . . that man may be more adaptable
to alien conditions than he dreams." (W Post, 11/25/69, A20)

• At hearing on suit of atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair to ban broadcast

of prayers by U.S. astronauts in space [see Aug. 16], U.S. Attorney
Seagel Wheatley and NASA counsel asked dismissal of suit on grounds
Mrs. O'Hair and her Society of Separationists lacked necessary legal
standing to sue Government. Justice Dept. Attorney James Barnes said,
"NASA has no plans to instruct astronauts what to say. The statements
that the astronauts made are their own. . . . NASA has no intention of
circumscribing . . . the astronauts' rights in the free exercise of reli-
gion." (upi, W Post, 11/25/69, A8)

• NASA was using July 26 edict against unauthorized use of Apollo flight

insignia to make "unauthorized" possession of souvenir Apollo flight
patches Federal offense, Washington Post said. While astronauts felt
they should be only ones entitled to distribute patches, businessmen
contended they ought to be in public domain. NASA contractors like
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. had been granted exceptions to
blanket rule. (Lardner, W Post, 11/25/69, A8)

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 26

November 26: Explorer XLI Interplanetary Monitoring Platform ( launched
June 21) was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft was functioning
satisfactorily and mission objectives had been exceeded. Nine opera-
tional experiments were providing detailed information on galactic and
solar cosmic rays, interplanetary medium, and distant magnetosphere.
All systems and experiments were functioning satisfactorily and return-
ing useful data except gsfc and Univ. of Maryland plasma experiment
and Univ. of Iowa and Univ. of California energetic particle experi-
ment, which malfunctioned during orbits 10 and 15.

Preliminary data indicated that although spacecraft had been
launched close to solar maximum, sun had been unusually quiet. How-
ever, low-energy galactic cosmic rays appeared to be more strongly
modulated than observed previously and interplanetary conditions
appeared to be more disturbed. Observations would be continued
throughout solar maximum, (nasa Proj Off)

• nasa's Pioneer VI (launched Dec. 16, 1965) and Pioneer VII (launched

Aug. 17, 1966) were performing three new experiments on solar system
scale, possible only because spacecraft's extremely long lifetimes had
allowed them to reach necessary positions in space, ARC announced.
On Nov. 6, when Pioneer VI and Pioneer VII were 175 million mi
apart on common line with sun, scientists had observed changes in
behavior of solar wind particles due to passage through space. On
Nov. 29, when spacecraft reached far side of sun on common line
with earth, engineers would conduct 150-million-mi interplanetary com-
munications experiment. On Dec. 2, when spacecraft reached points
on common spiral line leading out from sun, scientists would measure
different kinds of solar particles coming from same events on sun.
(arc Release 69-15)

• President Nixon signed H.R. 12307 into P.L. 91-126, Independent

Offices and hud FY 1970 appropriations act, which included $3,697-
billion NASA appropriation — down $299 million from $3.995-billion
FY 1969 NASA appropriation and $181 million from President John-
son's budget request of $3,878 billion.

Act allocated $3,006 billion for R&D, down $364 million from FY
1969 allocation and $162 million below Johnson request. Construction
of facilities allocation for FY 1970 was $53.2 million, up $31.4
million from FY 1969 but $5 million below Johnson request. Allocation
for research and program management of $637.4 million was $34.3-
million increase over FY 1969 and $13.5 million below Johnson
request.

Act also contained $440-million nsf FY 1970 appropriation. ( PD,
12/1/69, 1669; Texts)

• Senate confirmed nomination of George M. Low as NASA Deputy Admin-

istrator. (CR, 11/26/69, S15140, D1126)
November 27: Geologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory examined several
large, dust-covered, crystalline rocks from first box of Apollo 12 lunar
samples. Largest rock weighed 3-4 lbs and was 5 in long and 4*/> in
thick. (Rossiter, W Star, 11/27/69, A4)

• NASA released first photos taken by Apollo 12 astronauts on and near

lunar surface, including color stills and 16-mm film showing solar
eclipse, LM descent to moon, astronauts walking on moon, and LM
separating from CSM.

395

November 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Still photos showed closeup of Ocean of Storms, bleak, dull-gray
area strewn with rocks and sprinkled with footprints and an astronaut
inspecting Surveyor 111, with LM in background at top of crater rim.
(AP, NYT, 11/28/69, 32)
November 28: Geologists at Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press confer-
ence on Apollo 12 lunar samples and expressed surprise at samples'
differences from rocks retrieved by Apollo 11. Preliminary examina-
tion of samples showed they were crystalline and larger than antici-
pated. Dr. Jeffrey L. Warner, MSC geologist, said rocks returned by
Apollo 11 contained up to 12% titanium oxide, but those from Apollo
12 contained only about 2% — amount consistent with terrestrial rocks.
He said geologists were very puzzled by absence of breccia rocks in
Apollo 12 samples because 75% of rocks from Apollo 11 were breccia.
Crystalline rocks were similar to volcanic rocks found by Apollo 11,
but some of Apollo 12 rocks were coated with glass and had protruding
crystals up to 21/. in long. (Rossiter, W Post, 11/29/69, A3; W Star,
11/29/69, Al)

• Apollo 12 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility, arrived at

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where they were greeted by huge crowd, Marine
band, civic and military officials, and hula troupe. (Rossiter, W Post,
11/29/69, A3)

• President Nixon announced intention to nominate Apollo 11 Astronaut

Michael Collins as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs to
succeed Dixon Donnelly who had resigned in January. Nomination was
submitted to Senate Dec. 2. (PD, 12/1/69, 1667; 12/8/69, 1702)

• Mars' reddish color might be attributed to carbon suboxide, Univ. of

Massachusetts physicists William T. Plummer and Robert K. Carson
reported in Science. They had found reflection spectrum of Mars could
be well matched from 0.2 /x through 1.6 /x and farther by polymers of
carbon suboxide. (Science, 11/28/69, 1141—2)

• In Science article advocating large-scale mobilization of scientists to

solve world's "crisis problems," John Piatt, Associate Director of
Univ. of Michigan Mental Health Research Institute, said human race
was on steeply rising "S-curve" of change. "We are undergoing a
great historical transition to new levels of technological power. . . .
In the last century, we have increased our speeds of communication by
a factor of 107; our speeds of travel by 102; our speeds of data
handling by 106; our energy resources by 103; our power of weapons
by 106; our ability to control diseases by something like 102; and our
rate of population growth to 103 times what it was a few thousand
years ago." Within last 25 years "the Western world has moved into
an age of jet planes, missiles and satellites, nuclear power and nuclear
terror." But S-curve was beginning to level off. "This means that if we
could learn how to manage these new powers and problems in the next
few years without killing ourselves by our obsolete structures and
behavior, we might be able to create new and more effective social
structures that would last for many generations." (Science, 11/28/69,
1115-21)

• Science editorial said faltering U.S. public support of science pointed to

conclusion: "Science has established no secure claim in its own right
upon the priorities of our national treasury." At World War IPs end,
U.S. taxpayer had become leading patron of science. "For the next

396

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 November 2H

20 years, public money flowed in increasing volume to the support of
science." Public support "began to level out in 1965, and the support
of university science is now down about $250 million from the 1965
peak of $1.3 billion." In foremost U.S. universities "federal funding
of science has exerted pressures tending to divide and dissolve that
frail community. At best, it has installed and expanded scientific de-
partments . . . without regard to the needs and priorities of the uni-
versity as a whole. ... At worst, it has established in the universities
entirely inappropriate activities, motivated by the interests of the
mission-oriented granting agencies and often inimical to free inquiry
and to the humanity of science." {Science, 11/28/69, 1101)
November 29: Apollo 12 astronauts, enclosed in mobile quarantine facility,
arrived at Ellington afb, Tex., where they were greeted by 500 cheer-
ing persons, including their families and NASA officials, mqf was moved
in motorcade to Lunar Receiving Laboratory, where astronauts would
remain until Dec. 10. ( DeLone, W Post, 11/30/69, A3)

• Conclusion that rings of Saturn were water ice of extraordinarily low

temperature was announced by Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, Director of
LIniv. of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Researchers had
ruled out earlier theory that composition could be ammonia ice by
comparing spectra of rings and ices of number of compounds. Team
had studied infrared reflection of spectrum of rings with interferometer
attached to 61-in NASA telescope at LPL observatory near Tucson. (Univ.
of Arizona Release 6911.29 dh)
November 30: Following publication Nov. 29 by Pravda of article describ-
ing U.S. moon rock exhibit in Moscow, crowd of "thousands," eager to
see display, smashed glass door and nearly demolished room in which
Apollo films were shown. (Clarity, NYT, 12/1/69, 14)

• Worldwide program to provide widest display possible of Apollo 11 lunar

samples was announced by NASA. Of 15 moon rocks weighing between
% and 2V2 oz, 8 were for U.S. display and 7 had been released to
USIA for overseas showing. In addition to Smithsonian Institution dis-
play, exhibits would include rock traveling with Apollo 11 CM on
tour of 50 state capitals and two-month showings in 30 museums and
planetariums during year. USIA would show six stones on world tour,
and seventh at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. (NASA Release 69-155)

• Completion of multimillion-dollar electron microscope, twice as powerful

as any previously existing, at Laboratory of Electronic Optics in
Toulouse, France, opened question "Will we ever be able to look into
the very heart of things?" Walter Sullivan said in New York Times.
Instrument, without its accelerator, weighed 22 tons and stood
10 ft tall. Interviews with U.S., French, and U.K. scientists had re-
vealed wide feeling that "before long it may be possible ... to see
individual atoms and 'read' the genetic message in a strand of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)." Univ. of Chicago biophysicist Dr. Humberto
Fernandez-Moran had said when that stage was reached, it might be
possible not only to predict, but also to design life at the molecular
level. (NYT, 11/30/69, E9)
During November: It was "no government secret" that NASA, "preoccupied
with putting men on the moon," had neglected aeronautics in favor of
space, C. V. Glines said in Armed Forces Management. But pressures
generated by "airways crisis of 1st year, an ever-growing divergence

397

During November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

between civilian and military aeronautical R&D requirements and
applications and concern for loss of U.S. preeminence in aeronautics
are demanding that attention be given to national aeronautical research
and development policies." Effects of Nixon Administration "study
timetable" for long-range NASA— dot civil R&D program would affect
dot— faa 1972 budgets. Meanwhile, "quiet gains are being made in the
aeronautics side of the NASA house." NASA aircraft technology budget
would increase from $94.9 million in FY 1969 to over $100 million in
FY 1970, with further increase in FY 1971 and new high in FY 1972,
"when the long-range study gives new directions for aeronautical
research." (Armed Forces Management, 11/69, 34-8)

• Astronautics & Aeronautics magazine published special issue containing

"1973 Viking Voyage to Mars" by NASA Viking project management.
Two orbiters would release two softlanders to search for life, map
Martian surface from orbit, monitor Martian weather, study atmos-
phere, and take three-dimensional color photos from ground. Flight
directors on earth would probably choose landing site from orbiter
reconnaissance photos taken at arrival. A science satellite in its own
right, the orbiter would also relay a record volume of interplanetary
data from the lander to earth. Nuclear-powered instrument platform
based on Surveyor would push evolution of automation step further
during mission. [A&A, 11/69, 30-59)

• Army Digest published interview on space spinoffs with Harry N. Lowe,

Jr., Chief of Extraterrestrial Research Agency of USA Office of Chief
of Engineers: Space program should return profit to Nation. Tangible
spinoff results were being observed in medicine, communications,
engineering, and architecture. Savings in building industry and related
engineering fields alone would eventually exceed present cost of entire
space program. "We have seen the world's largest building put up at
the Cape, and other scientific and engineering marvels at Huntsville
and Houston. We have had to work with scientists and others to an
extent never before necessary. We have had to develop and apply new
concepts and standards of performance."

Extraterrestrial Research Agency work included design and construc-
tion concept for semipermanent lunar base, definition of effort to
develop lunar construction capability, and studies with NASA of lunar
vehicles and mobility. Analyses of lunar samples indicated no need for
change in concepts of lunar construction. With water source and
cheaper transportation, "man can colonize the moon." ( Army Digest,
11/69, 30-1)

• NSF Reviews of Data on Science and Resources (nsf 69—36) reported

nearly 13,000 scientists and engineers became immigrants into U.S.
in FY 1968, less than 4% growth over 1967 level. U.K. and India were
largest sources of immigrant scientists and engineers, with 2,400 com-
ing from U.K. and 1,400 from India, (nsf 69-36, No. 18, 1)

398

December 1969

December 1: nasa announced Australis Oscar- A, 39-lb spacecraft designed
and constructed by amateur radio operators at Melbourne Univ. in
Australia, had been accepted for launch Jan. 9, 1970, as secondary
payload on Tiros-M. Radio Amateur Satellite Corp., group of U.S.
amateurs, was preparing satellite for launch, testing and qualifying
it to comply with NASA requirements. Australis Oscar-A would transmit
low-power signals on two amateur bands — 29.45 mhz in 10-meter band
and 144.05 mhz in 2-meter band — that would be used by radio ama-
teurs throughout world for training in satellite tracking and for radio
propagation experiments.

Australis Oscar-A would be fifth satellite launched under Project
Oscar and first accepted by NASA as secondary payload. Four previous
satellites had been launched by group of U.S. radio operators on
Pacific Coast in conjunction with DOD spacecraft. (NASA Release
69-157)

• In interview released by United Press International Dr. Wernher von

Braun, MSFC Director, said he knew of nothing which could feasibly
send man to the stars in the predictable future. NERVA prototype, only
working model of new-generation engine in U.S., was too bulky for
flight. Refined version, scheduled for test flight in mid-1970s, was
expected to land man on Mars. Beyond that all was conjecture. "There
is no design concept and even the basic idea of a controlled thermo-
nuclear reaction has not been demonstrated." It was not known what
thrust could be generated by fusion engine. U.S.S.R. had announced
development of plasma-jet or ion-thrust engine which, as designed,
would not be useful in deep space or close to earth. U.S. scientists
had been working on plasma-jet theory and electric propulsion machine.
Science fiction concept of space distortion or warp through which
spacecraft could travel in "null space" where distances were shorter
and speeds faster had some basis according to Einstein's theory of
relativity. In Univ. of Maryland experiments "presence of gravitational
radiation has been tentatively discovered . . . [and] can be interpreted
as the interaction of such a warp with the sensor used in the experi-
ment." Despite this, "there does not appear to be any possibility of
utilizing such interactions as a space propulsion system." (W Star,
12/1/69, A5)

• Roger Lewis, President of General Dynamics Corp., announced appoint-

ment of Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for
Manned Space Flight, as General Dynamics Vice President, effective
immediately. Dr. Mueller's resignation from NASA would be effective
Dec. 10. (General Dynamics Release 1491)

• Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and

Michael Collins visited Canadian Parliament in Ottawa. Canadian
Prime Minister Pierre E. Trudeau said astronauts' contributions to

399

December 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

science and humanity "will live as long as mankind lives." Astronauts
would conclude two-day Canadian visit with Dec. 2 visit to Montreal
and tour of nearby factory where LM landing pads were made, (upi,
W Post, 12/4/69, B3)

• Eleven scientists and technicians joined Apollo 12 astronauts in quaran-

tine at Lunar Receiving Laboratory after accidental exposure to lunar
samples, (upi, NYT, 12/2/69, 49)

• Role of erc in electronics-related aeronautical R&D was described by ERC

Director James C. Elms in testimony before House Committee on
Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Advanced Research and
Technology. Center had continued research on electronic components
and devices, especially application of microelectronics and large-scale
integrated circuits to advanced avionics systems; on application of
advanced technology to instrumentation for sensing and controlling air-
craft motion and attitude; on optics and microwaves; on psychological
instrumentations; on data processing; and on electrical power systems.
ERC had 14 programs in aeronautical R&D, including air traffic control,
v/stol guidance, navigation and flight control, collision avoidance,
use of navigational and communications satellites in aviation, support
technology, remote detection of clear air turbulence, physiological
monitoring, and NASA intercenter research in high-speed flight using
YF— 12 aircraft. (Testimony)
December 2: Boeing 747 slated for passenger service with Pan American
World Airways beginning mid-February 1970 flew from Seattle, Wash.,
to John F. Kennedy International Airport with 176 passengers in first
public preview of jumbo jet flight. Passengers — paa officials, flight
crew, and press — were startled by shudder as plane's wheels were
buffeted by rough spots on runway. Phenomenon was repeated when
plane touched down in New York after 4-hr 5-min flight. Passengers
also were critical of "interior noise level in the rear half of the plane."
(Witkin, NYT, 12/3/69, 1)

• Scientist Dr. Edwin C. T. Chao, quarantined with Apollo 12 astronauts

at LRL, said mound on moon photographed by Astronaut Charles Con-
rad, Jr., during Apollo 12 moonwalk could be crushed rock ejected
from crater. MSC geologist Dr. Robin P. Brett said 1.5-lb rock among
Apollo 12 samples had been formed far beneath surface and could be
deepest piece of lunar material man had yet studied, (upi, NYT,
12/4/69, 17)

• Gayle Planetarium in Montgomery, Ala., opened formally with exhibit

of lunar sample through Dec. 7. MSFC announced it would display lunar
rock during February and March 1970. (msfc Release 69-258)

• Austin, Tex., District Judge Jack Roberts dismissed suit by atheist Mrs.

Madalyn Murray O'Hair and Society of Separationists, Inc., to stop
astronauts from saying prayers in space [see Nov. 25]. He ruled
prayers were not NASA policy but individual decision by astronauts. If
NASA had forbidden astronauts to pray in space it would have been
unconstitutional abridgment of their rights. Mrs. O'Hair planned to
appeal decision. (NYT, 12/3/69, 44)

• Washington Post editorial praised Nov. 20 speech of RCA President

Robert W. Sarnoff which called for use of space technology in "full-
scale pilot program" to rehabilitate Washington, D.C.: Nation "needs
to know whether the computer-age technology that sent us to the moon

400

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

December 2

twice can be used to solve the problems of American cities. That
question in a slightly different form has been plaguing the space com-
munity. Are vital national resources needed to meet the crisis at home
being diverted to the moon and beyond?"

Sarnoff speech "picks up from a series of addresses by Dr. Thomas
0. Paine, administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, suggesting that modern technology can assist in solving the
problems of cities, provided there is a national commitment to do so."
(W Post, 12/2/69, A18)
December 3: Dr. George M. Low was sworn in as NASA Deputy Administrator
by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, (nasa Release 69-159)

December 3: Dr. George M. Low — veteran of Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo pro-
grams— was sworn in as Deputy Administrator of nasa by Dr. Thomas 0. Paine,
Administrator, after Nov. 26 Senate confirmation.

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXIII from Plesetsk into orbit with 247-km
(153.5-mi) apogee, 197-km (122.4-mi) perigee, 88.9-min period, and
65.4° inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 15. ( GSFC SSR. 12/15/69;
SBD, 12/4/69, 148)

nasa selected Hughes Aircraft Co. Space Systems Div. and RCA Corp.
Astro-Electronics Div. to receive parallel four-month, $250,000 fixed-
price study contracts for definition and design of Atmosphere Explorer
spacecraft AE— C and AE— D. Spacecraft would carry experiments to
study atmospheric composition and characteristics in lower ther-
mosphere. (nasa Release 69—158)

At opening session of Governors' Conference in Washington, D.C., Presi-
dent Nixon presented to governors mementos from Apollo 11 mission
for people of 50 states, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, District of

401

December 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Columbia, and Trust Territories of Virgin Islands, Guam, and Ameri-
can Samoa. Each presentation, consisting of state flag and chip from
moon's surface, bore inscription: "This flag of your state was carried
to the Moon and back by Apollo 11, and this fragment of the Moon's
surface was brought to Earth by the crew of that first manned lunar
landing." (PD, 12/8/69, 1696)

• President Nixon announced appointment of Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A.

Armstrong as Chairman and member of Peace Corps National Ad-
visory Council to succeed W. Thomas Johnson, Jr., who resigned
May 27. {PD, 12/8/69, 1696)

• dod announced usaf contract awards. Martin Marietta Corp. received

$1,081,000 supplemental agreement to previously awarded contract to
design, develop, and fabricate Titan IIIC boosters and associated aero-
space equipment. Contract would be managed by Space and Missile
Systems Organization (samso).

Philco-Ford Corp. received $44,375,975 contract for engineering,
furnishing, installing, and testing aircraft control and warning system.
Contract would be managed by Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area.
(dod Release 1046-69)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced faa plans to issue

proposal to control emission of aircraft smoke in flight in effort to

combat air pollution, (faa Release 69—129)
December 4: usaf launched unidentified satellite on Thor-Agena booster

from Vandenberg afb into orbit with 155.3-mi (249.9-km) apogee,

105.6-mi (169.9-km) perigee, 88.4-min period, and 81.4° inclination.

Satellite reentered Jan. 10, 1970. (gsfc SSR, 12/15/69; 1/15/70;

Pres Rpt 70 [69] )
December 5: NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR to conduct

stellar x-ray studies. Nike-Apache carried Dudley Observatory payload

and Aerobee 150 carried University of Wisconsin payload. (nasa Proj

Off)

• NASA and public TV would participate in first full-scale experiments in

use of satellites to transmit TV programs domestically, John W. Macy,
Jr., President of Corp. for Public Broadcasting announced. Scheduled
for near future, tests would transmit public broadcasting programs
using Ats III spacecraft in orbit and NASA ground stations at Rosman,
N.C., and Mojave, Calif., to indicate technical problems and operating
costs of satellite transmission. NASA had authorized first regular use of
its satellites domestically for other than purely scientific purposes in
letter to Macy, Chairman of Satellite Task Force organized by CPB to
represent public broadcasting interests in satellite field, (cpb Release)

• Successful results of seeding hurricane Debbie on Aug. 18 and 20 were

announced by Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans and Secretary
of the Navy John H. Chafee at Washington, D. C, press conference.
Analysis of silver iodide seeding had suggested storm was weakened
by intervention. While scientists could not state absolutely that hurri-
canes could be modified, Secretaries pledged their departments to in-
tensified effort in Project Stormfury, joint venture of ESSA and USN.
(Schmeck, NYT, 12/5/69, 90)

• dod announced Lockheed Aircraft Corp. was receiving $100,000 initial

increment to $2,532,250 fixed-price USAF contract for experimental
studies of airflow characteristics of advanced aircraft engines. Contract

402

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 5

would be managed by AFSC Aeronautical Systems Div. (dod Release
1052-69)

• Analysis of Pesyanoe enstatite achondrite samples confirmed new isotopic

composition of xenon in Pesyanoe meteorite was due to presence of
component like that in solar gas, Kurt Marti of Univ. of California at
San Diego reported in Science. Xenon in Pesyanoe meteorite was mix-
ture of several components. Solar-type xenon was new component de-
ficient in neutron-rich isotopes as compared to both trapped chondritic
and terrestrial atmospheric xenon. (Science, 12/5/69, 1263-5)
December 7: Astronomers were contemplating possibility that universe
might be several times larger than previously believed as result of ob-
servations from Oao II, NASA announced. Spacecraft, launched Dec. 7,
1968, had discovered that many galaxies were much brighter in uv
radiation than expected, confirmed that hot stars lost as much as sun's
total mass in 100,000 yrs and equivalent of earth's mass in 1 yr, and
indicated that if extra mass assumed to exist as unobservable matter
in universe was present it did not radiate in uv, suggesting that uni-
verse was not closed system.

Oao //'s performance during first year in orbit had been exceptional.
By Nov. 9, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's sky-mapping in-
strument package, in 169 days of operation, had taken 5,884 pictures
during observations of 2,265 individual square areas of sky. Univ. of
Wisconsin experiment had studied 568 specific objects during 1,995
observations in 165 days of operation. Achievements had prompted
some astronomers to rank Oao II with invention of telescope in its im-
portance to astronomy. I NASA Release 69—156)

• Dr. John M. DeNoyer, former Assistant Director for Research at U.S.

Geological Survey, became Director of Earth Observations Programs
in NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, (nasa Hq WB,

• "Eyewitness to Space," exhibit of works of over 70 U.S. artists commis-

sioned by NASA to document its activities, opened at National Gallery
of Art in Washington, D.C. Show included paintings, drawings, and
sculpture by James B. Wyeth, Mitchell Jamison, Norman Rockwell,
Lamar Dodd, William Thon, and Robert Rauschenberg. Eight-foot
montage of disparate space themes by Rauschenberg was largest litho-
graph ever made, according to Gallery's Curator of Art H. Lester
Cooke. ( Constantine, W Star, 12/7/69, J8)
December 8: Recording by seismometer on moon of seven external impacts
near Apollo 12 landing site since astronauts left moon Nov. 20 was
reported by Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal
investigator for Apollo program's seismic research. Each impact had
produced tremors. Dr. Latham said meteors might have struck Ocean
of Storms, whose surface resonated when hit. Lack of internal quakes
indicated moon had not been heated substantially for about 4.6 billion
yrs. ( AP, W Star, 12/9/69, A6)

• Edgar L. Piret, U.S. Embassy Scientific Attache in Paris, accepted Prix

Pierre Guzman gold medals on behalf of Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A.
Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. Award had been
established by Mme. Anna Emile Guzman in 1889 for first persons "to
find the means of communicating with a heavenly body — Mars ex-
cluded" [see Aug. 13]. (AP, W Post, 12/9/69, A23)

403

December 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Apollo 11 lunar landing had been selected number one foreign news story

of year by Japan's Kyodo news service, Associated Press said. Second
was President Nixon's decision to reduce U.S. troops in Vietnam; third
was Communist China's ninth party congress in Peking. {St. Louis
G-D, 12/8/69)

• LeRC's 60-mw test reactor at Plum Brook Station, Ohio, completed 100th

cycle of operation. It had begun full-power operation in April 1963.
Since then it had participated in 1,100 irradiations of experiments in
nuclear propulsion, energy conversion, basic radiation effects, and nu-
clear physics programs. About 30 active irradiation experiments in
progress ranged from nuclear fuel material tests to studies of atomic
and molecular structure of matter. (LeRC Release 69—72)

• Rep. Edgar F. Foreman (R-N. Mex.) introduced H.C.R. 464 for Con-

gressional recognition of Goddard Rocket and Space Museum, Roswell,
N. Mex., as memorial to Dr. Robert H. Goddard, "who pioneered in
rocket experimentation and contributed to America's success in landing
men on the moon." (CR, 12/8/69, H11865)

• By vote of 330 to 33 House passed H.R. 15090, $69.9-billion dod FY

1970 appropriations bill. (CR, 12/8/69, H11865-909)

• Princeton Univ. scientists had observed sudden speedup in fastest and

youngest pulsar, in heart of Crab Nebula, Walter Sullivan reported in
New York Times. With second discovery of periodic phenomenon, as-
tronomers had taken word "glitch" from electronic engineers and astro-
nauts to describe sudden departure from normal pulsar behavior.
(NYT, 12/8/69)
December 9: LeRC Director Bruce T. Lundin discussed future interest in
transonic speed range — mach 0.7 to mach 1.4 — before House Com-
mittee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Advanced
Research and Technology during hearings on U.S. aeronautical ac-
tivities: "Cruise speeds of commercial and military transports have
already reached about Mach 0.85, and further increases to about Mach
1.15 are of interest because this speed can be attained without sonic
boom effects. The transonic speed range is also critical for a supersonic
transport because performance in this range determines subsonic cruise
efficiency. Transonic speed characteristics are important to fighter air-
craft because they are required to maneuver at these speeds, and they
are important to bomber aircraft because they affect the engine size
which is necessary to accelerate to higher supersonic speeds. ... It is
in this speed range that many interactions, shock waves, and flow sepa-
rations occur that become important to the thrust, drag, and stall
margin of the engine and on the lift, drag and buffet characteristics of
the aircraft. Unfortunately, mathematical prediction techniques do not
work well in this speed range and experimental testing becomes of
major importance." Only very small models could be used in transonic
tunnels "and scaling up results from very small models to full size air-
planes is at best difficult and usually impossible. We will be paced here
for some time to come by the capabilities of our experimental facili-
ties." (Testimony)

• Sen. Robert J. Dole (R-Kans.) introduced S.R. 167 "providing for the

display in the Capitol Building of a portion of the moon." Resolution
was referred to Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. (CR,
12/9/69, S16142)

404

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 10

December 10: NASA announced it was proceeding with plans and prepara-
tions for launch of Apollo 13 manned lunar landing mission to Fra
Mauro on March 12, 1970. Decision was based on review of photos
taken of Fra Mauro area and successful demonstration of pinpoint
landing techniques by Apollo 12. Fra Mauro was flat, vast highland
area about 110 mi east of Apollo 12 landing point on Ocean of Storms.
(NASA Release 69-162)

• Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and

Alan L. Bean and 25 other persons quarantined in Lunar Receiving
Laboratory were released one day ahead of schedule. Dr. Charles A.
Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, said astro-
nauts were in good physical condition. (B Sun, 12/11/69, Al)

• Electrical fire damaged GSFC offices, laboratories, and equipment includ-

ing 150-lb Small Scientific Satellite scheduled for 1970 launch in Ex-
plorer series. Damage to satellite and laboratory facility was estimated
at $400,000. There were no injuries. Origin of fire was being investi-
gated. (W Star, 12/10/69, Bl; gsfc Historian)

• End of era in satellite watching would come with discontinuation in June

1970 of Smithsonian Institution's optical tracking program, John
Lannan said in Washington Evening Star. NASA already was terminat-
ing 10-yr support of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's efforts
at Cambridge, Mass. Optical tracking had cost $4 million annually
since 1958, first through NSF, then NASA. Program had led to nation-
wide "Dial-A-Satellite" telephone net by which tape-recorded messages
told callers where satellites could be seen in sky. Service had become
"Dial-A-Phenomenon" to note ecological, geophysical, and astronomical
events, since decay of only visible satellites, Echo I and Echo II.
Smithsonian Observatory had watched satellites with worldwide battery
of Baker-Nunn cameras, which had been phased out except for observ-
ing maneuvers in major space flights. Observatory's geodetic program
was being expanded, with two lasers operational, one on Mount Hop-
kins, Ariz., the other in Athens, Greece, but financial support had been
halved for current fiscal year and would be cut to Si. 3 million in 1971.
(W Star, 12/10/69, A26; Smithsonian pao)
December 11: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXIV from Plesetsk into orbit
with 465-km (288.9-mi) apogee, 296-km (183.9-mi) perigee, 91.6-
min period, and 71.0° inclination and reentered March 22, 1970. (gsfc
SSR, 12/15/69; 3/31/70; SBD, 12/15/69, 193)

• USAF YF-12A supersonic aircraft made first flight from Edwards afb,

Calif., under joint nasa-USAF sponsorship, opening program to ad-
vance U.S. knowledge of aerial defense tactics and future of commercial
aviation [see July 11]. (afsc Newsreview, 2/70, 1)

• NASA announced appointment of Charles W. Mathews, Deputy Associate

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, as Acting Associate Adminis-
trator for Manned Space Flight, replacing Dr. George E. Mueller.
I nasa Ann)

• "Into the New Realm," exhibit of documentary history of U.S. Govern-

ment in space from early balloon ascensions to origination of Apollo
program, opened at National Archives in Washington, D.C. Exhibit
included original of National Space Act of 1958, which created NASA,
and copies of correspondence on establishment of U.S. space program
from President Eisenhower; President Kennedy; first NASA Adminis-

405

December 11

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

December 11: usaf YF-12A supersonic aircraft made its first research flight from
Edwards afb, to open a joint nasa-usaf program to advance knowledge of high-per-
formance flight. Special instrumentation installed by NASA increased the value of the
flying test bed for accumulating data. Pilots were from nasa and the Air Force.

trator, Dr. T. Keith Glennan; former NASA Administrator James E.
Webb; and others. (Natl Archives Pio)

• President Nixon issued proclamation commemorating Dec. 17 as Wright

Brothers Day: "On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright . . .
stepped from a homemade contraption onto an ocean beach in the State
of North Carolina, after completing the first successful airplane flight.
"Almost sixty-six years later, another man stepped from another
craft onto another plain . . . the waterless Sea of Tranquility on the
Moon. Man had not only removed his bondage to the earth, but had
expanded his horizons to outer space." {PD, 12/15/69, 1732)

• Former astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., formally announced candidacy for

Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Sen.
Stephen M. Young (D-Ohio). (NYT, 12/12/69, 33)
December 12: NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot
William H. Dana, reached 80,000-ft altitude and mach 1.4 after air-
launch from B— 52 aircraft at 45,000-ft altitude west of Rosamond,
Calif. Objective of powered flight, 31st in series, was to obtain stability
and control data. (NASA Proj Off)

• Apollo 12 Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., and

Alan L. Bean held press conference at MSC and showed movies and
slides of mission. Explaining failure of color TV camera, Conrad said:
"What apparently happened ... is that I took the thing off mesa and
set it down. The mesa was in the sun at the time and ... I apparently
either pointed it at the sun or pointed it at the mesa, which was in the
sun and a pretty bright reflector . . . and just that few seconds . . . was

406

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 12

enough to sunburn the camera. ... I didn't realize it was as sensitive
to light as it is."

Dust on surface was a major problem, Conrad said. Ground was soft
and astronauts sank in significantly. It was difficult to keep experiment
package clean. "It was almost impossible for us to walk around those
packages without our little dust cloud and at any time the dust hit the
surface of the package it stuck and the worst thing you could do was
try to rub it off because you just smeared it over them even worse. . . ."

To question about difficulty in landing LM on moon, Conrad replied
he had misinterpreted correct gage reading and underestimated accu-
racy of lm's descent. "... I felt that that gage was not . . . giving me
the proper information. I found it quite hard to believe that I could
have gotten the velocity killed quite as well as I did . . . and so I was
continually going out the window to get roll information and a general
idea of my lateral and horizontal velocities." Although Conrad felt
landing on moon was not "an amateur's game," he felt satisfactory
landings under completely instrumented flight rule conditions could be
made. Crew had suggested adding instrument that would provide auto-
matic nulling of horizontal and lateral velocities but would leave pilot
with rate of descent command. Conrad said he did not think dust dur-
ing descent would be problem on future missions "as long as you get
a look at your landing site before you get into the dust, and ascertain
that it's all right — it's perfectly all right to go in and land, ifr. ... I
don't recommend any change from the procedures that we're using
right now."

Bean said photos of moon were realistic, but photos of earth were
not. "As we view the Moon from the Earth, it's white and flat; it's
quite pretty. When you get up at the Moon . . . it's much the same; it's
either white or concrete colored or grey. . . . But when you look at the
Earth ... it kind of sparkles, and . . . you can't capture it on the film.
It's sort of like taking a picture of an emerald . . . and hoping to get
it."

Gordon said he had mixture of emotions, "a mixture of thoughts, as
to why is it all here? And . . . what the function that each person, each
part, each molecule, each body performs, in the overall scheme of why
is it, what is it, and from where did it come." (Transcript)
• Lunar Receiving Laboratory scientists told press at MSC rocks retrieved
from moon by Apollo 12 crew were younger, lower in titanium, and
higher in nickel than those retrieved by Apollo 11 and showed no signs
of bacteria or toxicity. Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer of New York State
Univ. at Stony Brook said Apollo 12 samples seemed to be 2.2 billion
to 2.5 billion yrs old, compared to 3.8 billion to 4.6 billion yrs old for
Apollo 11 samples. "The younger age means the . . . activity, whether
volcanic or meteorite impact, took place over an extended period of
time, not on a short time scale."

Dr. S. Ross Taylor of Australian National Univ. said chemistry of
Apollo 12 and Apollo 11 samples was basically similar but had many
interesting differences. "The surface is not completely homogeneous
across the moon. There are differences in chemistry probably reflecting
in the underlying rock. ... it looks as though we could have two ex-
tremes of differences." Apollo 12 samples from Ocean of Storms had
about half titanium content found in Apollo 11 samples from Sea of

407

December 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Tranquility. They had few refractory elements and fewer volatile ele-
ments. (Wilford, NYT, 12/13/69, 20; Cohn, W Post, 12/13/69, A10)

• Senate confirmed nomination of former Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael

Collins to be Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. {CR,
12/12/69, D1201)

• Moon was gray and colorless, rather than orange from oxidation of fer-

rous oxide in rocks by photolytically liberated oxygen, UCLA geophysi-
cist Dr. Willard F. Libby noted in Science. He suggested reason "lies
in the solar wind's bringing in atomic hydrogen to replace that lost by
the photolytic decomposition of water vapor." (Science, 12/12/69,
1437-8)

• Results of four radio occultation measurements of Mars' atmosphere,

ionosphere, and surface configuration by Mariner VI and VII were re-
ported in Science by JPL's Dr. Arvydas J. Kliore, Dr. Gunnar Fjeldbo,
and Boris L. Seidel and Goddard Institute for Space Studies' Dr. S.
Ichtiaque Rasool. Measurements had provided refractivity data in Mars
atmosphere at four points above its surface. For atmosphere consisting
predominantly of carbon dioxide, surface pressures between 6 and 7
millibars at three points of measurement and 3.8 at fourth, indicated
elevation of 3.1—3.7 mi (5—6 km). Temperature profile measured by
Mariner VI near equator in daytime indicated temperatures in strato-
sphere about 100°K warmer than those predicted by theory. Measure-
ments by Mariner VI taken at 79°N at beginning of polar night
indicated conditions were favorable for condensation of carbon dioxide
at almost all altitudes. Mariner VII measurements taken at 58°S in
daytime and 38°N at night also showed carbon dioxide condensation
was possible at altitudes above about 15.5 mi (25 km). Measurements
of electron density in ionosphere showed upper atmosphere was sub-
stantially warmer than in 1965, possibly because of increased solar
activity and proximity to sun. {Science, 12/12/69, 1393—7)

• tor— SHOK energy-absorbing system designed for Apollo program was

being installed by State Highway Commission of Kansas along major
arteries in and about Topeka, Republic Steel Corp. announced. De-
veloped by Ara, Inc., system used multiple-telescoping, lightweight,
high-strength steel tubing to attach guardrail to its mounting posts,
concrete abutments, or other roadside objects. When car struck guard-
rail, most of impact force was transmitted from rail to TOR— SHOKs,
rings that absorbed shock by turning inside out. (Republic Steel Re-
lease R-1053)

• NASA was allowing Apollo 12 crew and colleagues to take part in Jewish

National Fund dinner Dec. 14 in Houston "after years of guarding
against the use of its astronauts as fund-raisers," Associated Press said.
Proceeds of SlOO-a-plate affair honoring Apollo 12 and other astro-
nauts would be used to plant trees in Israel. (AP, W Post, 12/13/69,
A12)

• dod announced General Electric Co. would receive $5,333,250 supple-

mental agreement to previously awarded usaf contract for R&D of
Mark 12 reentry vehicle. Contract would be managed by Space and
Missile Systems Organization (samso). (dod Release 1068-69)
December 13: NASA successfully launched first two in series of Nike-Apache
sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments from NASA Wal-
lops Station. Rocket launched at 5:22 pm est carried sodium experi-

408

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 13

ment which created reddish-orange cloud visible for hundreds of miles.
Rocket launched at 7:30 pm EST carried trimethylaluminum (tma)
experiment which created bluish-white cloud. Primary objective was to
measure wind directions and speeds in 25- to 135-mi (40.2- to
217.2-km) region and temporal variations that occurred throughout
night. Four tma experiments and two acoustic grenade experiments,
postponed because of cloud cover, would be rescheduled. ( WS Releases
69-19, 69-20)

• Aerobee 150 sounding rocket carrying GSFC payload was launched by

nasa from wsmr to conduct stellar uv studies, (nasa Proj Off)

• Pan American World Airways took delivery of first Boeing 747 to be

turned over to commercial line in ceremony at Boeing Field in Seattle,
Wash. Later in day, 362-passenger transport left on six-hour flight to
Nassau, Bahamas. It was scheduled to fly to New York same day. (AP,
W Star, 12/14/69, A25)

• Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., said comet

Tago-Sato-Kosaka, discovered Oct. 10 by Japanese astronomers, was
being observed by astronomers in Southern Hemisphere and should be
visible to naked eye throughout U.S. in mid-January 1970. It was first
comet visible without telescope in more than two years, (upi, W Star,
12/14/69, A33)
December 15: At meeting of American Geophysical Union in San Francisco,
Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator
for Apollo program's seismic research, proposed detonation of nuclear
device on moon to assist analysis of lunar interior. He announced ten-
tative plans for placement of one- to five-kiloton bomb on lunar far
side by unmanned Atlas-Agena rocket between Apollo 15 and 16 mis-
sions in November 1970 and envisioned possible cooperative effort
with U.S.S.R. "I expect to run into a large number of political snags.
But these problems are not insurmountable if we include the Russians
. . . and agree to share the data with them. ... I would like to ask
them to put the bomb on the moon." Proposal was to be submitted to
NAS for approval. Nuclear blast would send seismic waves through
moon's core. These would be measured to yield information on nature
and origin of lunar interior. (Reuters, W Post, 12/16/69, A2 (

• NASA established 14-member Apollo Orbital Science Photographic Team

to provide scientific guidance in design, operation, and data utilization
of photographic systems for Apollo lunar orbital science program.
Chairman was Frederick J. Doyle of U.S. Geological Survey. ( Apollo
Prog Off)

• nrc Panel on Remote Atmospheric Probing issued Atmospheric Explora-

tion by Remote Probes, Volume 1, Summary and Recommendations,
of final report to NAS— NRC Committee on Atmospheric Sciences. Report
recommended that National Center for Atmospheric Research organize
scientific committee to formulate with NASA "an integrated remote at-
mospheric probing program at the unique Wallops Island facility; and
that NASA establish procedures for the utilization of the facility and
make widely known its availability for atmospheric research." Report
also recommended inclusion of atmospheric probing among scientific
missions of Haystack radar at mit and Millstone radar and urged de-
velopment of new facilities for remote atmosphere probing by Doppler
radar. (Text)

409

December 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

• Senate, by vote of 85 to 4, passed H.R. 15090, $69.3-billion dod FY

1970 appropriations bill. (CR, 12/15/69, S16743-4, S16750-1,
S16782, S16784-96)

• Gen. James Ferguson (usaf), afsc Commander, said in keynote address

before Air Force Fatigue and Fracture Conference at Miami Beach,
Fla. : "Our potential adversaries are pushing on all frontiers of tech-
nology. We cannot safely do less, and yet we must achieve our tech-
nological goals with less in the way of money, manpower, and facilities."
Each aircraft "will have to be better, more capable, stronger, more
durable, and preferably less costly." (Text)
December 16: NASA announced appointment of Robert N. Lindley, Vice
President Program General Manager of McDonnell Douglas Corp., as
Special Assistant to nasa Associate Administrator for Manned Space
Flight, (nasa Ann)

• Senate Committee on Appropriations voted in closed session to cut ap-

proximately $16 million from House-recommended allocation of $96
million for SST development under H.R. 14794, dod FY 1970 appropri-
ations bill. (Reuters, B Sun, 12/17/69, A9)

• Man Will Never Fly Memorial Society held 10th annual meeting at Kitty

Hawk, N.C. on eve of 66th anniversary of Wright brothers' first air-
plane flight. Society's highest honor, National Anti-aviation Citation
Presentation, was awarded in absentia to President Nixon for his de-
cision to spend $1.3 billion on two prototype SSTs. "Since Britain,
France and Russia have already built SST prototypes," citation said,
"an all-American sst will . . . give the United States a smashing avia-
tion fourth."

Julian Scheer, nasa Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs and
founding member of society, narrated films showing simulations of
lunar surface used by NASA for training. They indicated "that you can
really fake things on the ground — almost to the point of deception."
Society's 600 members included aviation pioneers, military pilots, air-
line executives, and aerospace newswriters. (Wilford, NYT, 12/18/69,
30)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced selection of Robert

P. Self ridge, Director of Greater Rockford (111.) Airport, to receive
faa Award for Distinguished Service for his "contribution in develop-
ing and promoting the cause of General Aviation" and for his "con-
structive suggestions, imagination, dedication and service to the
aviation users, above and beyond the role of an Airport Director."
(faa Release 69-67)
December 16—17: USNS Vanguard, which provided only sea-going link in
NASA tracking and communications network during Apollo flights, was
on display at Port of Baltimore, Md. (W Post, 12/15/69, B8; NASA

PAO)

December 17: SNAP— 27 nuclear generator placed on moon by Apollo 12
astronauts had continued to operate during first 28-day-and-night
lunar cycle despite temperatures from — 291 °F to +283 °F, AEC an-
nounced. It was producing more than 70 w of electricity to power five
instruments deployed Nov. 19 to transmit lunar data, (aec Release
M-274)

• nasa Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched from wsmr with

VAM-20 booster carried afcrl payload to 127-mi (204.3-km) alti-

410

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 17

tude. Objective was to calibrate Harvard College Observatory spec-
trometer on board orbiting Oso VI by studying active regions of sun
simultaneously at 300—400 A with telemetering, grazing incidence,
scanning EUV monochromator. Rocket and instruments functioned satis-
factorily. (NASA Rpt srl)

• USAF took delivery of first operational C-5 Galaxy aircraft in ceremony

at Lockheed-Georgia Co. plant in Marietta, Ga. Later, aircraft was
flown to Altus AFB, Okla., for use by Military Airlift Command. I dod
Release 1078-69; usaf pio)

• Termination of Project Blue Book — usaf investigation of UFOs — was an-

nounced by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force.
Project's continuation could not be justified "on the ground of national
security or in the interest of science." Decision was based on evalua-
tion of Jan. 9 report by Univ. of Colorado, NAS review of Univ. of
Colorado report, and USAF investigations of UFO reports since 1948.
USAF had concluded: no UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by
USAF had threatened U.S. security; there had been no evidence that
"unidentified" sightings represented technological developments or
principles beyond range of scientific knowledge; and there had been
no evidence that "unidentified" sightings were extraterrestrial vehicles.
Project Blue Book records would be retired to USAF archives at Max-
well afb, Ala. (dod Release 1077-69)

• National Investigations Committee for Aerial Phenomena INICAP),

10,000-member private UFO-investigating group, released statement on
termination of usaf Project Blue Book: "Congress can now discuss the
possibility of turning over UFO investigations to a civilian federal
agency or a private scientific organization." USAF decision "increases
the need for an active program of research and education." ( nicap
Release)

• London-to-Sydney Air Race commemorating first England-to-Australia

flight in 1919 by Ross and Keith Smith started at Gatwick Airport near
London, with 89 entries competing for $112,000 in prizes. \NYT,
1/5/70, 61)

• Dr. Thomas O. Paine, nasa Administrator, in letter to Sen. Clinton P.

Anderson, Chairman of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space
Sciences, summarized recent NASA efforts to improve international co-
operation in space. He had visited major European capitals and Canada
and hoped to visit Australia and Japan, to explain "planning for U.S.
space activities in the next decades." Foreign space authorities had
been invited to "sponsor their own industrial participation in the NASA
conference on space shuttle concepts" held in October. "Additional
mechanisms are being developed to permit foreign space interests to
keep in touch with and even contribute to our studies over the next
year, especially in the space shuttle and station programs."

In letters to President Mstislav V. Keldysh and Academician Anatoly
A. Blagonravov of Soviet Academy of Sciences Dr. Paine had invited
Soviet proposals for experiments on U.S. spacecraft, offered use of
laser reflector left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts, invited Soviet pro-
posals for lunar sample analysis, invited Soviet scientists to Viking
Mars 1973 conference, offered to discuss coordination of planetary
programs, and reiterated U.S. readiness "to meet anytime, any place,
to consider any possibilities for cooperation or coordination between

411

December 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

us." There had been "no substantial response." (67?, 1/21/70, S259)

• Senate, by vote of 58 to 22, rejected amendment submitted by Sen.

William Proxmire (D-Wis.) to strike from H.R. 14794, dot FY 1970
appropriations bill, $80 million for SST development. {CR, 12/17/69,
SI 7003, SI 7005-48)

• Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky, long-time advocate of air power, received

usaf Exceptional Service Award at Pentagon ceremony for "excep-
tionally meritorious service" to U.S. aviation from 1918 to 1969. (W
Star, 12/18/69, A2)

• Surprise had been expressed over enthusiastic reception in Moscow of

U.S. lunar rock exhibit, Washington Evening Star editorial noted.
There was really nothing surprising, however. "From a narrowly na-
tionalistic point of view, the Russian people and the Soviet government
can claim that, were it not for the early Russian successes in space, that
piece of rock would still be resting on the moon. But it is more likely
that the Russians, and the other peoples of the Earth, see the first moon
landing for what it truly was: A triumph for the collective ingenuity
of Man." (W Star, 12/17/69)
December 18: Selection of investigators and investigation areas for 1973
Viking mission to Mars was announced by NASA. LaRC would manage
overall project and be responsible for lander portion of spacecraft.
JPL would manage orbiter portion and be responsible for tracking and
data acquisition. Viking, follow-on to 1964—1965, 1969, and 1971
Mariner Mars flights, would consist of two instrumented spacecraft in
Mars orbit, each of which would detach landing capsule for softlanding
on Mars. Mission objectives included detection of life if it existed.
(NASA Release 69-166)

• Hot firing of twin RL— 10 Centaur engines marked first use of LeRC's new

Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, B— 2 stand, at Plum Brook
Station, Ohio [see Oct. 7], and first Centaur tests at Plum Brook since
structural tests in mid-1960s. Since then, Centaur, configured with lst-
stage Atlas, had launched seven Surveyor spacecraft to moon, two
Mariner spacecraft to Mars, one OAO, and one ATS. (LeRC Release
69-76)

• NASA announced appointment of John A. Whitney as Assistant General

Counsel for Procurement Matters, (nasa Release 69—167)

• Planned U.S. participation in 1971 Paris Air Show was announced in

Washington, D.C., by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe and
Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans. DOT would coordinate ex-
hibition of U.S. aircraft on flight line, (dot Release 26669)

• Senate and House cleared for President's signature H.R. 15090, $69.6-

billion dod FY 1970 appropriations bill. (CR, 12/18/69, S17181-6;
H12706-8)

• Tom Wicker commented in New York Times on suggested detonation of

nuclear device on moon [see Dec. 15]. "Aside from the obvious ques-
tions about the effects of nuclear fallout in the moon's atmosphere, what
might be the total environmental consequences of such an explosion —
for the moon itself, for those who will be visiting it from earth, for
other objects in the solar system?" Past performances had indicated
"some unexpected and probably unwelcome result." Indus and Ganges
River irrigation systems had contaminated soil in India with salt that
rose from earth with water and Aswan Dam was spreading disease

412

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 18

with irrigation waters in Egypt and damaging fertile Nile delta by in-
terfering with ancient silting process. In U.S., oil leaks from ocean
floor set off by scientific drilling techniques had ruined Santa Barbara,
Calif., coast. "Monstrous engines" of Boeing 747, Concorde supersonic
airliner, C— 5A Galaxy jet, and SST would "spew their poisons on man-
kind." Could man master anything that really mattered? "Certainly
not nature, and least of all himself; rather it is altogether likely that if
the Biblical flood someday engulfs the earth, it will flow from seeded
clouds. That might even be a fitting end." {NYT, 12/18/69, 46)

December 19: Results of Apollo 11 experiment to trap atomic particles from
solar wind on lunar surface [see Aug. 18] were reported in Science by
originator Dr. Johannes Geiss and Univ. of Berne, Switzerland, team.
Helium-4 solar wind flux during Apollo 11 excursion was 5.1 million
to 7.5 million atoms per sq cm per sec. Solar wind direction and energy
were essentially not perturbed by moon. Evidence for solar wind albedo
had been found. {Science, 12/19/69, 1502-3)

December 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCCXV into orbit with 541 -km
(336.2-mi) apogee, 518-km (321.9-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period,
and 74.0° inclination, (gsfc SSR, 12/31/69)

• Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong arrived in Bangkok, Thailand, to

meet with Peace Corps officials on Presidential mission. ( AP, W Post,
12/21/69, A17; W Star, 12/21/69, D7)

• Lunar rock sample weighing 34.1 gm left Lisbon, Portugal, for Washing-

ton, D.C., after eight-day exhibit that attracted some 60,000 persons,
including 400 leaders of Portuguese scientific, military, and educational
world. Rock, shown on Portuguese TV to estimated 9 million viewers,
would be sent to Prague. {NYT, 12/21/69, 22)

• Bell Aerosystems Co. announced it would become Bell Aerospace Co. Div.

of Textron, Inc., effective Jan. 3, 1970, when Bell Aerospace Corp.
would merge into Textron. ( Bell Aerosystems Release 52 )
December 21: Apollo 12 astronauts and wives attended Sunday services at
White House and later were guests at informal dinner given by Presi-
dent and Mrs. Nixon. They stayed overnight at White House. {PD,
12/22/69, 1763; AP, B Sun, 12/22/69, A3)

• Philadelphia Inquirer editorial criticized Dec. 15 proposal of Columbia

Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham, principal investigator of seismic
experiments for NASA Apollo missions, to set off nuclear blast on moon :
". . . the whole idea seems fundamentally repugnant and whether scien-
tifically sound or not likely to lead into ramifications outweighing any
possible return in scientific knowledge. . . . Reaction against such an
experiment would be even more intense, if it were undertaken in co-
operation, as proposed, with the Soviet Union. Nuclear devices are not
toys to be used for scientific game playing anywhere on earth or in
space." {P lnq, 12/21/69)
December 22: usaf ordered temporary halt to F— 111 operations following
15th F— 111 crash since aircraft's inception in 1965. Accident occurred
45 mi northwest of Nellis afb, Nev., when aircraft, in shallow dive to
drop smoke bombs and fire rockets, struck ground past target and ex-
ploded, killing USAF pilots Maj. James L. Anthony and L c Thomas J.
Mack. (Witkin, NYT, 12/23/69, 13)

• Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Dec. 17 usaf termina-

tion of Project Blue Book: "Loyal saucer people, undeterred by bureau-

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December 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

cratic huffiness, will now look forward to that impending twilight when
a strange galaxy of glowing, humming, reds, greens and lavenders will
settle over the [usaf] Academy at Colorado Springs, spirit it away to
Arcturus or Andromeda and put the specimens in a zoo." (W Star,
12/22/69, A14)
December 23: U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites. Cosmos CCCXV1
entered orbit with 1,638-km ( 1,017. 8-mi) apogee, 147 -km (91.3-mi)
perigee, 102.8-min period, and 49.4° inclination. Cosmos CCCXVI1
entered orbit with 296-km (183.9-mi) apogee, 191-km (118.7-mi)
perigee, 89.3-min period, and 65.4° inclination; it reentered Jan. 5,
1970. (gsfc SSR, 12/31/69; 1/15/70)

• Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong joined comedian Bob Hope in

entertaining 15,000 U.S. troops at field headquarters of 25th Infantry
Div. near Saigon, South Vietnam, (upi, W Star, 12/24/69, A5)

• Astronauts Alan L. Bean, R. Walter Cunningham, and Joseph P. Ker-

win were grounded by NASA for 30 days for minor infractions of
aircraft flight rules. Groundings — apparent attempt by nasa to empha-
size importance of safety during jet training flights — were first for as-
tronauts; in past, infractions had been discussed at weekly pilot
meetings. ( O'Toole, W Post, 1/7/70, A3)

• House adopted H.R. 765, authorizing Smithsonian Institution to display

U.S. flag presented to House by Apollo 11 astronauts. (CR, 12/23/69,
H 13090)

• Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, announced selec-

tion of McDonnell Douglas Corp. as prime contractor for development
and production of F— 15 advanced tactical fighter aircraft. Initial award
would be $1,146,385,000 fixed-price contract for engineering, design,
and fabrication of 20 aircraft. First wing of 107 aircraft would be
produced under later contract, not to exceed $936,591,000. (dod Re-
lease 1095-69)
December 24: Tiros Operational Satellite (TOS) System — joint effort of
nasa and essa to provide systematic, daily, worldwide cloud-cover ob-
servations— was adjudged successful by NASA. TOS system was operated
in support of National Operational Meteorological Satellite System
(nomss). It included four advanced vidicon-camera-system stored-data
spacecraft for remote global cloud-cover observations and five auto-
matic-picture-transmission (APT) direct-readout spacecraft for local
cloud-cover observations. Nine spacecraft had been successfully
launched and operated in orbit; tenth had been qualified but had not
been launched because of extended life of earlier spacecraft. ( NASA
Proj Off)

• Nimbus III, launched by NASA April 14, was adjudged successful. Space-

craft had achieved primary and secondary objectives July 14 when it
completed three months in orbit with all experiments operating suc-
cessfully. Spacecraft had acquired representative number of global
samples from which vertical temperature profiles of atmosphere were
derived, mapped global radiative energy balance of earth atmosphere
and cloud cover, demonstrated feasibility of surface tracking and~ob-
taining remote data from platforms on earth's surface and in atmos-
phere via IRLS system and temperature profile determination by
infrared spectrometry, and demonstrated SNAP— 19 as auxiliary power
system, (nasa Proj Off)

• Ats V Applications Technology Satellite, launched Aug. 12, was adjudged

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 24

unsuccessful by NASA. Primary objective — deployment and exercise of
gravity-gradient stabilization system — had not been achieved because
spacecraft failed to despin properly. Secondary objectives, except for
operation of ion engine, were being achieved, (nasa Proj Off)

• NASA's Biosatellite III, launched June 28, was adjudged unsuccessful by

NASA. Although data obtained from mission had been significant, pri-
mary objective — to operate spacecraft for more than 15 days to provide
suitable physiological environment for instrumented monkey- — had not
been achieved. Spacecraft had been deorbited after 8V2 days because
of monkey's rapid physiological deterioration. Monkey had died
shortly after recovery July 7. (nasa Proj Off)

• House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Space

Science and Applications published Future of the Bioscience Program
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Report con-
cluded bioscientific experimentation on man and animals in first dec-
ade of space flight had been "relatively meager." Scientific research
on manned flight had been "minimal" and had not included biomedical
experimentation of kind done in Biosatellite program. More research
was urgently needed on biological influence of zero gravity and effects
of change or elimination of rhythmic daily periodicity of animal and
plant life on earth. Space technology now permitted advanced scientific
research on these and related biological factors.

While professors exchanged scientific theories freely, NASA repre-
sentatives inclined toward "protecting jurisdiction authority and ex-
tending organizational power within the framework of their agency."
Complete information exchange should prevail, especially in bioscience,
"which eventually may affect human life." "Rivalry" between science
and engineering was "real." In NASA, science was "used" but "rarely
accepted in its own right by the engineering management."

While knowledge from 14-day missions was adequate to proceed
with planning of 28-day AAP mission, it was inadequate to proceed
safely with proposed 56-day flight or longer planetary flights without
monitoring astronauts on 28-day mission in experiments "beyond any
yet undertaken in manned flight." Further biosatellite exploration with
primates and instruments was "merited if not indeed prescribed." Final
evaluation of Biosatellite III would determine new mechanisms and
improved monitoring of test mammals to be programmed.

Subcommittee endorsed proposal of Dr. W. Ross Adey, NASA's prin-
cipal investigator for Biosatellite III, that basic measurements be re-
quired on all flight crews and recommended reinstitution of biosatellite
experiments with animals in earth orbit, extension of bioscience
research to planets when technologically feasible, uprating of science
role as mission objective, and NASA and Congress delegation of "highest
relative priority" to "bioscience programs which offer the most im-
mediate return to the taxpayers through . . . medicine and physiology."
Subcommittee further recommended NASA examine and implement "to
fullest practicable extent" recommendations of President's Scientific
Advisory Panel for "new level of biomedical research capability," that
OMSF conduct biomedical experiments on astronauts during 28-dav
aap missions, and that NASA's scientific investigations be planned "with
close and continued participation of the academic research institu-
tions." (Text)

• usaf changed Dec. 22 temporary suspension of F— 111A aircraft to com-

415

December 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

plete ban on all F— 111 A flights as result of investigation to date of
Dec. 22 crash at Nellis afb, Nev., which killed two pilots. Preliminary
study indicated cause of crash as "failure of its left wing prior to its
impact with the ground." (CSM, 1/5/70; W Star, 12/25/69, A3)
December 25: U.S.S.R. launched Intercosmos II into orbit with 1,169-km
(726.4-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 98.4-min period,
and 48.4° inclination to study ionosphere. Tass said equipment on
board was designed in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and
U.S.S.R. (B Sun, 12/27/69; gsfc SSR, 12/31/69)
December 26: Studies of shock and thermal metamorphism of olivine trachy-
basalt by nuclear explosion at Nevada Test Site for comparison
studies of Apollo 11 lunar samples were described in Science. Prelimi-
nary examination of Apollo 11 lunar surface material suggested many
samples would be mafic igneous rocks showing shock metamorphism
produced by meteorite impact. (James, Science, 12/26/69, 1615—9)
December 26—31: American Assn. for the Advancement of Science held
136th meeting in Boston, Mass. Panel discussion of future of U.S.
space program was disrupted by some 50 student protesters who con-
verged on panel chairman Dr. Charles Stark Draper, former director
of mit's Instrumentation Laboratory, and participants. Protesters said
they objected to space program because funds could be better spent to
solve social ills on earth. They littered podium with signs and papier-
mache moon rock. Dr. Draper justified continuation of space program
because of its technological and prestige contributions. "Space is a
bargain."

Outgoing aaas president Dr. Walter Orr Roberts met continued ob-
jections in his attempt to justify space program on basis of applications
and was almost shouted down when he suggested U.S.— u.s.s.R. coopera-
tion in internationalized space stations. In presidential address Dr.
Roberts, President of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, said
space technology had "vastly enlarged the arsenals of the United States
and the U.S.S.R., bringing to reality hitherto fanciful modes of military
surveillance, communications, and weaponry." Time had come "for us
to take a bold new step in space. I propose that this nation call upon
the Soviet Union to join hands in space, with a jointly conducted,
earth-oriented space program that will put the new-found Soviet and
American skills in space to work for the direct benefit of man."

Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Northwestern Univ. astronomer and consultant
to usaf Project Blue Book, expressed fear that USAF would destroy
classified UFO records because of Dec. 17 termination of project. "I do
not believe we are being visited by little green men. ... I do believe a
phenomenon exists, and that it is worthy of scientific attention."

Dr. Lewis M. Branscomb, Director of National Bureau of Standards,
and Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, Vice Chancellor of Univ. of Cali-
fornia at Santa Barbara, called for hard, new look at manned space
flight spending and urged moratorium on pressure for early manned
missions to Mars.

Dr. S. Fred Singer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Interior, said, "If
we downgrade the manned space program we may find we don't have
any space program."

Panel of young scientists from Harvard Univ. and MIT, invited by
aaas, attacked "misuse" of science in formal papers presented before

416

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 26-31

meeting. Allen S. Weinraub, graduate student at Harvard, said science
was controlled by Federal Government and large corporations that held
pursestrings. Panel member Larry W. Beeferman of mit called nasa
"the national aerospace subsidy administration."

At press conference following meeting, Presidential adviser on
hunger Dr. Jean Mayer said, "We can feed everybody — and feed them
very well — and go to the moon as well."

Dr. Frank J. Low, Univ. of Arizona scientist, reported discovery of
"Irtrons" — cells of creation- — at centers of 12 galaxies so far, includ-
ing Milky Way. He believed both matter and antimatter were created
in each and then annihilated each other, continuously spraying out
debris to fill universe, making stars, planets, and new worlds. Theory
had originally been proposed by British astronomer Sir James Jeans
early in century. (Lannan, W Star, 12/28/69, A7; W Post, 12/27/69,
B6; 12/29/69, Al, A7; 12/30/69, A2; Science, 1/2/70, 11-6)

December 27: Scientists from U.S., Canada, and France, participating in
NASA-sponsored 25-day probe of aurora borealis Nov. 24 to Dec. 18,
had discovered very high ratios of red oxygen emissions to blue nitro-
gen emissions in earth's upper atmosphere, NASA announced. Higher
measured ratios indicated many solar electrons that bombarded atmos-
phere might have been low energy. There might be more oxygen in
polar atmosphere than at other latitudes, or high temperatures in upper
polar atmosphere. Studies in airborne laboratory — NASA Convair 990
jet aircraft Galileo — also detected bombardment of earth's atmosphere
by protons. Comparison of light emission caused by protons and elec-
trons would help explain particles' origin. Measurement from six
photometers and three spectrometers would provide explanation of
newly discovered phenomena, (nasa Releases 69-165, 69-169)

December 28: Sigurd A. Sjoberg became MSC Director of Flight Operations,
succeeding Dr. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. Sjoberg had been Deputy
Director of Flight Operations since 1963. (msc Release 70-1)

December 29: NASA announced decision to close Electronics Research Center
at Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, told
staff: ". . . we must effect reductions and consolidations across the
board if we are to reshape our programs to meet the nation's future
needs in aeronautics and space. . . . We are simply faced with the hard
fact that NASA cannot afford to continue to invest broadly in electronics
research as we have in the past." Phasing down of ERC work would
begin immediately. Final plans were in preparation for placement of
personnel and disposition of real property in Cambridge. Center, which
opened Sept. 1, 1964, had 850 employees. Six buildings, representing
$30-million investment, were in final phases of construction, (nasa
Release 69-171 )

• NASA exhibit at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan, March 15 through September

would feature F— 1 rocket engine, models of Explorer VII, VIII, and
XI, tools being developed for Saturn V Workshop, and Saturn V
launch vehicle digital computer, MSFC announced. Exhibit also would
display weather and communications satellites, Apollo spacecraft, space-
suits, flight cameras, and moon rocks, (msfc Release 69—273)

• Five-year program to improve detection of clear air turbulence (cat) —

with cooperation of NASA, DOT, dod, and ESSA — was announced in
Washington, D.C., by ESSA Administrator, Dr. Robert M. White. Proj-

417

December 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

ect would seek improvement of long-range weather forecasting and
development of onboard portable detection devices for aircraft to lo-
cate CAT in time to permit pilot to take evasive action or prepare for
penetration, (upi, NYT, 12/29/69, 57)

• President Nixon announced intention to appoint Abbott M. Washburn as

U.S. Representative to Plenipotentiary Conference on Definitive Ar-
rangements for the International Telecommunications Satellite Con-
sortium, with rank of Ambassador, succeeding William W. Scranton,
whose resignation would be effective Dec. 31. [PD, 1/5/70, 5)
December 30: Cambridge, Mass., city officials and industrialists set up study
group to protect their interests in $60-million erc, which nasa was
closing [see Dec. 29]. Municipal officials called NASA move "a clear
breach of faith on the part of the Federal Government" and hinted
possible court action to stop closing, on breach of contract grounds.
They said they had not been consulted about NASA's decision. (Fenton,
NYT, 12/31/69, 10)

• In Pravda, Soviet Academician and automation expert Dr. Boris N. Pet-

rov said U.S.S.R., in effort to conserve resources, had decided not to
compete with U.S. in manned lunar exploration, but to concentrate on
launching unmanned vehicles into outer space and on creation of per-
manent space stations around earth. "Our program by no means ex-
cludes manned flights to the moon, but at the present time, we attach
prime importance to lunar exploration by unmanned vehicles. The
economic side is of no small importance. Unmanned vehicles are many
times less expensive than manned." (Gwertzman, NYT, 12/31/69, 11)

• Soviet scientist Nikolay A. Kozyrev told Soviet Committee for Inventions

and Discoveries he had discovered active volcano on moon. He had
detected glowing rocks in Aristarchus crater in 1955 and obtained
spectrogram of crater's gas in 1958. Comparing spectrogram with
others obtained from active volcanos in Soviet Far East, he had found
them similar, (upi, W News, 12/31/69, 9)

• Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced 10-mo extension,

to Oct. 25, 1970, of faa rule setting hourly flight quotas at five high-
density airports serving New York, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.
Decision was based "on operational experience . . . which clearly es-
tablishes that the traveling public has benefited substantially from this
measure." (faa Release 69—137)
December 31: President Nixon in San Clemente, Calif., announced 1969 re-
cipients of National Medal of Science, Federal Government's highest
award for distinguished achievement in science, mathematics, and en-
gineering, including: Purdue Univ. chemist Herbert C. Brown, for
"discovery and exploration of hydroboration reaction and for develop-
ing it into a major and powerful tool in chemical synthesis"; Princeton
Univ. mathematician William Feller, "for original and definitive con-
tributions to pure and applied mathematics, for making probability
available to users, and for pioneering work in establishing Mathemati-
cal Reviews"; Jack S. C. Kilby, Texas Instruments Inc., for "original
conceptions and valuable contributions in the production and applica-
tion of integrated circuits" ; and Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Director of
Stanford Univ. Linear Accelerator Center, for "classic experiments
probing the elementary particles of matter and for contributions to ad-

418

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 December 31

vancing the means of experimentation in this challenging field." (PI),
1/5/70, 10-1)
During December: NASA issued Apollo 11: Preliminary Science Report
(NASA SP— 214), summarizing scientific findings of first manned lunar
landing mission July 16—24. In foreword Dr. Thomas O. Paine, NASA
Administrator, said: "The concept of traveling across the vastness of
space to new worlds has stirred the imagination of men everywhere. . . .
The success of this mission has opened new fields of exploration and
research . . . which will lead to a greater understanding of our planet
and provide a new insight into the origin and history of the solar
system."

Report included photographic review of Apollo 11 mission with ob-
servations by crew- — Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin,
Jr., and Michael Collins. Descriptions of geologic setting of lunar ma-
terial, soil mechanics investigation, passive seismic experiment, laser
ranging retroreflector, and solar wind composition experiment were
provided by principal investigators.

In addition to major findings reported Sept. 15 in summary by NASA
Preliminary Examination Team (pet), SP— 214 reported passive seis-
mic experiment package deployed on moon had operated satisfactorily
for 21 days and had detected seismic signals from astronaut activity or
LM motions. Whether actual lunar seismic events had been detected
was uncertain. Laser reflector deployed on moon had been used as
target for earth-based lasers and distance to moon had been measured
to within four-mile accuracy. Future studies would be made on distance
variation to study motion of moon and earth. Preliminary analysis had
been made on part of aluminum foil and showed helium, neon, and
argon; isotopic composition of each element had been measured.
(Text; nasa Release 69-160)

• Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, msc Director, was named to receive first "at

large" award in 17-yr history of $10,000 Rockefeller Public Service
Awards for "distinguished service to the government of the United
States and to the American people." Other 1969 recipients included Dr.
John W. Evans, Director of USAF's Sacramento Peak Observatory, in
science, technology, or engineering category. (AF/SD, 1/70, 24—5)

• Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, NASC Chairman, discussed future of U.S.

space program in Space Age News: "It is my personal belief that a
vigorous space effort is essential to the welfare of this country, particu-
larly since it has contributed so much to our international prestige, our
national security and our economy. I can assure you that the President
shares this view." Through 11 yrs of space activity U.S. had "gained
one of its most priceless resources- — trained, experienced professionals
capable of creating, managing, and operating a complete range of space
systems dedicated to bringing the benefits of space within reach of all
of us here on Earth." U.S. had "just begun its space program. The
success of the first decade indicates an enlarged effort in the decade to
come." (Space Age News, 12/69)

• Coming age of economy space flight was discussed by J. S. Butz, Jr.. in

Air Force and Space Digest. Space shuttle was key to opening of space
"much as the railroads opened a stream of travel into the American
West." It was "complex and expensive system that is within our grasp

419

During December ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

if the nation's technology and management are willing to meet chal-
lenges of herculean proportions." In prospect was day when astronauts
would be as numerous as present day airline pilots, space flights would
be scheduled almost daily, and "virtually any young man who yearns
to voyage into space will be able to do so at some point in his life."
(AF/SD, 12/69, 37-44)

• Space/ Aeronautics described 1969 as U.S.S.R.'s "most active and most

frustrating" year in space. "In the fall of 1968 it was possible to be-
lieve . . . that the Soviet Union might fly men around the moon before
the United States. A year later it was possible to ask: 'Where are the
Russians?'" Most failures were in attempts to prepare man's way to
moon. "The inglorious performance of Luna 15, just as America was
landing men on the lunar surface, could almost be called the least of
Russia's lunar problems. By far the worst . . . must be repeated tech-
nical troubles with the long-awaited 'super booster,' the rough equiva-
lent of Saturn 5. If semi-official rumors are to be accepted as accurate,
the Russian vehicle is in a great deal of difficulty.

"The . . . launchings of Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 were impressive in many
ways — but Western officials still counted the group flight as a disap-
pointment to the Russians. . . . The most skeptical Western estimates
now are that the Russians may have abandoned the big booster, that
they will not land men on the moon before 1972 . . . and that no large
Soviet station will be assembled in orbit before the last half of the
'70s." (Space/ Aeronautics, 12/69, 24-6)

• "Dethronement" of Dr. Charles Stark Draper as head of MIT Instrumen-

tation Lab had resulted from campaign waged by "coterie of self-
appointed zealots who insist that defense research is 'war research' and
cannot be tolerated," William Leavitt said in Air Force and Space
Digest article. On campus these days, "genius is not enough to keep
you on the job. Your work has to be politically, morally, and socially
acceptable" to these zealots. (AF/SD, 12/69, 46-50)

• nsf published American Science Manpower, 1968, report of National

Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel: Almost 298,000 scien-
tists— nine percent of whom were women — reported to National Reg-
ister in 1968. Of these, three-fifths were in physical and mathematical
sciences, one-fifth in life sciences, remainder in behavioral and social
sciences. Registration was up 23% over 242,800 in 1966. Industry em-
ployed 32% of 1968 registrants, down from 34% in 1966. Scientists
employed in educational institutions increased from 36% to 40%.
Those in Federal Government remained at 10% both years. Federal
Government provided funds for at least some of work of 127,400
scientists, or 43% of total registrants. (Text)

• In American Scholar architect R. Buckminster Fuller said: "It seems

eminently clear that we not only must put our space programs on
highest priority of attention and resource investment but that all hu-
manity must be accredited and financed to enter into a new re-educa-
tional system that is geared to develop our most prominent awareness,
that we indeed are in space and that all of our concern is with the fact
that our space-vehicle Earth and its life-energy-giving Sun, and the
tide-pumping Moon can provide ample sustenance and power for all
humanity's needs to be derived from our direct energy income without
further robbing our fossil fuels energy savings account. In reality, the

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During December

Sun, the Earth and the Moon are nothing else than a most fantastically
well-designed and space-programmed team of vehicles. All of us are,
always have been, and so long as we exist, always will be — nothing else
but — astronauts. Let's pull our heads out of the brain benumbing,
mind frustrating, misinformedly conditioned reflexes. If it is going to
be 'All ashore who's going ashore,' once more intent to return to non-
space DOWN HERE ON earth, humanity is doomed." (American Scholar,
Winter 1969-70, 27-47)
During 1969: In 1969 — the year man first set foot on another celestial body
—U.S. orbited 54 spacecraft and U.S.S.R., 70. U.S. total included 31
orbited by dod. NASA's 23 included 2 satellites orbited for dod as
secondary payloads.

Highlight of 1969 was achievement of major goal in nasa's Apollo
program — to land man on the moon and return him safely to earth.
Lunar landing system completed final phases of test and demonstration
when Apollo 9 demonstrated operation of LM in earth orbit and Apollo
10 demonstrated operation of complete Apollo spacecraft in lunar orbit,
with LM making two passes within 47,000 ft of lunar surface. Apollo
program climaxed with Apollo 11, July 16—24, when LM Eagle landed
on moon and Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.
— first men on the moon — performed tasks on lunar surface, redocked
with CSM in lunar orbit, and returned safely to earth with lunar
samples. Apollo 12 successfully accomplished second manned lunar
landing with pinpoint accuracy, touching down close to Surveyor III,
which had landed on moon April 19, 1967. Crew set up first alsep on
lunar surface and returned safely to earth with lunar samples and parts
of Surveyor III.

Unmanned Mariner VI and Mariner VII passed within 2.000 mi of
Mars, transmitting more than 200 times more data about Mars than
were obtained by Mariner IV in 1964. Spacecraft measured chemical
composition and temperature of atmosphere and surface and took 198
high-quality pictures, providing new insight into Mars surface charac-
teristics. Other scientific achievements included orbiting of Oso V, Oso
VI, Ogo VI, and Explorer XLI. Applications satellites included
Intelsat-Ill F—3, Intelsat-Ill F—4, and Intelsat-Ill F—5 for ComSat-
Corp; Essa IX meteorological satellite for essa; Nimbus III ; and Ats
V. Biosatellite III provided significant biological data on instrumented
monkey on board, but mission was terminated early after monkey's
physiological condition deteriorated, and monkey died shortly after
recovery. Pioneer E, scheduled to enter solar orbit, and its secondary
payload tetr— c were destroyed shortly after launch when Delta booster
malfunctioned.

Some 189 meteorological sounding rockets, 85 scientific sounding
rockets, and 60 high-altitude balloons were launched.

NASA— usaf XB— 70 and X— 15 programs were concluded and new
joint program was initiated to continue aeronautical R&D, using YF— 12
supersonic aircraft. First operational C— 5A, military cargo transport
and world's largest aircraft, was delivered to USAF and by November
seven C— 5As had accumulated 1,320 hrs flying time. Aeronautical h&d
continued to improve quality and quantity of options available in air-
craft technology, and aircraft industry made first flights of several
wide-bodied jumbo jet transports for civil use, including Boeing 747.

421

During 1969 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

New sst design with delta wing was approved by faa and prototype
construction was recommended by President Nixon.

nasa's HL— 10 lifting-body vehicle completed 3 successful glide flights
and 15 powered flights included first supersonic flight at mach 1.1 and
54,000-ft altitude. USAf's X-24A lifting-body vehicle completed 7
flights.

dod space program included orbiting of 2 Vela nuclear-detection
satellites, 7 Orbiting Vehicle research satellites, Tacsat I tactical corn-
sat, Egrs XIII (Secor XIII) geodetic satellite (launched by nasa), and
U.K.'s Skynet A comsat (launched by NASA). Titan IIIM development
was terminated and usaf's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (mol) pro-
gram was canceled because of budget cutbacks.

NASA and AEC completed ground tests of XE experimental rocket en-
gine with 28 successful startups and 2.8 hrs of operation, including
3.5 min at full thrust, and validated test stand No. 1 in Jackass Flats,
Nev. SNAP— 27 generator was used as electrical power source for
Apollo 12 experiments left on moon and SNAP— 19 was auxiliary power
system for Nimbus III. SNAP— 29 program was terminated. New
liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed and new tripropellant
system produced record performance for chemically powered engines.

U.S.S.R.'s 70 payloads included 55 Cosmos satellites and 2 Inter-
cosmos, 2 Meteor, 1 Luna, 1 Zond, 5 Soyuz, and 2 Venus spacecraft,
and 2 Molniya I comsats. Manned Soyuz IV docked with manned
Soyuz V and two cosmonauts transferred from Soyuz V to Soyuz IV
before returning to earth. Manned Soyuz VI, VII, and VIII, launched
on three successive days, rendezvoused in orbit and performed experi-
ments including photography, communications, and welding. Luna XV,
apparent unmanned challenger to NASA's Apollo 11 for first lunar land-
ing and return, crashed onto lunar surface in July. U.S.S.R.'s Tu-144
delta-wing supersonic transport successfully reached speeds up to 900
mph and was demonstrated publicly in 90-min test flight. (Pres Rpt
70 [69] ; nasa Release 69-161; gsfc SSR, 12/31/69)
• Year 1969 was one of critical decision and realignment of programs for
NASA as primary goal of first decade was achieved through Apollo pro-
gram. Post-Apollo planning had preceded the coming of the Nixon
Administration and Apollo 11. Budget retrenchment accelerated
throughout Government as cost of Vietnam war continued high and
White House sought to lessen inflation by fiscal economy. Nationwide
reevaluation of societal priorities emphasized problems of pollution,
poverty, and crime.

Successful lunar landings of Apollo 11 and 12 — seen and acclaimed
worldwide — mushroomed U.S. enthusiasm for manned space achieve-
ment. NASA announced development of plans for further lunar missions
and post-Apollo planetary exploration. But year was turning point, with
completion of a major goal and examination of possible new goals and
priorities for the next decade. Phasing down of Apollo program after
climax brought shifts in program emphasis and in personnel. Most of
initial Saturn V launch vehicles had been completed. Hardware re-
quirements would decrease as missions slowed. Peak costs during
1960s had built NASA base of people, technology, and facilities as
national capability to conduct space missions.

Future space objectives and budget options were examined, within

422

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 Durin- 1969

Government and outside, for balance between more manned missions
and more unmanned scientific exploration and applications of knowl-
edge already gained. Criticism of past emphasis on engineering rather
than on science was partly answered by decision to provide more time
for scientific study and planning between the next Apollo lunar mis-
sions. Program plans included Apollo Applications, missions to Mars
and Jupiter, long-range studies of Venus-Mercury mission and three-
planet grand tours, development of permanent space station, joint
NASA— dod studies of space transportation system with reusable shuttle,
and accelerated aeronautics activities.

NASA FY 1970 appropriation of $3,697 billion was $181 million be-
low budget proposed by outgoing President Johnson and $19 million
below President Nixon's amended request for $3,716 billion. Cutbacks
in Government spending forced NASA to announce 1970 closing of
Electronics Research Center and dod to cancel Manned Orbiting Lab-
oratory ( MOL) program. Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator,
told erc employees in December that agency had to "effect reductions
and consolidation across the board if we are to shape our programs to
meet the nation's future needs in aeronautics and space." Reductions
in work force — largely in contractor personnel — were brought by
planned phasing out of Apollo program as well as by budget cuts. Year
of man's first landing on moon, despite its global impact, ended with
space goals and levels of effort for the next decade an open question.
( Pres Rpt 70 [69] ; A&A 69)
• In its international cooperation program, NASA successfully launched
three foreign satellites — Canadian Isis I, third of series to conduct
ionospheric measurement; Boreas {Esro IB) for European Space Re-
search Organization on reimbursable basis; and West German Azur
under cooperative project to conduct radiation belt measurements.
Agreements for new projects were reached with U.K., Italy, Nether-
lands, and Canada. U.K. agreement called for 1971 launch of satellite
on NASA Scout vehicle to measure ionospheric particles and radio noise
and experiment to fly on board NASA's Nimbus-E in 1972. Italian agree-
ment provided for 1970 launch of San Marco-C satellite on NASA Scout
vehicle from Italian San Marco range in Indian Ocean and use of
range for launching NASA spacecraft into equatorial orbit.

Under Netherlands agreement two Dutch scientists would participate
as observers in oao program. Canadian agreement called for reim-
bursement launching of Canadian comsat. Project Helios, cooperative
endeavor with West German Ministry for Scientific Research to place
two solar probes (1974—1975) closer to sun than any other spacecraft,
would obtain data on solar processes and earth-sun relationship. Under
another agreement with West Germany, Project Aeros, NASA would
launch German-developed satellite in 1972 for aeronomy measurements.
In agreement with Indian space agency, ATS— F satellite would be made
available for experimental educational TV broadcasting directly and
by relay to receivers in 5,000 Indian villages.

Additional cooperative projects during 1969 included launch of one
Italian, two U.K., and two French experiments; continuation of sound-
ing rocket projects with Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan, Nor-
way, Pakistan, Spain, and Sweden; inclusion of Canadian and French
experiments on Convair 990 flights to study auroras in northern lati-

423

During 1969 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tudes; and extension of aeronautical research projects with Canada,
France, West Germany, and U.K. Agreement with Spain for NASA
Madrid tracking station was extended in June until 1984 and negotia-
tions were begun with Australia for extension of tracking arrangements
until same year.

Lunar surface material returned by Apollo 11 astronauts was dis-
tributed to 39 principal investigators from nine countries — Australia,
Belgium, Canada, Finland, West Germany, Japan, South Africa, Switz-
erland, and U.K.

International highlights in 1969 included around-the-world tour of
Apollo 11 astronauts to dramatize conviction that successful lunar land-
ing was triumph for all mankind; travels of NASA Administrator, Dr.
Thomas 0. Paine, to inform ministerial and space agency officials
abroad of U.S. space plans and invite their participation; and partici-
pation of foreign experts in NASA conference on space shuttle concepts.

Efforts by NASA to develop cooperative programs with U.S.S.R. con-
tinued during 1969, but met with limited success. (Pres Rpt 70 [69])

• Drone aircraft was reportedly impaled with spear of light from experi-

mental laser and destroyed in three milliseconds at Air Force Special
Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland afb, N. Mex. Account in Aviation Week
& Space Technology was later denied by usaf officials.

Tri-service laser weapon research programs, principally sponsored
by ARPA, were studying number of military applications of lasers, ac-
cording to magazine, usaf had increased planned funding of high-
energy gas laser development in FY 1969 from $0.5 million to $2.5
million to make use of power output increase achieved by United Air-
craft Corp. in 1968. And $1.5 million had been given to exploratory
development of high-power solid-state lasers. For FY 1970 USAF had
asked $8 million to exploit United Aircraft development. (Av Wk,
1/12/70, 16-7; usaf pio; A&A, 4/70, 16-21)

• Aerospace industry sales of $28.3 billion in 1969 were second highest in

industry's history despite anticipated decline of 4.1% from 1968
record of $29.5 billion. All areas of aerospace endeavor leveled off ex-
cept nonaerospace sales by aerospace companies, which increased.
Commercial aerospace sales, principally jet transports, were $5,800
million, down from $6,429 million in 1968. Trend resulted from phas-
ing out of current transport models while jumbo jet production was
beginning. Sales by aerospace industry to DOD were $16.2 million in
1969 and $16.6 billion in 1968. Military aircraft sales totaled $10
billion in 1969 and $10.7 billion in 1968. Space sales dropped to $4,499
million from $5,108 million in 1968, because of approaching comple-
tion of Apollo program hardware phase and cancellation of MOL.
{Aerospace, Winter, 1970)

• U.S. scheduled airlines carried 159 million passengers; in 1949 they had

carried less than 17 million. In 1969 airlines accounted for 75% of
common carrier passenger-miles between U.S. cities; in 1949 they had
accounted for 14%. In 1969 18.3 million passengers flew between U.S.
and other countries; in 1949 there were 2.2 million. U.S. scheduled
airlines produced 3.2 billion ton-miles of air freight service in 1969,
increase of 15.7% over 1968. (1970 Air Transport Facts & Figures)

• Air carrier accidents decreased from 73 in 1968 to 68 in 1969. Accident

rate was down from 1.12 per 100,000 hrs flown to 0.98. Fatal accidents

424

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969 During 1969

had dropped from 16 to 10 and total fatalities from 352 to 160, lowest
since 1957. Fatality rate was 2.3 per 100,000 hrs flown; it had been
5.4 in 1968. Total air carrier accidents had declined steadily from 102
in 1959 to 1969's 68. (faa Release 70-2)

• Number of active pilots in U.S. reached 720,028, rise of 4/{ over 1968

total. Student pilots dropped 3% from end of 1968, to 203,520 at end
of 1969. (faa Release 70-37)

• Best seller of books published by New York Times during year was We

Reach the Moon by John Noble Wilford. Book sold 1 million copies in
U.S. and abroad. (NYT, 2/22/70)

425

Appendix A

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED
SPACE FLIGHTS

A CHRONICLE FOR 1969

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Leonard C.
Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress.
Sources included the United Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation
Report issued by the Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight
Center; public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA,
essa, and other agencies, as well as those of the Communications Satellite
Corporation. Russian data are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite
Situation Report, translations from the Tass News Agency, statements in the
Soviet press, and international news services' reports. Data on satellites of
other foreign nations are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite Situa-
tion Report, government announcements, and international news services'
reports.

This tabulation lists payloads that have (a) orbited; (.6) as probes, as-
cended to at least the 4,000-mile altitude that traditionally has distinguished
probes from sounding rockets, etc.; or (c) conveyed one or more humans
into space, whether orbit was attained or not. Furthermore, only flights that
have succeeded — or at least can be shown by tracking data to have fulfilled
our definition of satellite or probe or manned flight — are listed. Date of
launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. An asterisk by the date
marks those dates that are one day earlier in this tabulation than in listings
which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time. A double asterisk by the
date marks dates of Soviet launches which are a day later in this compila-
tion than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time.

World space activity declined for the second straight year. There was a
decline in the total successful launches — 110 against 119 in 1968 — and a
decline in total payloads orbited — 124 against 138 in 1968. The difference
between launches and payloads is of course accounted for by the multiple-
payload launches ( dod is the principal user of this system, with 7 multiple-
payload launches orbiting a total of 19 payloads and as many as 5 payloads
on one Titan IIIC; NASA had 2 multiple launches totaling 4 payloads in
1969 and the same in 1968; the U.S.S.R., whose last multiple-pa) load
launch was in 1965, had none ) .

Of the 1969 world total, the United States launched 40 boosters carrying
54 payloads ( compared to 45 and 64 in 1968 ) . Of these totals, dod was re-
sponsible for 19 launches and 31 payloads. The 40 launches made the lowest
U.S. total since 1963, and the 54 payloads are the fewest since 1961. Eight

427

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

of nasa's total were non-NASA missions — Intelsat-Ill F—3, Intelsat-III F—4,
Intelsat-Ill F—5, Boreas, Azur, Skynet A, Essa IX, and Egrs XIII. The
U.S.S.R. launched 70 boosters in 1969; it had launched 74 in 1968.

In 1969 manned space flight peaked both in quantity and in achievement.
Four U.S. Apollo flights put 12 astronauts in space and five U.S.S.R. Soyuz
flights orbited 11 cosmonauts, for a record 23 men in space in one year.
Apollo 11 was naturally the most dramatic, with the United States achieving
its manned lunar landing goal. In steady progression, the successes of
Apollo 9 in earth orbit and Apollo 10 in lunar orbit prepared the way for
the Apollo 11 lunar touchdown on July 20, 1969. The Apollo 12 follow-up
lunar landing four months later further demonstrated man's ability to func-
tion in the lunar environment.

The Soviet Union performed two lunar missions in 1969, both unmanned.
Luna XV impacted the moon and Zond VII was the third successful Soviet
circumlunar flight, reentry, and recovery. The U.S.S.R. also launched two
Venus probes, both of which landed on the planet. The five Soviet manned
flights in earth orbit performed rendezvous and docking and accomplished
the first crew exchange in orbit.

As we have cautioned in previous years, the "Remarks" column of these
appendixes is never complete because of the inescapable lag behind each
flight of the analysis and interpretation of the results.

428

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Appendix B

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES, 1969

This chronology of major NASA launches in 1969 is intended to provide
an accurate and ready historical reference, compiling and verifying informa-
tion previously scattered in several sources. It includes launches of all
rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by NASA or
under "NASA direction" (e.g., in 1969 NASA provided vehicles and launch
facilities and launched ComSatCorp's three Intelsat III satellites, essa's Essa
IX, usa's Egrs XIII as a secondary payload, esro's Boreas, West Germany's
Azur, and U.K.'s Skynet A, as well as Isis I in joint U.S. -Canadian pro-
gram). NASA sounding rocket launches are published annually by the God-
dard Space Flight Center Historian in Goddard Projects Summary: Satellites
and Sounding Rockets.

An attempt has been made to classify performance of both the launch
vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary
mission. Three categories have been used for evaluating vehicle performance
and mission results — successful (S), partially successful (Pi, and unsuc-
cessful (U). A fourth category, unknown (Unk), has been added for pay-
loads when vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to
exercise its main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary;
many of the results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they ignore the fact
that a great deal is learned from missions that may have been classified as
unsuccessful.

Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Open sources
were used, verified when in doubt with the project offices in NASA Head-
quarters and with NASA Centers. For further information on each item, see
Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as refer-
enced in the index. Prepared April 1970 by William A. Lockyer, Jr., His-
torical and Library Services Branch, Kennedy Space Center.

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Appendix C

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 1969

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights
during 1969 and, taken with Appendix C to the 1965, 1966, and 1968
editions of this publication, provides a summary record of manned explora-
tion of the space environment through 1969. The information was compiled
by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library
of Congress.

The year 1969 was manned space flight's most prolific year to date. Four
Apollo flights and five Soyuz flights put a record 23 men into space. The
Soviets accomplished the first crew transfer in orbit. The United States
achieved its goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely
to earth — and did it again four months later.

None of the five Soviet flights left earth orbit. Rather, all performed
earth-related experiments. Soyuz IV, carrying one cosmonaut, docked with
Soyuz V, carrying a 3-man crew. Two members from Soyuz V transferred
to and remained in Soyuz IV until reentry. Ten months later, Soyuz VI
hovered near Soyuz VII and Soyuz VIII as they performed close rendezvous
maneuvers but did not dock. Soyuz VI tested welding techniques in its de-
pressurized spacecraft chamber.

The early March earth orbital flight of Apollo 9 was the first successful
manned flight of the Apollo LM, and Apollo 10 successfully demonstrated
the complete system during its circumlunar flight. Apollo i7's Neil Arm-
strong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., returned safely to earth with lunar samples
after becoming the first men to walk on the moon. And the Apollo 12 crew
took an extensive lunar walk and retrieved a soil scoop from Surveyor III,
which had been on the moon for 2V2 years.

By the end of 1969, the United States had conducted a total of 22 manned
space flights — 16 in earth orbit, 2 in lunar orbit and 2 lunar landings —
with a total of 24 different crewmen. Of the 24 American astronauts, 10 had
participated in 2 flights each, and 5 had flown three times. The Soviet Lmion
had conducted a total of 15 manned flights, all in earth orbit, with 21 cos-
monauts. Three cosmonauts had flown twice each. Cumulative totals for
manned spacecraft hours on flight had reached 2,303 hours 56 minutes for
the United States and 1,054 hours 8 minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumula-
tive total man-hours in space were 5,833 hours 57 minutes for the United
States and 1,698 hours 47 minutes for the U.S.S.R.

Data on U.S. flights are the latest available to date within NASA. Although
minor details are subject to modification as data are refined, major aspects
of all U.S. manned flights remain subject to direct observation by interested
citizens of the world, with a significant portion of recent missions seen live
on worldwide television.

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Appendix D

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. This list does
not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the refer-
ences cited are not abbreviated. Only references that appear in abbreviated
form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology entries them-
selves are cross-referenced in the Index.

A&A
A&A 69

ABC

aec Release
Aero Daily
Aero Tech

AF Mgmt

afftc Release

AFHF Newsletter

AFJ

afns Release

afosr Release

afrpl Release

afsc Newsreview
afsc Release
AF/SD
afssd Release
aia Release
aiaa Facts

aiaa News

aiaa Release

aip News
Amer Av

arc Astrogram

arc Release

Atlanta J/C

Av Daily

Av Wk

B News

B Sun

Bus Wk

C Daily News

C Trib

Can Press

CBS

C&E News

aiaa's magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics
NASA's Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969

[this publication]
American Broadcasting Company
Atomic Energy Commission News Release

J3}}3[SAV3U X.JWQ 33VdS0J9y

Aerospace Technology magazine (formerly Tech-
nology Week)
Armed Forces Management magazine
Air Force Flight Test Center News Release
Air Force Historical Foundation Newsletter
Armed Forces Journal magazine
Air Force News Service Release
Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release
Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory News

Release
Air Force Systems Command's Newsreview
Air Force Systems Command News Release
Air Force and Space Digest magazine
Air Force Space Systems Division News Release
Aerospace Industries Association News Release
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics'

Facts
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics'

News
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

News Release
American Institute of Physics News
American Aviation magazine (formerly Aerospace

Technology)
Associated Press news service
NASA Ames Research Center's Astrogram
nasa Ames Research Center News Release
Atlanta Journal and Constitution newspaper
Aviation Daily newsletter

Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine
Birmingham News newspaper
Baltimore Sun newspaper
Business Week magazine
Chicago Daily News newspaper
Chicago Tribune newspaper
Canadian Press news service
Columbia Broadcasting System
Chemical & Engineering News magazine

471

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

ComSatCorp Release

CSM

CTNS

D Post

dod Release

dot Release

erc Release

essa Release

faa Release
FonF

frc Release
FRC X-Press
GE Forum.
Goddard News
csfc Release
csfc SSR

H Chron

H Post

jpl Lab-Oratory

Jpl Release

JSR

KC Star
KC Times
ksc Release
LA Her-Exam
LA Times
Langley Researcher
LaRC Release

LATNS

LC Info Bull
LeRC Release
Lewis News
M Her
M News
M Trib
Marshall Star

msc Release

msc Roundup

msfc Release

naa News
nac Release
nae Release

NANA

nar Release
nar Skywriter
nas Release
nas-nrc Release

nas-nrc-nae News Rpt

nasa Ann
nasa Hq PB

NASA Hq WB

Communications Satellite Corporation News Release

Congressional Quarterly

Congressional Record

Christian Science Monitor newspaper

Chicago Tribune News Service

Denver Post newspaper

Dow Jones news service

Department of Defense News Release

Department of Transportation News Release

nasa Historical Division (Code EH)

nasa Electronics Research Center News Release

Environmental Science Services Administration News

Release
Federal Aviation Administration News Release
Facts on File

nasa Flight Research Center News Release
nasa Flight Research Center's FRC X-Press
General Electric Forum magazine
nasa Goddard Space Flight Center's Goddard News
nasa Goddard Space Flight Center News Release
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Satellite Situ-
ation Report
Houston Chronicle newspaper
Houston Post newspaper
Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Lab-Oratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics'

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets magazine
Kansas City Star newspaper
Kansas City Times newspaper

nasa John F. Kennedy Space Center News Release
Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper
Los Angeles Times newspaper

nasa Langley Research Center's Langley Researcher
nasa Langley Research Center News Release
Los Angeles Times News Service
Library of Congress Information Bulletin
nasa Lewis Research Center News Release
nasa Lewis Research Center's Lewis News
Miami Herald newspaper
Miami News newspaper
Minneapolis Tribune newspaper
nasa George C. Marshall Space Flight Center's

Marshall Star
Milwaukee Journal newspaper
nasa Manned Spacecraft Center News Release
nasa Manned Spacecraft Center's Space News

Roundup
nasa George C. Marshall Space Flight Center News

Release
National Aeronautic Association News
National Aviation Club News Release
National Academy of Engineering News Release
North American Newspaper Alliance
North American Rockwell Corp. News Release
North American Rockwell Corp. Skywriter
National Academy of Sciences News Release
National Academy of Sciences-National Research

Council News Release
National Academy of Sciences-National Research

Council-National Academy of Engineering Newt

Report
nasa Announcement
nasa Headquarters Personnel Bulletin
nasa Headquarters Weekly Bulletin

472

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

NASA Int Aff
nasa LAR VIII/8
NASA Proj Off
nasa Release
NASA Rpt SRL
NASA SP-4014

nasc Release

N News
Natl Obs

NBC

ncs Release

NMI-

nsc Release

nsf Release

N Va Sun

NY News

NYT

NYTNS

O Sen

Oakland Trib
Omaha W-H
P Bull

PAO

P Inq
PIO

pmr Missile
pmr Release
Pres Rpt 70 [69]

SBD

sao Release

Sci Amer

Sci Serv

SD Union

SF Chron

SSN

St Louis G-D
St Louis P-D
Testimony
Text
Transcript

upi

uses Release

US News

W News

W Post

W Star

WH Release

WJT

WS Release

WSJ

nasa Office of International Affairs
nasa Legislative Activities Report, Vol. VIII, No. 8
nasa Project Office
nasa Headquarters News Release
nasa Report of Sounding Rocket Launching
nasa Special Publication #4014
National Aeronautics and Space Council News
Release

Newark News newspaper

National Observer magazine

National Broadcasting Company

National Geographic Society News Release

NASA Management Instruction-
NASA Notice

National Space Club News Release

National Science Foundation News Release

Northern Virginia Sun newspaper

New York Daily News newspaper

New York Times newspaper

New York Times News Service

Orlando Sentinel newspaper

Oakland Tribune newspaper

Omaha World-Herald newspaper

Philadelphia Evening and Sunday Bulletin news-
paper

Public Affairs Office

National Archives and Records Service's Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents

Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper

Public Information Office

usn Pacific Missile Range's Missile

rjsw Pacific Missile Range News Release

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President,
Transmitted to the Congress January 1970 (report
of activities during 1969)

Space Aeronautics magazine

Space Business Daily newsletter

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory News Re-
lease

Scientific American magazine

Science Service news service

Space Digest magazine

San Diego Union newspaper

Space Flight magazine

.San Francisco Chronicle newspaper

Space Propulsion newsletter

Saturday Review magazine

Soviet Sciences in the News, publication of Electro-
Optical Systems, Inc.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper

St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper

Congressional testimony, prepared statement

Prepared report or speech text

Official transcript of news conference or Congres-
sional hearing

United Press International news service

U.S. Geological Survey News Release

U.S. News & World Report magazine

Washington Daily News newspaper

Washington Post newspaper

Washington Evening Star/Sunday Star newspaper

White House News Release

World Journal Tribune newspaper

nasa Wallops Station News Release

Wall Street Journal newspaper

473

INDEX AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AND ACRONYMS

aa. See Apollo Applications program.
aas. See American Astronautical Society.
aaas. See American Assn. for the Ad-
vancement of Science.
abc. See American Broadcasting Co.
Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 179-180
Aberdeen, Md., 49

Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D., 201, 209, 225
abm. See Antiballistic missile system and

Safeguard.
The ABM and the Changed Strategic
Military Balance, U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R.
(American Security Council report).
131
Abbot, Dr. Charles G., 147
abres. See Advanced Ballistic Reentry

System.
Appifipnt
aircraft, 19, 40-41, 362, 424-425
AH-56A (helicopter). 260, 308-309,

389-390
F-111A, 155, 413, 415-416
T-33, 283
Tu-144, 121
XV-4B, 80
X-15, 177
XB-70, 11
launch vehicle

Saturn V, 188, 195
U.S.S.R. booster, 382
lifting-body vehicle, 29
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, 5,

173
Sealab III, 51, 52, 57, 77, 188-189,

316-317
spacecraft, 392

Apollo AS-204, 206
Biosatellite III, 162
Adams, Harold W., 209
Adams, Maj. Michael J. (usaf), 177
Adey, Dr. W. Ross, 348-349
ads. See Airport Data System.
Adulyadej, King Bhumibol (Thailand).

251
Advanced Ballistic Reentry System

(abres), 10
Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft

(amsa). See B-l.
Advanced Marine Vehicles Meeting, Sec-
ond, 156

Advanced Research Projects Agency

(arpa), 119, 346, 424
Advanced vidicon camera system (avcs),

57-58
aec. See Atomic Energy Commission.
aec-nasa Nuclear Rocket Development

Station, 361
aec-nasa Space Nuclear Propulsion Of-
fice, 76, 87, 94, 309, 332
Aero Club of Washington, 29
Aerobee (sounding rocket)
150
airglow experiment, 49
solar astronomy, 48-49, 302, 360-361
stellar data, 71, 79, 179, 402, 409
ultraviolet astronomy, 48-49, 78, 409
x-ray astronomy, 78, 179, 402
150 A, 139
150 MI

infrared astronomy, 299
solar astronomy, 104, 108, 111, 113,
140-141, 308, 314, 316, 361, 410-
411
stellar data, 31-32, 118, 184, 326, 337
ultraviolet astronomy, 6, 31-32, 43,

140-41, 179, 184, 308, 410-411
upper-atmosphere data, 38, 42, 179
x-ray astronomy, 65-66, 70, 104, 108,
118, 186, 326, 361
170, 298
350, 27-28
Aeroflot, 255
Aerojet-General Corp., 87, 94, 154, 168,

241, 385-386
Aeronautics, 113-114. 369

anniversary, 129, 133, 292-293, 410
award, 21, 72-73, 87, 101, 127, 132,
150, 178, 200, 209, 283, 293. 298,
315, 338, 345-346, 410
cooperation, 204-205, 321, 334, 379,
397-398, 417-418, 421-422, 423-424
employment, 77, 150, 356
exposition, 52, 161-162, 173, 283, 412
funds for, 14-15, 60, 70, 78, 113, 119-

120, 193, 205
general aviation. See General aviation,
military, 14-15, 52, 66, 111-112, 131,

207, 397-398
nasa program, 14-16, 38, 44, 66, 70,
84, 119-120, 204-205, 397-398, 400,
421-424
noise abatement. See Noise, aircraft.

17.'!

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

research (see also X-15, X-24, XB-70,
XV-^B, YF-12, etc.), 11, 44, 70, 72,
78, 84-85, 92, 103, 120-121, 123, 155,
184, 193, 205, 299-300, 315-316,
321, 335, 350, 362, 369, 397-398,
400, 402-403, 404, 417-418, 421-422,
423-424
statistics, 34, 40-41, 70, 102, 124, 136,

150, 176, 193, 356, 424-425
U.S.S.R., 120

Aeronautics and Astronautics: An Ameri-
can Chronology of Science and Tech-
nology in the Exploration of Space,
1915-1960, 357

Aeros, Project, 423

Aerospace Corp., 304

Aerospace Facts and Figures, 1969, 193

Aerospace Industries Assn. (aia), 109,
124, 150, 193, 356

Aerospace industry, 35, 77, 80, 95-96, 97,
124, 150, 164, 193, 228, 317, 330, 347,
356, 361, 363, 424

Aerospace Medical Assn., 130-131

Aerospace Systems Laboratory (Prince-
ton Univ.), 208-209

afcrl. See Air Force Cambridge Re-
search Laboratories.

Africa, 101

afsc. See Air Force Systems Command.

Agathadaemon canal (Mars), 262

Agena (booster). See Atlas-Agena;
Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor-
Agena ; Thor-Agena ; Thorad-Agena ;
and Titan IIIB-Agena.

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 54, 83,
135, 191, 232, 380
Apollo 9 mission, 65
Apollo 11 mission, 210, 224, 225
awards by, 91-92, 100
oceanography, 56, 341
press conference, 65, 308, 323-325
space program, 65, 152, 224, 225, 231,
271, 294, 308, 320, 323-325, 419

Agreement. See International coopera-
tion; International cooperation, space;
and Treaty.

Agrell, Dr. S. O., 312

Agriculture, Dept. of, 14, 76, 106, 141,
352

AH-56A (Cheyenne) (helicopter), 106,
115, 148, 150, 160, 260, 308-309, 389-
390

Ahmedabad, India, 311

aia. See Aerospace Industries Assn.

aiaa. See American Institute of Aero-
nautics and Astronautics.

Air cargo, 113-114, 369, 424

Air Force Academy, 170, 225

Air Force Armament Development and
Test Center, 186

Air Force Assn., 86-87

Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories (afcrl), 164, 308, 359-360,
410-411
Lunar Laser Observatory, 192

Air Force Fatigue and Fracture Confer-
ence, 410
Air Force Museum, 38, 119, 177
Air Force Review of the C-5A Program,

251
Air Force Special Weapons Laboratory,

424
Air Force Systems Command (afcs),

140, 260, 295, 331, 410
Aeronautical Systems Div., 402-403
Air pollution, 147, 278-279, 285-286,

383, 402, 412-413
Air Traffic -Activity Report, 102
Air traffic control, 15, 32, .55, 369
faa regulation, 32, 43-44, 188, 253,

380
satellite use in, 37, 47, 319
statistics, 34, 102, 109, 369
Air Traffic Controllers Organization, 44
Air Transport Assn. of America (ata),

80, 278, 315, 336
Air transportation. See Air traffic con-
trol; Aircraft; Airlines; Airports;
General aviation; and Supersonic
transport.
Aircraft (see also individual aircraft,

such as C-5A, F-lll, X-15, XB-70).
accident, 11, 19, 40-41, 80, 121, 155,

177, 260, 283, 308-309, 362, 389-390,

413, 415-416, 424-425
air pollution, 278-279, 402, 413
air show, 146, 168, 169, 173, 283, 412
antisubmarine, 15, 131
award, 72-73, 87, 178, 200, 209, 298,

315, 345-346
bomber, 4, 15, 86, 99, 111-112, 117,

131, 133, 155, 169, 183, 195, 197,

205, 297-298, 321, 360, 413, 415-416
cargo, 113-114, 369, 424
carrier, 206
collision study, 70, 315-316, 319, 362,

369
cost, 88, 177, 186, 314-315, 340, 341,

410
delta-wing, 195, 422
exhibit, 38, 119, 177
fighter, 1, 4, 9, 13, 15, 39, 86, 129, 131,

155, 197, 201, 283, 372, 413, 414
flying boat, 133, 344
foreign, 1, 5, 9, 13-14, 61, 71, 121,

159-160, 161-162, 168, 173, 197, 255,

283, 297-298, 323, 329, 340
general-aviation, 14-15, 40-41, 70, 102,

109, 124, 150, 369
helicopter, 35, 79, 106, 115, 124, 129,

131, 141, 148, 150, 160, 260, 308-

309, 389-390
hovercraft, 156
hypersonic, 15

interception, 73, 205, 400, 405, 421
noise. See Noise, aircraft,
reconnaissance, 73
record, 79, 129, 151, 158, 177, 323
regulations, 3, 43-44, 57, 188, 253, 371,

380, 402

476

\STRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

research (see also X-15, X-24, XB-70,
XV^IB, YF-12, etc.), 11, 44, 70,
72-73, 78, 85, 92, 123, 155, 183-184,
193, 205, 299-300, 315-316, 321, 335,
350, 362, 369, 397-398, 400, 402-
403, 404, 421-422, 423-424
safety, 9, 40-41, 70, 148, 208, 362, 369,

424-425
seaplane, 133

sonic boom. See Sonic boom,
statistics, 34, 40-41, 70, 102, 113-114,

136, 150, 193, 356
stol, 29, 32, 50, 84, 89, 114, 320
supersonic. See Supersonic transport,
Concorde, F-8, F-14A, F-lll, Tu-
144, X-15, XB-70, YF-12, etc
tracking, 140

traffic control. See Air traffic control,
training, 283

transport (see also Supersonic trans-
port), 40-41, 57, 70. 75, 113-114,
121, 136, 150, 162, 168-169, 193,
208-209, 356, 362, 369, 424
jet, 45-46, 47, 121, 168-169, 175, 193,
212, 278-279, 299-300, 304, 341,
350, 369, 371, 400, 409, 421-422,
424
military, 38, 107, 123-124, 128-129,
130, 138, 151, 207, 212, 281, 283,
293, 323, 359, 380, 411, 421
stol, 29, 32, 50, 84, 89, 114, 320
Vietnam war use, 99
v/stol, 15, 75, 84, 92
vtol, 75, 80, 114, 129
wind-tunnel testing, 183-184. 299, 379,
389
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Assn., 138

139
Airglow, 49, 171-173
Airlines, 9, 29, 40-41, 50, 70, 84, 176,

424-425
Airlock, 128

Airport Data System (ads), 117
Airports (see also Air traffic control;
Noise, aircraft; and individual air-
ports, such as Washington National
Airport), 32, 54, 253
faa plans, 156
facilities, 55, 88-89, 113-114, 117, 176,

369
fog, 42

funds for, 32, 123, 156, 182
nasa role in, 253
noise control, 3, 263-265, 371
pollution control, 278-279
regulation, 3, 32, 43-44, 57, 369, 380,

418
runway research, 29
statistics, 34, 70, 102, 109, 117, 176
Ajaccio, Corsica, 244
Alabama, Univ. of, 329
Alaska, 179

Alaska, Univ. of, 83, 352
Alcatraz Island, 343
Alcock, John W., 129

Aldrin, Col. Edwin E., Jr. (usaf), 315,
414
Apollo 11 mission, 307, 402

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283,

298, 300
commemorative medal, 275
commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274,

289, 300
Congress, report to, 307
extravehicular activity, 198-199, 212,
217-220, 255, 267-268, 273-274,
277-278
flight, 212-224, 277-278, 421
lunar landing, 232, 262, 271, 277-

278, 281, 421
medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245,

273
Nixon, President Richard M., mes-
sages and welcome to, 209, 242
preparations for, 5, 108, 114, 156-

157, 168, 182, 196, 204
press conference, 198-199, 207, 267-

268, 277-278, 280-281, 362
quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267,

273, 276
record, 250-251
significance of, 277-278, 281
splashdown, 222-223
TV interview, 283-284
awards and honors, 147, 233, 237, 251,

255, 279-280, 327, 365, 403
Canadian visit, 312, 399-400
commemorative stamp ceremony, 289,

300
tribute to, 228, 243, 279-280, 391,

399-400
White House visit, 319, 362
world tour, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332,
334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353,
359, 360, 361-362
Alexander, Charles S., 357
Algae, 159
Algiers, 234

Algol IIB (rocket engine), 291
Algol III, 291
Alioto, Mayor Joseph, 211
Allen, H. Julian, 53, 338, 345
Allen, Richard J., 68-69
Alley, Carroll, 71

Alouette I (Canadian satellite), 30
Alouette II, 30
Alphanumeric system, 156
alsep. See Apollo lunar surface experi-
ment package.
Altus afb, Okla., 411
Alvizienis, Dr. Algirdas A.. 299
American Academy of Achievement, 203
American Airlines, 292
American Assn. for the Advancement of
Science (aaas), 2-3, 159, 184, 416-417
American Assn. of School Adminis-
trators, 46
American Astronautical Society (aas), 183
American Bible Society, Laymen's Com-
mittee, 390-391

477

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

American Bible Week, 390-391

American Broadcasting Co. (abc), 146,
352

American Cancer Society Seminar, 96

American Chemical Society, 110, 184

American Field Service, 238

American Geophysical Union, 116, 409

American Heart Assn., 372

American Institute of Aeronautical Sci-
ences, 187

American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics (aiaa), 21, 60, 79, 297
award, 21, 72-73, 209, 338, 345-346
Honorary Fellows, 287, 346
meetings, 21, 72-73, 78, 134, 343-346
The Post-Apollo Space Program: An

AIAA View, 151-152
President's Forum, 346

American Management Assn., 56

American Museum of Natural History,
381

American Physical Society, 40, 120

American Rocket Society, 226

American Samoa, 401-^102

American Science & Engineering, Inc.,
104, 361

American Science Manpower, 1968 (nsf
report), 420

American Security Council, 131

American Society for Engineering Edu-
cation, 285

American Society of Biological Chemists,
184

American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, 338

American Standard, Inc., Wilcox-Sierra
Div., 315

American Systems, Inc., 105

American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
(at&t), 352

American Univ., 136

America's Next Decade in Space: A Re-
port for the Space Task Group, 308

Ames Research Center (arc) (nasa),
315, 348, 379
award, 21, 338
experiment, 395
flight simulator, 362
management, 190, 292
personnel, 53, 332
research, aircraft, 123, 362, 393
Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., 200

Amistad Dam, 299

amsa (advanced manned strategic air-
craft). See B— 1.

Amsterdam, Netherlands, 312, 332, 350

Amundsen, Capt. Roald, 251

An-22 (U.S.S.R. turboprop transport),
121, 159, 162, 168

Anaheim, Calif., 287, 338, 343

Ancient Order of Hibernians, 72

Anders, William A., 308
air pollution, 382

Apollo 8 mission, 6-7, 59, 71, 87, 203,
327

Apollo 11 mission, 5
appointment to nasc, 141, 184
awards and honors, 2, 6, 10, 68, 87,

100-101, 132, 203, 298, 390-391
receptions for, 9, 13
technology utilization, space, 327, 382
White House visit, 6, 32
Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 24, 29, 118,

390, 411
Anderson, G. P., 298
Anderson, Minister for Supply Kenneth

McC. (Australia), 34
Andoya, Norway, 18, 20
Andrews afb, Md., 262
Andromeda galaxy (M31), 99
Andromeda Strain, The, 181
Animal experiments, space, 18-19, 139,
189-190, 200, 201-202, 261, 335-336,
347-349, 415, 421
Ankara, Turkey, 312
Anniversary
aircraft, 129, 133, 410, 411
manned space flight, 8, 202
NASA, 323

Naval Missile Center, 325
satellite, 33, 51, 59, 83
Antarctica, 159, 257, 359
Antenna, 29, 44, 148, 179, 187, 189, 356

spacecraft, 137, 143, 259, 322
Anthony, Maj. James L. (usaf), 413
Antiballistic missile (abm) system (see
also Safeguard), 33, 83, 89, 320
congressional consideration, 39, 46-47,

52, 53, 81, 103, 111-112, 124, 131
funds for 48, 53, 131
Nixon, President Richard M., views

on, 43, 80, 81
opposition to, 40, 46-47, 89, 103, 114,

124, 131, 136
sites, 39, 43, 80

U.S.S.R., 43, 48, 50, 53, 62, 80, 89,
129, 131, 140
Antihijacking system, 336
Apollo (program) (see also Apollo Ap-
plications program) 6, 70, 77, 195,
207, 256, 294-295, 308, 325, 357
astronaut. See Astronaut,
award, 68-69, 117, 280, 300, 326, 345-

346 346-347
cost, 6, 43, 46, 88, 262, 390, 422
criticism, 2, 273
funds for, 15, 134, 138, 249-250, 311,

355-356, 422-423
landing site, 77, 345
launch
Apollo 9 (AS-504), 62-65, 421
Apollo 10 (AS-505), 142-145, 421
Apollo 11 (AS-506), 168, 212-224,

421
Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-378, 421
management, 202, 274, 287, 297, 313,

356, 422-423
plans for, 66-67, 73, 77, 81-82, 102,
344, 351, 422-423

478

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

policy, 37, 51, 81-82, 86-87, 111, 136,

271-272, 273, 284, 355-356, 422-423
press comment (see also Apollo mis-
sions), 1, 250, 321
progress, 6, 65, 76, 77, 144-145, 223-

224, 246-247, 420, 421-423
tracking, 140, 306-307
Apollo (spacecraft), 7, 56-57, 59, 73,

149, 197
ascent propulsion system (aps), 64,

143, 377
command and service module. See

Command and service module,
command module. See Command

module,
computer error, 174
control, 26-27, 232, 375
crewman optical alignment sight

(coas), 64
debris, 89
descent propulsion system (dps), 64,

143, 213, 375
escape device, 94
equipment, 14, 77, 91, 102, 111, 168,

201, 373-377
exhibit, 105, 161-162, 417
heat shield, 27

landing system, 26-27, 378, 405
launch. See Apollo (program),
launch vehicle. See Saturn,
life-support system, 123, 206, 267, 378
lunar module. See Lunar module,
reaction control system (rcs), 64, 143,

213, 222, 375
recovery, 141, 223, 378
service module, 143
service propulsion system (sps), 64,

143, 212-213, 222, 373, 375, 377
test, 65, 77, 143-144
Apollo 4 mission, 65
Apollo 5 mission, 65
Apollo 6 mission, 65
Apollo 7 (spacecraft), 20-21
Apollo 7 mission, 65, 68, 72-73, 144, 223,

287
Apollo 8 (spacecraft), 105, 161-162, 168

computer error, 174
Apollo 8 mission, 37, 71, 141, 149, 155,

158-159, 391
award, 2, 6, 10, 32, 68, 87, 100-101,

132, 136, 203, 287, 298, 390-391
commemorative medals, 265
commemorative stamp, 8, 46, 59, 129-

130
Congress, report to, 7
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 6-7, 13,

232
moving picture color film, 8, 46
Nixon, President Richard M., 20, 32,

34, 61-62
orbit, 73

physiological aspects, 28
press comment, 1, 2, 26
press conference, 7, 25, 54
reaction to, European, 54

reception, 13

record, 208

religious aspects, 268, 283, 390-391,

394, 400
results, 111, 116, 180
significance, 2, 6-7, 16, 20, 39, 65,

73, 92, 129-130, 144-145, 223
success, 47

U.S.S.R., comment on, 25, 26
Apollo 9 mission, 161-162, 328
award, 91-92
biological aspects, 61
extravehicular activity, 5, 33, 64, 81, 91
launch, 62-65, 67, 421
moving picture color film, 81
Nixon, President Richard M., 65
photographs, 64, 81, 116-117
preparations for, 5, 16, 23, 26-27, 33,

58, 61
press comment, 67, 72, 80, 89, 90
press conference, 26-27, 33, 61, 77, 91,

116-117
significance of, 65, 145, 223, 421
spacecraft debris, 89
splashdown, 64
success, 130
TV coverage, 50, 67
U.S.S.R., comment, 80
Apollo 10 mission, 116, 138, 169, 174,

180, 200
launch, 142-143, 421
moving pictures, 159
Nixon, President Richard M., 157
photographs, 90, 142-144, 149, 159
preparations for, 16, 23, 33, 73, 77,

82-83, 90, 104, 108, 118, 137, 138,

142
press comment, 147-148, 149-150, 152-

154, 155, 157
press conference, 33, 108
significance of, 152-154, 158, 223, 421
splashdown, 143
success, 230
TV coverage, 90, 108, 142-143, 147,

149
U.S.S.R., comment, 157, 158
Apollo 11 mission, 135, 170-171, 187,

188, 342, 368, 370, 388
achievement, 223, 233, 235-236, 242-

243, 245-249, 250-251, 309-310, 378,
390, 391, 419, 421, 422, 424

awards and honors, 233, 237, 242, 243-

244, 251, 279-280, 282, 283, 284, 298,
327, 343, 365, 403-404

biological aspects, 141, 156-157, 245,

261, 273, 293, 356, 391
book, 135-136, 252
commemorative medals, 275
commemorative stamps, 202, 233, 273-

274, 289, 300, 311, 319
Congress, report to, 307
cosmonaut medals, 228, 230
cost, 186, 271, 390
criticism, 201, 205-206, 210, 211, 230-

231, 235, 273

479

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

experiments, 259
laser, 114, 220, 223, 237, 259, 261,

285, 411 419
seismic, 114, 223, 229-230, 237, 240-

241, 249, 354-355, 419
solar wind, 219, 223, 230, 285, 413,
419

extravehicular activity, 74, 108, 114,
182, 198, 208, 212, 217-220, 223,
243, 255-256, 267-268, 273-274, 278

Eyewitness to Space (art program),
226 241, 403

implication's of, 200-201, 238-239,
239-240, 240-241, 242-243, 261-262,
268-269, 277-278, 282, 284, 286-287,
291, 300, 307, 309-310, 321-322

launch, 168, 212-224, 421

lunar landing, 114, 168, 181-182, 215-
220, 232-236, 238-239, 277-278,
280-281, 370, 378, 380, 404, 421, 422

lunar rock samples, 75-76, 114, 168,

223, 247, 250, 260, 261-262, 263,
266-267, 267-268, 270, 275, 288-289,
290, 292, 306, 353-354, 359, 365, 378,
386, 387, 397, 402, 407-408, 421

medical aspects, 130-131, 137, 156—

157, 204, 206, 223, 245, 261, 266-267,

273

moving picture film, 247, 252, 277, 292

museum memorial, proposed, 343

Nixon, President Richard M., 190,

196-197, 200, 204, 209, 219-220, 223,

224, 228, 230-231, 242, 244, 246,
249-250, 261, 262, 275, 279-280, 284,
402

observance of, 206, 208, 209-211, 225-

226, 232-234, 239, 244, 380
photographs, 212-223, 241, 247, 252-

253, 255-256, 419

preparations for, 5, 23, 105, 108, 114,

137, 141, 144, 146, 149, 156-157, 168,

169-170, 178, 179-180, 181-182, 195,

196-200, 203, 204, 205-206, 209-210

press comment, 157, 193, 207, 208,

210-211, 225-226, 227-228, 228-

229, 231, 235-236, 239-240, 244,

246-247, 249-250, 261-262, 271-

272, 276, 279, 280-281, 282, 295,

308, 357

foreign, 193, 210-211, 225-226, 227-

228, 229, 231, 236, 240, 242, 247,

248, 251-252, 321-322

press conference, 108, 182, 198-199,

199-200, 204, 207, 231-232, 242-

243, 250, 267-268, 277-278, 280-281

quarantine, 75-76, 141, 223, 247, 266-

267, 273, 276
records, 250-251

religious aspects, 206-207, 232, 235,
242, 246-247, 253, 268, 283-284, 391,
394, 400
splashdown, 168, 190, 211, 222-223.

242-244
tracking, 204, 224

TV broadcasts, 182, 201, 210, 212-220,
222-223. 230

TV coverage, 212, 217, 225-226, 232-

234 244-245 276
U.S.S.R. and, 206, 225, 230, 233, 238,

242, 244, 251, 256, 273, 311, 386
wager, 160-161, 233
Apollo 11: Preliminary Science Report,

419
Apollo 12 mission, 370

achievement, 378, 392, 394, 421, 422
biological aspects, 356, 377-379, 391
experiments, 406-407, 410

seismic, 325-326, 342, 376-377, 403

solar wind, 376-377
extravehicular activity, 243, 325-326,

334, 342, 372, 376-377, 378, 386-

387, 394, 395-396
launch, 372-378, 421

lunar landing, 368, 375, 395-396, 407,

421, 422
lunar rock samples, 334, 376-377, 378,

393, 394, 395, 396, 407-408, 421
moving picture films, 395, 407
Nixon, President Richard M., 371, 372,

378, 384, 385, 389, 392
photographs, 334, 376-378, 395-396,

407
power failure, 373-374, 380-381
preparations for, 105, 243, 299, 315,

342, 350, 353, 362, 366, 368, 370,

371-372
press comment, 367, 379, 380, 386-387,

391, 392, 393, 394
press conference, 243, 325-326, 333-

334, 342, 371-372, 406-407
public reaction to, 379, 380, 384-385,

388, 391, 396

quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397,

399, 405
records, 378, 389
splashdown, 377-378
TV broadcasts, 342, 362, 373-376, 377,

380, 384-385, 386
U.S.S.R. and, 379, 384, 387-388
Apollo 13 mission, 182, 267, 315, 387,

392, 405
Apollo 14 mission, 267
Apollo 15 mission, 409
Apollo 16 mission, 409
Apollo 18 mission, 344
Apollo 19 mission, 344
Apollo 20 mission, 344
Apollo Achievement Award (nasa), 300
Apollo Applications program, 55, 87, 200,
258, 393
contract. 59, 77, 85, 94, 154, 270-271,

297
funds for, 15, 67, 82, 109, 119, 138, 163
management, 344

plans for, 37, 66-67, 110. 122, 128,
151-152, 286, 328, 423
Apollo lunar surface experiment package
(alsep), 334-335
Apollo 12 mission, 230, 243, 325, 342,
376, 421

4S0

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Apollo 13 mission, 267
Apollo 14 mission, 267
Apollo Orbital Science Photographic

Team, 409
Apollo Telescope Mount (atm), 16, 17,
237-238
contract, 11, 71, 77, 177, 270-271, 320
experiment, 328
funds for, 15-16
test, 48-49
Applications Technology Satellite (ats)
program, 23, 139, 150, 360, 402, 414-
415, 421, 423
contract, 241, 337
experiment, 337
funds for, 15
Applied Physics Laboratory (Johns Hop-
kins Univ.), 37
aps. See Ascent propulsion system.
apt. See Automatic picture transmission.
Aquanaut, 51, 86, 343, 354

accident, 51, 52, 57, 77, 188-189. 316-

317
record, 110
Ara, Inc., 408
Areas (sounding rocket), 18, 20, 28, 33-

34, 41, 79, 331, 354
Arctic, 101, 341
Arctowski, Henry. Medal, 121
Arcturus (star), 175
Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Ionospheric Ob-
servatory, 121, 350
Arenosillo, Spain, 94, 132, 133
Argentina, 79, 287, 304, 384
Argentine Radio Astronomy Institute,

181
Argonne National Laboratory, 24, 182,

292
Ariel IV (U.K. satellite), 59
Aristarchus (lunar crater), 139-140, 213
Arizona, 168, 291

Arizona, Univ. of, 16-17, 288, 417
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 397
Steward Observatory, 164
Armed Forces Day, 140
Armed Services Board of Contract Ap-
peals, 160
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency,

30
Armstrong, Neil A., 315, 414
Apollo 11 mission, 178, 402

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283,

284, 298, 300
commemorative medal, 275
commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274,

289, 300
Congress, report to, 307
extravehicular activity, 198-199, 212,
217-220, 255, 267-268, 273-274,
278, 421
flight, 212-224, 278, 380, 421
lunar landing, 232, 239-240, 241.
252-253, 262, 271, 277-278, 280-
281, 380, 421
medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245,
273

Nixon, President Richard M., 209,

242, 319
preparations for, 5, 108, 114, 156-

157, 168, 181-182, 196, 204
press conference, 198-199, 207, 267-

268, 277-278, 280-281, 362
quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267-

268, 273, 276
record, 250-251
significance of, 278, 282
splashdown, 223
TV interview, 283
appointment, 402
awards and honors, 233, 237, 246, 251,

255, 279-280, 281, 327, 365, 403
Canadian visit, 312, 399-400
legacy, 281
Thailand visit, 413
tribute to, 228, 243-244, 391, 392, 399-

400
White House visit, 362
world tour, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332,
334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353,
359, 360, 361-362
Armstrong, Neil A., Aerospace Museum,

246
Arnold Engineering Development Center,

138, 183-184, 393
Arnold, Henry H., Trophy, 87
Arntzenius, Dr. A. C, 372
arpa. See Advanced Research Projects

Agency.
Artificial horizon, 263
arts. See Automated radar tracking sys-
tems.
Ascent propulsion system (aps)

(Apollo), 64, 143, 377
Asia, 101, 140

Aspis-Pronoia insurance company, 226
Associated Industries, Inc., 117, 125
Asteroid, 288, 359

Astrobee 1500 (sounding rocket), 335
Astrobotanist, 103
Astrology, 338

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut; Extra-
vehicular activity), 20, 71, 83, 105,
168, 173, 178, 185, 186, 329, 337,
342, 343, 347, 394
accident, 206, 283
achievements, 17, 50, 420
Apollo mission. Sic \pollo missions

(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).
appointment, 83, 141, 184, 317, 326,

396, 402
Canada, visit to, 399-400
crew assignment, 5, 105, 187-188
former, 43, 75, 134, 327, 406
fund raising by, 408
goodwill tour, 32, 37, 38, 41, 46, 49,
51, 52, 155, 195-196, 197, 199, 202,
204, 299, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332,
334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353,
359, 360, 361-362, 424
hazards, 28, 179-180, 205, 207, 278,
281, 380-381, 391

481

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

honors, 2, 6-7, 9, 10, 13, 39, 53, 68,
87, 91, 101-102, 132, 136, 200, 203,
233, 237, 246, 251, 255, 279-280,
282, 283, 289, 298, 307, 319, 327,
330, 332, 346, 347, 350, 360, 361-
362, 365, 387, 390-391, 396, 403

lunar landing story, contract, 196

memorial, 53, 233, 245, 246, 304

physiology, 61, 71, 81, 130-131, 137,
142, 204, 206, 245, 273, 284, 317, 330

political aspirations, 168

Presidential mission, 413

press conference, 7, 26—27, 41, 53—54,
61, 75, 158-159, 196, 198-199, 204,
207, 267-268, 277-278, 280-281,
325-326, 333-334, 362, 396, 406-407

promotion, 245, 391, 392

quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 267, 273,
276, 356, 377-378, 396, 397, 400, 405

record, 208, 250-251, 389

religion, 268, 391, 394, 400

resignation, 267

scientist-astronaut, 284, 286, 290, 339,
351, 355-356

Smithsonian Institution ceremony, 307

space rescue. See Space rescue treaty.

training, 114, 142, 155, 156-157, 181-
182, 284, 414

tributes to, 228, 242, 246, 276, 279-
281, 282, 362, 385, 392

usaf, 281, 289

White House liaison, 230, 232

White House visit, 32, 56, 157, 191,
204, 232, 319, 362, 413

women as, 359
Astronautics Engineer Award, 68
Astronauts Memorial Commission (pro-
posed), 53, 245
Astronomy (see also individual observa-
tories, planets, sounding rockets, and
satellites such as Mariner VI, Mar-
iner VII, Oao II; Pulsar; Radioas-
tronomy; Star; Telescope), 109

award, 121

gamma ray, 2, 124, 318-319, 366-367

nasa program, 15-16, 66, 69, 76, 94-
95, 124, 136, 138, 156, 256-257, 263,
361, 366-367, 403, 422-423

solar, 90-91, 121, 160, 336, 366-367,
395

stellar, 42, 134-135, 160, 322, 344, 350

ultraviolet, 3, 99, 124, 298

U.S.S.R. program, 103, 120, 278

x-ray, 104, 118, 120, 124, 133-134, 160,
281-282, 366-367
Athens, Greece, 405

ata. See Air Transport Assn. of America.
Atlantic II (communications satellite) .

See Intelsat-II F-3.
Atlantic City, N.J., 46, 89
Atlantic Ocean, 18, 30, 64, 133, 137, 291,

343, 344, 353
Atlantis (undersea laboratory), 123
Atlas (booster), 347, 355

F, 10, 83

Atlas- Agena (booster), 106, 409

Atlas-Centaur (booster), 114, 154, 177,
355, 361, 412
AC-19, 92
SLV-3C, 55, 277

atm. See Apollo Telescope Mount.

Atmosphere, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25,
27, 33-34, 38, 41-42, 83, 88, 94, 204-
205, 329, 357, 359-360, 409, 414

Atmosphere Explorer ae-c (spacecraft),
401

Atmosphere Explorer, ae-d, 401

Atmospheric Exploration by Remote
Probes (nrc report), 409

Atomic Energy Commission (aec) (see
also aec-nasa Space Nuclear Pro-
pulsion Office; nerva; Rover; snap;
and Vela programs), 106, 110
Argonne National Laboratory, 24, 182,

292
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 386
budget, 14-15, 42, 110, 193, 361
contract, 47-48, 94
cooperation, 27, 43, 88, 105, 177-178,

309, 332, 422
deep-water test, 189
magnet, superconducting, 24
nuclear power, peaceful use of, 25, 43,

130, 189, 354
nuclear-powered deep submergence re-
search vehicle, 27
nuclear reactor, 28, 130, 177-178, 189
nuclear rocket engine, 76, 87, 105, 130,

309, 422
personnel, 30, 125, 184
Rocky Flats, Colo., facility fire, 135,

384
Space Nuclear Systems Div., 332

Atoms for Peace program, 41

ats. See Applications Technology Satel-
lite program.

Ats I (Applications Technology Satel-
lite), 150, 277

Ats II, 150, 277

Ats III, 88, 277, 402

Ats IV, 277

Ats V (ats-e), 86, 148, 277, 414-415,
421

ats-f, 86, 118, 241, 311, 337, 423

ats-g, 86, 118, 337

Atwood, J. Leland, 147

Aurora, 43, 48, 51-52, 54, 58, 72, 83, 90-
91, 171-173, 253, 257, 323, 364, 393,
417, 423-424

Aurora 7 (spacecraft), 134

Aurora borealis, 323, 393, 417

Aurora Expedition, 393, 417

Aurorae (Esro I A) (satellite), 323

Austin, Tex., 268, 283, 400

Australia, 25, 43, 233, 244, 319, 334, 385

communication via satellite, 140, 202

international cooperation, space, 34,

137, 177, 318-319, 323, 399, 411,

423-424

482

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

tracking station, 34, 148, 189, 424
Australian National Univ., 292, 407
Australian Research Grants Committee,

319
Australian Weapons Research Establish-
ment, 117
Australis Oscar-A (spacecraft), 399
Austria, 210
Autogiro, 283
Automated radar tracking systems

(arts), 55
Automatic picture transmission (apt),

414
Avco Corp., 191

avcs. See Advanced vidicon camera sys-
tem.
Aviation Material Laboratories (avlabs),

334
Aviation Progress Committee, 88-89
Aviation/Space Writers Assn., 138
Aviator's Trophy, 298
Awards, 338, 355
civic, 10, 50, 279, 289, 330, 403, 419
Government, 1-2, 54, 178, 251, 255,
307, 308, 330, 332, 350, 410, 418-
419
nasa, 10, 34, 38, 91-92, 154, 265,
280, 300, 326, 346-347, 371
institutions, 168, 287, 338, 365
military, 101, 300, 304, 334, 412
society, 345-346

achievement, 122-123, 127, 138, 203
aeronautics, 21, 72-73, 87, 101, 127,
132, 150, 178, 200, 209, 283, 293,
298, 315, 338, 345-346, 410
astronautics, 21, 68-69, 72-73, 87,
100-101, 132, 134, 182-183, 237,
251, 298, 345-346
exploration, 251
science, 136

technology, 54, 117, 345-346
AX (close support aircraft), 131
Ayer, Prof. Alfred J., 239
Azcarrago, Gen. Luis (Spain), 180
Azur (W. German satellite), 357
Azur (grs-a), 364-365, 379, 423

B-l (advanced manned strategic aircraft,

amsa), 86, 131, 169, 360
B-52 (Stratofortress), 15, 86, 183
HL-10 flights, 113, 117, 133, 148, 159,
174, 267, 297, 309, 319, 352, 360,
381, 389, 406
X-24A flights, 101, 113, 286, 299, 316,
349, 371
B-58 (supersonic bomber), 354
Back contamination, 76, 136-137, 141,
156-157, 175, 176, 179-180, 181, 205,
235, 261, 270, 273, 302, 356
Bacteria, 159
Baikonur, U.S.S.R., 195-196

launch

Cosmos, 58, 105, 186, 237, 267, 293,

305-306, 316, 347, 350-351
Luna XV, 195, 206, 224
Molniya 1-12, 237
Soyuz IV, 11
Soyuz V, 11
Soyuz VI, 332
Soyuz VII, 333
Soyuz VIII, 333
Baker, Norman, 146
Baker-Nunn camera, 405
Baku, U.S.S.R., 387
Baldeschwieler, Dr. John D., 117
Bales, Stephen G., 280
Ball Brothers Research Corp. Aerospace

Div., 346
Balloon, 86, 156, 205, 257, 315, 319, 363,

421
Ballute (balloon-parachute), 239
Baltimore, Md., 320, 410
Bangkok, Thailand, 243, 251, 312, 353,

413
Bantam Books, 252
Barbados, West Indies, 88, 291
Barbados Oceanographic and Meteoro-
logical Experiment (bomex), 88
Barium Cloud Experiment (bce), 82, 105
Barker, Tom, 134
Barnard, Dr. Christiaan, 335-336
Barnard's Star, 109
Barnes, James, 394

Barreira do Inferno, Natal, Brazil, 312
Barry, Marion, 230-231
Barstow, Calif., 356
Barth, Dr. Charles A., 261, 298, 302
Barth, Robert A., Jr., 52
Bartoe, Otto E., Jr., 346
Basel, Switzerland, 332
Baudoin I, King of Belgium, 46, 55, 332
bbc. See British Broadcasting Corp.
bce. See Barium Cloud Experiment.
Beam, Ambassador Jacob D., 197
Bean, Capt. Alan L. (usn)
Apollo 12 mission

extravehicular activity, 243, 325-326,
333-334, 342, 372, 376-377, 386-
387, 394, 395
flight, 372-378
lunar landing, 375-376, 385, 386-

387
medical examination, 366
Nixon, President Richard M., 371,

392
plans for, 105, 325-326, 342, 353,

365, 366, 368, 371-372
press conference, 325-326, 333-334,

406-407
quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397,

405
splashdown, 377
fund-raising dinner, 408
grounded, 414
promotion, 391, 392
White House visit, 413

483

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Beecher, William, 50

Beeferman, Larry W., 417

Beggs, James M., 52, 59, 79, 95, 178

Beil, David A., 260

Belgium, 32, 37, 46, 55, 132, 234, 312,
424

Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 312, 341

Bell Aerosystems Co., 103, 413

Bell, Dr. Persa R., 352-353

Bellcomm, Inc., 38

Ben Franklin (PX-15) (research sub-
marine), 103, 282

Bench Crater (moon), 376

Bendix Corp., Ill, 177, 315, 320

Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 196

Benedict, Howard, 104

Benetnasch (star), 79

Beniele, Max, 239

Bennett, Dr. Ivan L., Jr., 174

Benoit, Dr. Robert, 159

Beregovoy, m/g Georgy T., 195, 197
Apollo 10 mission message, 158
press conference, 343, 350, 362
U.S. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352,
354, 359, 362

Beresford, Spencer M., 304

Berkeley, Calif., 383

Berlin, West, 37, 49, 55, 334

Berne, Univ. of, 413
Physics Institute, 285

Bernhard, Prince (Netherlands), 354

Bernier, Robert E., 290

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 110
Apollo 9 mission, 61
Apollo 11 mission, 130-131, 200, 204,

206, 273
Apollo 12 mission, 366, 405
award, 287, 340
interview, 206
press conference, 61

Betadine (disinfectant), 156-157

Bethpage, N.Y., 26

Beverlin, Charles J., 347

Biehl, Richard E., 239

Biloxi, Miss., 225

Biological isolation garments (big), 141,
156-157, 356

The Biomedical Foundations of Manned
Space Flight: A Report of the Space
Science and Technology Panel of the
President's Science Advisory Commit-
tee, 367-368

Bionic Instruments, Inc., 327

Biosatellite (program), 23

Biosatellite I, 190

Biosatellite II, 78, 160, 190

Biosatellite III, 162, 189-190, 200, 201-
202, 347-349, 415, 421

Biosatellite-F, 138, 163

Bird, John D., 4

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 178, 363

Black Arrow (booster), 190

Black Brant (Canadian sounding
rocket), 360

Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127

Black Brant IV, 312

Black Brant VB, 366

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoly A., 80, 185-

186, 311, 411
Block Crater (moon), 376
Blount, Postmaster General Winton M.,

129-130, 202, 274, 289, 300
Blue Book, Project, 411, 413-414, 416
bmwf. See Germany, West, Ministry of

Scientific Research.
bob. See Budget, Bureau of.
Bobko, Maj. Karol H. (usaf), 281
Boeing Co., 122, 164

Aerospace Group, 353

booster, Saturn V, 47, 278, 297

contract, 1, 25-26, 47, 278, 297, 320

employment, 330

jet passenger transport. See Boeing
707 and Boeing 747.

lunar roving vehicle, 320, 353

personnel, 285

space station, 25—26

supersonic transport, 17, 314-315

Vertol Div., 92
Boeing 707 (jet transport), 88, 382
Boeing 747 (jet passenger transport),
203, 304, 317, 344, 350, 371, 382-383

maiden flight, 45-46, 421
transatlantic, 169, 344

orders, 341

Paris Air Show exhibit, 162, 169, 175

preview flight, 400
Boffey, Philip M., 189
Bogard, Dr. Donald, 288-289
Bogart, l/g Frank A. (usaf, Ret.), 346
Bogota, Colombia, 226, 312
Bohr, Niels, Library, 164
Bolender, Carroll H., 91
Bolger, Philip H., 21
Bologna, Univ. of, 272
Bombay, India, 312, 351
bomex. See Barbados Oceanographic and

Meteorological Experiment.
Bonn, W. Germany, 37, 48, 55, 177
Bonny (space monkey), 190, 200, 201-

202, 347-349, 415, 421
The Book of Mars, 89
Boosted Areas II (sounding rocket), 28,

331
Booth, William, 2

Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc., 335
Bordeau, Robert E., 346
Bordeaux, France, 297-298
Boreas (Esro IB) (satellite), 323, 391,

423
Borger, John G., 346
Borman, Col. Frank (usaf), 71, 229, 274,
337, 343, 347, 362, 380

Apollo 8 mission, 6-7, 32, 34, 39, 68,
71, 268

appointment, 131

awards and honors, 2, 6-7, 9, 10, 39,
68, 87, 100-101, 132, 136, 203, 298,
346, 387, 390-391

484

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

goodwill tour, 32, 37, 38, 41, 46, 48,

49, 51, 52, 53-54
moon, exploration of, 102
political aspirations, 168, 380
press conference, 7, 41, 53-54, 158—

159, 196, 204
receptions for, 9, 10, 13
space, exploration of, 158-159
visit to Czechoslovakia, 136, 155
visit to U.S.S.R., 195-196, 197, 199,

202, 204, 210, 211, 245, 337
White House activities, 6, 32, 56-57,
230 232

Boston, 'Mass., 29, 105, 112, 363, 416

Boulder, Colo., 90, 259, 336

bps: bits per second

Bradley International Airport, 263

Bramley, Eric, 136

Branscomb, Dr. Lewis M., 416

Brantford, Canada, 234

Bray, Rep. William G., 253

Brayton Cycle space power generator, 58

Brazil, 175, 179, 186, 234, 423-424

Brett, Dr. Robin P., 400

Brevard County, Fla., 197, 210, 225

Brewster, Wash., 179

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 23, 127, 129, 251,
349-350

The Brick Moon (novel), 357

Bright, Loren C, 332

Bristol, U.K., 105

British Aircraft Corp., 61, 105, 285, 340

British Broadcasting Corp. (bbc), 225

British External Telecommunication Ex-
ecutive, 32

British Interplanetary Society, 187

Bromine, 128

Bronk, Dr. Detlev W., 1-2

Brooke, Sen. Edward W., 183, 332

Brooks, Harvey, 257

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 386

Brown, Arthur W., 129

Brown, Eileen, 385

Brown, Dr. Harold, 355

Brown, Dr. Herbert C, 418

Brown, Judge John R., 283

Brown Univ., 168

Browne, Secor D., 302

Bruceton, Pa., 387

Bruns, Franklin R., Jr., 319

Brussels, Belgium, 37, 46, 55, 234, 312

Bryson Construction Co., Inc., 320

Bucharest, Romania, 261, 262

Buchwald, Art, 235

Buckhorn, Calif., 174

Buckingham Palace, U.K., 335

Budapest, Hungary, 234

Budget, Bureau of (bob), 5-6, 32, 108-
109

Buechner, Dr. Helmut K., 328

Buenos Aires, Argentina, 312, 384

Buffum, Ronald J., 260

Buffum, William B., 242

Bulgaria, 24, 229

Bull, Cifford, 345-346

Bullpup Cajun (.sounding rocket), 178

Burcham, Dr. Donald P., 135

Burcher, Eugene S., 138

Bureau of Fisheries, 9

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,

14
Burke, Rep. J. Herbert, 281
Burlingame, A. L., 365
Bush, Dr. Vannevar, 184
Butz, J. S., Jr., 192, 419-120

C-5 (Galaxy) (military cargo trans-
port), 393, 411
C-5A, 57, 212, 293, 411, 413

contract, 17, 123-124, 128-129, 130,
132, 138, 251, 380

cost, 17, 107, 128-129, 138, 251, 281

Paris Air Show, 162

record, 151, 323

static test, 207

test flights, 57, 151, 283, 323, 421
C-130 (Hercules) (transport aircraft),

359
C-141 (military transport), 293
cab. See Civil Aeronautics Board.
California, 177, 291
California Air Pollution Board, 383
California Institute of Technology (Cal-
Tech), 117

award, 338, 355

computer (self-testing-and-repairing) ,
298-299

galaxies, discovery of, 367

Mariner VI, 269, 282, 301

Mariner VII, 265, 269-270, 301

pulsar signal research, 121
California Museum of Science and Tech-
nology, 123
California, Univ. of, 42, 179, 238, 395

Berkeley, 53, 72, 110, 167, 186, 261,
301-302, 346, 365, 383

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 53,
110

Lick Observatory, 42, 237, 259, 261,
285

Los Angeles (UCLA), 174, 288, 348-
349, 356, 408

San Diego, 8, 331-332, 403

Santa Barbara, 263, 416
Calio, Anthony J., 347, 353
Calle, Paul, 202

Cambridge, Mass., 405, 417, 418
Cambridge, U.K., 359
Cambridge, Univ., 42, 312
Camden, N.J., 54
Camera, 77, 91, 116-117, 405

Apollo 11, 201, 217

Apollo 12, 334, 362, 376-377, 386

Essa IX, 57-58

Mariner VI, 55, 252, 253-254, 338

Mariner VII, 252, 259, 338
Cameron, Dr. Roy E.. 159

485

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Campbell, Dr. Malcolm J., 180
Canada, 155, 399-400

Apollo 11 reaction, 236, 240

cooperation, 30, 132, 393, 411, 417,
423-424

satellite, 30, 241, 423

sounding rocket (see also Sounding
rocket, international programs), 59,
127, 312, 366, 423-424
Canaveral Council of Technical Societies,

83
Canberra, Australia, 34, 189, 292
Cancer 96

Candaii, Dr. M. G., 254-255
Cannon, Berry L., 52, 57, 77, 188-189,

316-317
Canopus (star), 55, 92, 99, 117
Cap Pistol (astronaut maneuvering

unit), 239
Cape Canaveral, Fla., 180-181, 203-204,

229, 242, 281, 393
Cape Kennedy, Fla. (see also Eastern
Test Range and Kennedy Space
Center), 228, 304, 398

Apollo 11 launch, 183, 186, 204, 205-
206, 224-226, 249

name controversy, 180-181, 203-204,
229, 242, 281, 393
Cape Kennedy Regional Airport, Fla.,

263
Cape Keraudren, Australia, 25, 43
Cape Parry, Canada, 71
Carbon dioxide, 57, 128, 365, 408
Carbon suboxide, 396
Cardiff, Wales, 134

Cardiovascular pressure transducer, 128
Carlos, Prince Juan (Spain), 330
Carnarvon Tracking Station, Australia,

34
Carnegie Endowment for International

Peace, 381, 393-394
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 341
Carnegie Southern Observatory, 341
Carpenter, Cdr. M. Scott (usn, Ret.),

21-22, 86, 134, 354
Carpentier, Dr. William R., 245
Carson, Robert K., 396
Carswell afb, Tex., 331
cas. See Collision avoidance system.
cas. See Cooperative Applications Satel-
lite.
Case Institute of Technology, 125, 304
Case Western Reserve University, 319
Castel Gondolfo, Italy, 206, 225, 232, 242
cat. See Clear air turbulence.
Catholic Biblical Assn. of America, 390-

391
Catterson, Dr. A. Duane, 142
Cayey, Puerto Rico, 27
cbs Laboratories, 102, 201
cddt. See Countdown demonstration test.
Ceausescu, President Nicolae (Ro-
mania), 261
Centaur (booster upper stage) (see also

Atlas-Centaur), 330, 355, 412
Centaurus (constellation), 256, 281
Central America, 370
Centralization of Federal Science Ac-
tivities (House report), 161
Cerberus canal (Mars), 262
Cernan, Cdr. Eugene A. (usn), 16, 90,

108, 142-144, 152-153, 191, 267
Cerro Tololo, Chile, 133-134
Certificate of Appreciation (nasa), 347
CF-6 (turbofan engine), 212
CH-54H (Flying Crane) (helicopter),

35
Chaban-Delmas, Premier Jacques

(France), 330
Chafee, Secretary of the Navy John H.,

4, 402
Chaffee, L/Cdr Roger B. (usn), 228
Chamant, Jean, 162
Chamberlain, Dr. Owen, 238
Chambers, Dr. Alan B., 315
Chamical, Argentina, 304
Chanute, Octave, Award, 73
Chao, Dr. Edwin C. T., 400
Chapman, Dr. Dean R., 200
Chappell, Rep. William, 242
Charles, Robert H., 123-124
Charlie Brown (Apollo 10 csm). See

Command and service module.
Charyk, Dr. Joseph V., 137, 179
Chayes, Abram, 131
Chicago Executive Club, 320
Chicago, 111., 24, 28, 34, 44, 263, 279,

320, 380, 418
Chicago, Univ. of, 121, 191, 397
Childs, Marquis, 154
Chile, 234, 341
China, Communist, 234, 236, 388, 404

missile threat, 43, 80, 181

nuclear test, 181
China, Nationalist, 234
Chlorine, 128
Chrysler Corp., 117-118, 154

Space Div., 49, 94, 101, 113, 123, 154
Churchill Research Range, Canada (see

also Fort Churchill, Canada), 21, 23,

31, 38, 41^2, 43, 48, 49, 51-52, 54, 58,

72, 107, 113, 360
Circadian rhythms, 180
Civil Aeronautics Board (cab), 136, 244,

302
Civil Air Patrol, 49
Clark, Evert, 69

Clark, Adm. Joseph J. (usn, Ret.), 380
Clark, Dr. John F., 346
Clark Univ., Robert Hutchings Goddard

Library, 147
Clarke, Arthur C, 39, 289
Clarkson College of Technology, 318
Clayton, James, 249
Clear air turbuence (cat), 417-418
Clegg, Dr. P. E., 312
Cleveland, Ohio, 34
Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark M.,

486

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Clifton, Dr. H. Edward, 51, 86, 110

Cloudcroft, N. Mex., 325

CM. See Command module.

Coahuila, Mex.. 299

coas. See Crewman optical alignment

sight.
Cochran, John, 105
Code, Dr. Arthur D., 99, 344
Cohn, Victor, 81-82, 136, 286
College, Alaska, 257
Collier, Robert J., Trophy, 101, 132, 283,

293
Collins, Michael, 414

Apollo 11 mission, 401-402

celebrations for, 279-280, 282, 283,

298, 300
commemorative medal, 275
commemorative stamp, 202, 273-274,

289, 300
Congress, report to, 307
flight, 212-224, 277, 421
lunar landing, 277
medical aspects, 137, 156-157, 245,

273
Nixon, President Richard M., 209,

242
preparations for, 5, 156-157, 168,

196, 204
press conference, 198, 207, 277, 280-

281, 362
quarantine, 76, 141, 223, 247, 273,

276
record, 250-251
significance of, 277
splashdown, 223
TV interview, 283-284
appointment, 396, 408
awards and honors, 233, 237, 251, 255,

279-280, 327, 365, 403
Canadian visit, 312, 399-400
commemorative stamp ceremony, 289,

300
promotion, 245
tribute to, 228, 399-400
White House visit, 362
world tour, 312, 319, 327, 330, 332,
334, 335, 337, 341, 350, 351, 353,
359, 360, 361-362
Collins Radio Co., 189
Collision avoidance, aircraft, 70, 315—

316, 319, 362, 369
Collision avoidance system (cas), air-
craft, 315-316
Cologne, W. Germany, 312
Colombia, 226
Colon de Carvajal y Maroto, Cristobal,

52
Colorado Springs, Colo., 134, 170, 225
Colorado, Univ. of, 5, 22, 34, 41, 72, 127,
179, 189, 261, 298, 302, 314, 411
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space
Physics, 316
Columbia (Apollo 11). See Command

module.
Columbia Radiation Laboratories, 71

Columbia Univ., 71, 117, 174, 230, 250,

273, 354-355, 403
Columbus, Christopher, 226, 330
Columbus, Diego, 52
Comet, 359, 409
Comet (aircraft), 162
Command and Data Acquisition (cda)

station (essa), 58
Command and service module (csm)
Apollo 8, 7
Apollo 9 (Gumdrop) (CSM-104), 5,

62-65, 72
Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown) (CSM-

106), 16, 90, 108, 142-144, 159
Apollo 11 (Columbia) (CSM-107),

108, 212-218, 222, 255-256
Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper) (CSM-

108), 372-376, 377, 389, 395
contract, 70
Command module (cm)
Apollo 8, 7
Apollo 9 (Gumdrop), 5, 26-27, 62, 64,

65, 81, 91-92
Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown), 362
Apollo 11 (Columbia), 141, 198-199,

212, 222-223, 226, 388, 397
Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper), 333-334,
372-373, 377-378.
Commerce, Dept. of, 50, 88, 199, 402
Commission on Federal Reorganization,

341
Commission on Human Rights (New

York), 2
Commission on Marine Science, Engi-
neering and Resources, 9, 56
Committee on Scientific and Technical

Communication (satcom), 174-175
Committee on Space Research (cospar),

136-137
Commonwealth Club, San Francisco,

259-260
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organization, 121
Communications by Satellite: An Inter-
national Discussion, 381
Communications satellite (see also indi-
vidual satellites: Echo II, Intelsat I,
Intelsat-III F-2, Molniya 1-11, etc.),
140, 343
benefits, 33, 37, 47, 137
conference, 24, 88
contract, 61, 66, 171, 241
cooperation, 402

international, 88, 117, 132, 157, 357,
.381, 393-394
ground station, 27, 61, 135, 137, 171
launch

failure, 245, 281, 385
Intelsat-III F-3, 39-40, 151
Intelsat-III F-4, 150-151
Intelsat-III F-5, 245, 281, 385
Molniya I-ll, 106
Molniya 1-12, 237
plans for, 23, 114, 290-291
Skynet A (idcsp-a), 388-389

487

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Taccomsat I, 44
military, 44, 66, 131, 140, 322, 346,

388-389, 422
rates, 30

use of, 18, 47, 61, 75, 111, 137, 140,
202, 253, 257, 286, 340-341, 402

U.S. policy, 253, 352
Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 53
Communications Satellite Corp. (Com-

SatCorp), 290
Annual Meeting of Shareholders, 137
Apollo 11 TV coverage, 225-226, 244-

245, 276
Atlantic II. See Intelsat-II F-3.
contract, 171
cooperation, 179
Early Bird. See Intelsat 1.
fcc regulation, 30, 352
ground station, 61, 137, 171
INTELSAT, 101-102
Intelsat I (Early Bird), 61, 137, 191,

259, 286
Intelsat-II F-3 {Intelsat II-C; Atlan-
tic II), 191, 259
Intelsat-III F-l, 40, 135, 151
Intelsat-III F-2, 23, 30, 40, 61, 151,

191, 245, 259, 276, 286, 340-341
Intelsat-III F-3, 39-40, 137, 140, 151,

421
Intelsat-III F-4, 140, 150-151, 276, 421
Intelsat-III F-5, 245, 281, 385, 421
Intelsat IV, 114
rates, 30

revenues, 54, 61, 231, 340-341
satellite program, 114, 137
services, 18, 50, 137, 179, 244-245,

276, 286, 340-341
Computer, 71, 87, 139, 174, 177, 203,
204-205, 290, 298-299, 322, 334-335,
350, 362
Computer Sciences Corp., 48, 203
ComSatCorp. See Communications Satel-
lite Corp.
Concorde (U.K.-France supersonic trans-
port), 13-14, 26, 146, 197, 255, 413
nights, 61, 71, 105, 162, 173, 285, 323,

329 340
Condon,' Dr. Edward U., 5, 8, 20, 50, 288
Cone, Clarence D., Jr., 96
Congress, 47-48, 68, 210, 232, 311, 314-

315, 341, 361, 411
Apollo 8 mission, 7
Apollo 11 mission, 186, 207, 279-280,

307, 312-313
ComSatCorp report to, 61
Defense, Dept. of, 99, 104, 123-124,

178
Federal Aviation Administration, 156
NASA's Twentieth Semiannual Report

to, 372
President's messages

airports, 182

budget, 14-15, 107

State of the Union, 13
Science, Secretary of (proposed), 3

space program, 51, 80, 81-82, 95, 104,

196, 294

Congress, House of Representatives, 108-

109, 114, 124, 169, 186, 224, 238,

270, 307, 332, 361, 381-382

bills introduced, 2, 18, 52, 53, 113, 138,

202, 242, 245, 253, 309, 404
bills passed, 53, 176, 186, 307, 312,

330, 363, 383, 404, 412, 414
Committee on Appropriations, 184,

369, 372, 383
Committee on Armed Services, 39, 99
Committee on House Administration,

245
Committee on Interstate and Foreign

Commerce, 40, 253
Committee on Judiciary, 202
Committee on Science and Astro-
nautics, 18, 66-67, 69, 70, 113,
115, 117, 147, 245, 257, 275-276,
284, 317
Subcommittee on Advanced Re-
search and Technology, 76, 84, 92,
400, 404
Subcommittee on Manned Space

Flight, 71, 73-74, 91
Subcommittee on nasa Oversight,

202, 276-277

Subcommittee on Science, Research,

and Development, 52-53, 161, 255

Subcommittee on Space Science and

Applications, 74, 76, 78, 84-86,

118, 162, 336-337, 371, 415

Congress, Senate, 57, 78, 103, 131, 186,

224, 276, 281, 309, 312, 332, 361,

363, 369, 381-382, 383, 390, 406, 412

bills introduced, 22, 26, 29, 118, 150,

183, 330, 383, 404
bills passed, 13, 246, 255, 308, 312,

361, 365, 369, 383, 410, 412
Committee on Aeronautical and Space
Sciences, 13, 79-80, 312
nasa budget, 24, 118, 186-187, 270,
311
testimony, 119-120, 123, 127, 130,
131, 134, 160, 266
Paine, Dr. Thomas O., letter to, 390,

411-412
Paine, Dr. Thomas O., nomination,
79-80
Committee on Appropriations, 135,

363-364, 369, 410
Committee on Armed Services, 86,

111-112, 330
Committee on Banking and Currency,

115, 251
Committee on Commerce, 133, 150
Subcommittee on Aviation, 88-89
Committee on Foreign Relations, 22,

53, 57, 383
Committee on Government Operations,

312
Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs, 203-204, 393

488

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Committee on Labor and Public Wel-
fare, 42
Committee on Rules and Administra-
tion, 404
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy,

354
nominations approved and confirmed,
43, 79-80, 87, 118, 130, 184, 395, 408
nominations submitted to, 91, 141, 180,

371
resolution, 133, 203-204, 229
Congressional Medal of Honor, 2
Congressional Space Medals of Honor,

307, 308, 319
Conklin, Dr. Edward K., 175
Conner, Dr. J. P., 281-282
Conrad, Capt. Charles (Pete), Jr. (usn)
Apollo 12 mission

extravehicular activity, 333-334, 342,
372, 376-377, 386-387, 394, 395
flight, 372-378

lunar landing, 375-376, 385, 386-387
medical examination, 366
Nixon, President Richard M., 371,

392
plans for, 105, 342, 353, 365, 366,

368, 371-372
press conference, 333-334, 406-407
quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397,

405
splashdown, 377-378
fund-raising dinner, 408
promotion, 391, 392
White House visit, 413
Constan, Dr. George N., 256, 260
Contact: The Story of the Early Birds, 52
Contract (see also under agencies, such
as nasa, usaf), 25
cost-plus-award-fee, 30, 59, 196, 292,

293, 385-386
cost-plus-fixed-fee, 1, 38, 85, 87-88,

154
cost-plus-fixed-fee /award-fee, 297, 351
cost-plus-incentive-fee, 150, 160, 191,

320, 353, 355
fixed-price, 14, 32-33, 48, 401, 402-

403, 414
fixed-price-incentive-fee, 71, 212
study, 25-26, 46, 47, 94, 105, 111, 120,
128, 241, 270, 280, 335, 340, 401
Control Data Corp., Melville Space and

Defense Systems Div., 388
Convair (Galileo) (jet aircraft), 133,

393, 417, 423-424
Convention of Cooperation for the Se-
curity of Air Navigation, 148
Convocation on Ecology and the Human

Environment, 132
Cook, Richard W., 347, 360
Cooke, H. Lester, 403
Cooke, W, J., 164
Coons, Roy G., 266-267
Cooper, Col. L. Gordon (usaf), 326
Cooperative Applications Satellite (cas),
86

Copernicus (moon crater), 253

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 300

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 2, 42,

345-346
Cornell Medical Center, 362-363
Cornell Univ., 114, 121, 180, 299, 317,

339, 350, 352
Coronagraph, 127

Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 402
Cortright, Edgar M., 21
Cosmic ray, 29, 134-135, 177, 187, 334,

395
Cosmic Ray Ionization Program (crisp),

363
Cosmonaut, 41, 48, 249, 365-366

Apollo 10 mission message, 158

Apollo 11 mission message, 244

astronauts, meeting with, 168, 195-
1%, 197, 199

awards and honors, 23-24, 39, 349-350

film, 104

interview, 25, 159-160, 372, 387-388

medals placed on moon, 228, 230

Soyuz IV mission, 11-12, 23-24, 332,
422

Soyuz V mission, 11-12, 23-24, 332,
422

Soyuz VI mission, 332-333, 336, 341-

342, 343, 349-350, 361, 365-366, 382,
420, 422

Soyuz VII mission, 333, 336, 341-342,

343, 349-350, 361, 365-366, 420, 422
Soyuz VIII mission, 333, 336, 341-342,

343, 349-350, 361, 365-366, 420, 422
space cooperation, 196, 325, 351
U.S. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352,
354, 359, 362, 387-388

Cosmos (U.S.S.R. satellite), 422

Cosmos CCLXIII, 9

Cosmos CCLXIV, 24

Cosmos CCLXV, 43

Cosmos CCLXV I, 56

Cosmos CCLXVII, 58

Cosmos CCLXVIII, 67

Cosmos CCLXIX, 67

Cosmos CCLXX, 70

Cosmos CCLXX I, 80-81

Cosmos CCLXXII, 82

Cosmos CCLXXIII, 89

Cosmos CCLXX1V, 90

Cosmos CCLXXV, 94

Cosmos CCLXXVI, 101

Cosmos CCLXXVII, 101

Cosmos CCLXXV1U, 105

Cosmos CCLXXIX, 109

Cosmos CCLXXX, 116

Cosmos CCLXXXI, 137

Cosmos CCLXXXII, 148

Cosmos CCLXXXIII, 158

Cosmos CCLXXXIV, 160

Cosmos CCLXXXV, 169

Cosmos CCLXXVI, 181

Cosmos CCLXXXVII, 186

Cosmos CCLXXXVIII, 189

Cosmos CCLXXXIX, 203

4S9

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Cosmos CCXC, 237

Cosmos CCXCI, 267

Cosmos CCXCII, 281

Cosmos CCXCI1I, 283

Cosmos CCXCIV, 285, 291

Cosmos CCXCV, 287

Cosmos CCXCVI, 293

Cosmos CCXCVII, 297

Cosmos CCXCVlll, 305-306

Cosmos CCXC1X, 309

Cosmos CCC, 314

Cosmos CCCI, 316

Cosmos CCCI1, 339

Cosmo* CCC///, 341

Cosmos CCC/F, 346

Cosmos CCCV, 347

Cosmos CCCF/, 350-351

Cosmos CCCV II, 350-351

Cosmos CCCV II I, 360

Cosmos CCCIX, 370

Cosmos CCCX, 380

Cosmos CCCXI, 392

Cosmos CCCXII, 392

Cosmos CCC XIII, 401

Cosmos CCC*/F, 405

Cosmos CCCXV, 413

Cosmos CCCXVI, 414

Cosmos CCCXVII, 414

cospab. See Committee on Space Re-
search.

Council of Economic Advisers, 3

Countdown Apollo (U.S. Paris Air Show
theme), 161-162

Countdown demonstration test (cddt),
108, 118, 182, 195, 350, 351, 353

Covington, Ozro M., 117, 346

Cox, Gardner, 323

Crab Nebula, 16-17, 42, 71, 78, 118, 164,
350, 404

Cracow, Poland, 233

Creason, R. L., 57

Crewman optical alignment sight
(coas), 64

Crews, l/c Albert H. (usaf), 281

Crichton, Michael, 181

Crimea, U.S.S.R., 195

Crippen, L/Cdr Robert L. (usn), 281

crisp. See Cosmic Ray Ionization Pro-
gram.

Cromley, Ray (Raymond Avolon), 298

Crossfield, A. Scott, 29

Crooker, John H., 302

Crowley, Mrs. Peggy, 46

csm. See Command and service module.

Cuba, 51, 234

Cudaback, Dr. David, 383

Cunningham, R. Walter, 21, 72-73, 105

Curtiss-Wright Corp., 239

Cyanogen, 139-140

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 136

Czechoslovakia, 155, 233, 249, 251, 335

Czechoslovakian Communist Party, 242

Dacca, East Pakistan, 312, 353

Daddario, Rep. Emilio Q., 114

Dade County, Fla., 9

Dai Chi Chinei (Japanese freighter),

198
Daley, Mayor Richard J., 279
Dallas, Tex., 2-3, 372
Dana, William H., 117, 148, 240, 297,

381, 406
Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Inter-
national Astronautics Award, 287
Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Pro-
motion of Aeronautics, 226
Darwin, Australia, 312
Davies, Merton E., 282
Day, LeRoy E., 131, 336, 354
Day, Melvin S., 135
Dayton, Ohio, 138
DC-8 (jet transport), 88, 382
DC-10 (jet transport), 212, 341
Dearborn, Mich., 197
"Debrief: Apollo 8" (color film), 8
Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 10, 122, 274, 289,

371
Deception Island, Antarctica, 159
Deep Quest (research submarine), 330
Deep Space Network (dsn), 34, 180,

189, 274-275, 346
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle, 112
Deep submergence research vehicle, 27
Defence Research Board (drb) (Can-
ada), 41
Defense Communications Agency, 353
Defense, Dept. of (dod) (see also U.S.
Air Force, U.S. Army, and U.S.
Navy), 5, 116, 316-317
Advanced Research Projects Agency,

119, 346, 424
aircraft, 4, 11, 15, 35, 39, 86, 99,
106, 107, 111-112, 115, 123-124,
128-129, 130, 131, 135, 151, 155,
183, 201, 251, 260, 283, 293, 319,
320-321, 354, 372, 379, 389-390,
417-418, 424
anniversary, 59
award, 99-100, 101, 346
budget, 14-15, 42, 86, 99, 107, 109-
110, 131, 178, 181, 193, 354, 410, 412
communications satellite system, 131,

319, 345, 385, 388-389
contract, 48, 123-124, 130, 135, 136,

201, 251, 330, 372, 386, 408
cooperation, 88, 399, 417-418

nasa, 11, 34, 38, 58-59, 86-87, 88,
119, 151-152, 153, 176-177, 200,
317, 345, 368, 379, 388-389, 417-
418, 421, 422, 423
cooperation, international, 388-389
facilities, 43

missile program, 10, 15, 33, 39, 43, 46-
47, 53, 80, 81, 89, 103, 112, 124,
131, 136, 183, 190-191, 229, 320-321

490

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

mol, 15, 21, 86-87, 110, 151-152, 176-
177, 178, 181, 200, 260, 281, 289, 423

personnel, 4, 119, 193, 251, 285, 346

r&d, 11, 14, 15, 40, 67, 88, 106,
124, 136, 164, 257, 330, 345, 363,
379, 420, 424

space program, 15, 59, 86-87, 131,
151-152, 164, 167, 176-177, 193,
200, 304-305, 319, 345, 388-389,
419-420, 421, 422, 423
Defense Satellite Communications Sys-
tem (dscs), 66, 131
De Florez Training Award, 345-346
De Gaulle, President Charles (France),

41
Delbruck, Dr. Max, 338
Delphi, Greece, 187
Delta (booster) (see also Thor-Delta),

135, 385, 421
Dembling, Dr. Paul G., 300-301
Denebola (star), 79
Denmark, 323

DeNoyer, Dr. John M., 403
Denver, Colo., 75, 183, 288
de Seversky, Alexander P., 412
Des Moines, Iowa, 243, 385
Descartes (moon), 377
Descent propulsion system (dps), 64,

143, 213, 375
Detroit, Mich., 337
Dewart, Prof. Leslie, 39
Diaz Ordaz, President Gustavo (Mexico),

299
Dighton, Ralph, 185
Dirksen, Sen. Everett M., 246, 271, 312
Disarmament, 13, 21, 30, 33, 67, 81, 86,

131, 155, 174, 181, 183, 190-191, 197,

332
Discoverer I (satellite), 59
Disney, M. J., 164
Disneyland, Calif., 351
Distinguished Public Service Award

(usn), 138
Distinguished Public Service Certificate

(NASA), 326
Distinguished Public Service Medal

(nasa), 154, 347
Distinguished Service Medal (usaf), 300
Distinguished Service Medal (nasa), 10,

13, 91, 101, 154, 280, 287, 326, 346-

347
dlrv. See Dual-mode lunar roving

vehicle.
Dobbins afb, Ga., 80, 151
Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoly F., 206
Docking, 83

Apollo 9, 62, 64

Apollo 11, 212, 222, 421

Apollo 12, 373, 377

Soyuz IV and Soyuz V, 11-12, 19, 120
Dodd, Lamar, 226, 403
Dodd, Sen. Thomas J., 184
Doiguchi, Shizuo, 362
Dole, Sen. Robert J., 404
Donnelly, Dixon, 3%

Doolittle, l/c James H. (usaf, Ret.), 304

dot. See Transportation, Dept. of.

Douglas Aircraft Co., 209

Downey, Calif., 388

Downey, James A., Ill, 326

Downs, Dr. George S., 56

Doyle, Frederick J., 409

dps. See Descent propulsion system.

Drake, Dr. Frank D., 121

Draper, Dr. Charles Stark, 338, 369, 416,
420

drb. See Defence Research Board (Can-
ada) .

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., 184, 289

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial Fellowship,
68-69

dscs. See Defense Satellite Communica-
tions System.

dsn. See Deep Space Network.

Dual-mode lunar roving vehicle (dlrv),
111

Dublin, Ireland, 121

Dubridge, Dr. Lee A., 54, 355
abm system, 83
appointment, 42, 43
basic research, 52-53, 68, 297
international cooperation, 78, 304, 308,

316
press conference, 49-50, 316
science, political aspects of, 42, 122,

297
space program, national, 6, 17-18, 38,
49-50, 52-53, 68, 78, 82, 134, 197-
198, 308

Dudley Observatory (Albany, N.Y.), 159,
279, 287, 402

Duff, Brian M., 115-116

Duke, Capt. Charles M., Jr. (usaf), 267

Duke Univ., 19, 109

Dulles International Airport, Va., 89, 283

Dusterberry, John C, 362

Dyer, John W., 348

Eagle iApollo 11 lm). See Lunar

module.
Eaker, l/c Ira C. (usaf, Ret.), 191
Early Apollo scientific experiment pack-
age (easep), 230
Early Bird (communications satellite).

See Intelsat I.
Earth (see also Earth Resources Tech-
nology Satellite), 20, 49, 76, 136,
158, 198, 394
crust, 360

magnetic field, 171-173, 177, 185
magnetosphere, 115, 185, 257, 291, 316
mapping, 124, 173
motion, 175

photographs of, 59, 62-^3, 64, 81, 90,
116-117, 143, 149, 222, 232, 304,
328, 346, 406-407

491

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

resources measurement, 37, 62-63, 75,
85, 100, 116-117, 245, 276, 304, 308,
420-421

shape, 83
Earth Photographs from Gemini VI

Through XII (nasa SP-171), 304
Earth Resources Technology Satellite
(erts) program, 85, 139, 156, 157,
245

benefits, 33, 37, 119-120, 162, 276

contract, 151, 340

cost, 162, 337

funds for, 15, 66, 69, 138, 164

international cooperation, 310, 416
easep. See Early Apollo scientific experi-
ment package.
Eastern Airlines, Inc., 29, 336, 346
Eastern Test Range (etr) (see also
Cape Kennedy and Kennedy Space
Center), launch, 23

Apollo 9 (AS-504), 33, 62

Apollo 10 (AS-505), 90, 142

Apollo 11 (AS-506), 212

Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-373

Atlas-Agena, 106

Atlas-Centaur, 55, 92, 277

failure, 245, 291

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor-
Delta, 40, 150, 189-190, 245, 388

Thor-Delta, 22

Thor-Delta N, 272

Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta,
291

Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta, 57

Titan IIIC, 44, 155
Echo I (communications satellite), 405
Echo II, 175, 405
Eclipse, solar, 395
Edison, Thomas A., Memorial Lecture,

74
edp Technology, Inc., 2
Edwards afb, Calif., 38, 177, 205, 315,

323, 405
Edwards, Sir George, 340
Eglin afb, Fla., 186

Egrs XIII (Secor XIII) (Sequential Col-
lation of Range satellite), 107, 422
Egypt. See United Arab Republic.
Eiffel Tower, 41
Einhorn, Raymond, 393
Einstein, Prof. Albert, 182, 300
Eisele, l/c Donn F. (usaf), 21, 72-73
Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 47,

60, 196, 405
Eisenhower, Mrs. Dwight D., 280
El Segundo, Calif., 304
eldo. See European Launcher Develop-
ment Organization.
eldo F-8 (eldo satellite), 196
Electric propulsion, 337-338, 342
Electron microscope, 397
Electronics Research Center (erc)
(nasa), 128

aeronautical research, 70, 263, 400

appropriations, 113, 383

closing, 417, 418, 423
Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain,

38, 233, 335
Elk experiment, 328
Ellice Island, 239

Ellington afb, Tex., 5, 103, 182, 283, 397
Ellington, Duke, 233
Elms, James C, 139, 400
Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 1%, 357
Emmerton, Bill, 183

Engine (see also individual engines,
such as F-l, H-l)
aircraft, 19, 34, 35, 342, 402

jet, 25, 32-33, 176, 212, 371, 393, 413

pollution by, 278-279, 413

Quiet Engine Research Program, 25,

32-33, 212
supersonic transport, 17, 173, 323,

329 413
turbof'an, 45-46, 212, 304, 393
electric, 17, 134, 342
nuclear (see also nerva), 28, 190
rocket, 70, 79, 101, 104, 105, 162, 185,
327-328, 379, 417
fire, 195
test, 104
Engineering, 1, 97
The Engineering Profession: A New

Profile, 97
Engineers, 97, 99, 179, 193, 257, 351, 398
Engineers Joint Council, 97
England, Dr. Anthony W., 330
Engle, Capt. Joseph H. (usaf), 267
Environmental Science Services Admin-
istration (essa)
budget, 14, 15

Command and Data Acquisition sta-
tion, 58
cooperation, 9, 402, 414, 417
personnel, 259

satellite, 15, 88, 205, 343-344, 353,
414 421
launch, 57-58, 107
Space Disturbance Center, 90, 336
weather modification, 402
epndb: effective perceived noise in deci-
bels
Equal Employment Opportunity Commis-
sion, 77
Erb, Bryan R., 353
Erba, Carlo, Foundation, 340
erc. See Electronics Research Center.
erts. See Earth Resources Technology

Satellite program.
ERTS-A (Earth Resources Technology
Satellite), 66, 85, 151

ERTS-B, 66, 85

Escape system, 94

esro. See European Space Research Or-
ganization.

Esro IB. See Boreas.

Esro II A (esro satellite), 323

Esro IIB. See Iris I.

essa. See Environmental Science Services
Administration.

492

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Essa VII (meteorological satellite), 58

Essa IX (tos-c), 57-58, 421

Ethiopia, 205, 251

ktr. See Eastern Test Range.

Eupatoria, U.S.S.R., 199

Eureka, Calif., 352

Eurocontrol, 148

Europa (booster), 196

Europe (see also International coopera-
tion and International cooperation,
space), 74, 135, 137, 140, 262, 370

European Launcher Development Organ-
ization (eldo), 114, 196, 357

European Space Research and Tech-
nology Center, 290

European Space Research Organization
(esro), 357, 360
launch, satellite

Boreas (Esro IB), 323, 391, 423
satellite, 82, 290
Heos I, 82

ESRO HA, 323

Iris I (Esro I IB), 323

euv. See Ultraviolet, extreme.

eva. See Extravehicular activity.

Evans, Albert J., 84

Evans, Dr. John W., 419

Evans, Llewellyn J., 92, 262

Evans, L/Cdr Ronald E. (usn), 267

Evans, Rowland, 284

Evans, Dr. W. D., 281

Ewing, Dr. Maurice, 230

Exceptional Bravery Medal (nasa), 347

Exceptional Civilian Service Award
(isa), 256

Exceptional Scientific Achievement
Medal (nasa), 10, 13, 326, 347

Exceptional Service Award (usaf), 304,
412

Exceptional Service Medal (nasa), 91,
326, 347

Exhibit, 52, 161-162, 173, 226, 283, 309,
313, 400, 403, 405^06, 410, 412, 417

Expanded Use of Federal Research Fa-
cilities by University Investigators (re-
port), 56

Experiment module, 128

Experimentoy Corp., 159

Explorer (program), 50, 138, 360, 364,
366-367, 405

Explorer I (satellite), 38, 77

Explorer VII, 417

Explorer VIII, 417

Explorer XI, 417

Explorer XXXI, 30

Explorer XXXIII Iimp-d), 185

Explorer XXXIV (imp-f), 129

Explorer XXXV (imp-e), 185, 340

Explorer XXXV III (Radio Astronomy
Explorer rae-a), 115, 335

Explorer XII (imp-c), 185, 395, 421

Explorers Club, 2

Expo 70, 417

Extraterrestrial life, 152, 200, 289
Mars, 55, 90, 92, 103, 184-185, 271,
302

moon, 261, 270
Venus, 103

Extraterrestrial Research Agency (usa),
398

Extravehicular activity (eva), 331
Apollo 9, 5, 33, 62, 64, 81, 91
Apollo 11, 74, 108, 182, 198, 208, 212,

217-220, 223, 243, 255, 274
Apollo 12, 243, 325, 334, 342, 376-377,

395
Apollo 13, 267
Apollo 14, 267

Eyewitness to Space ( nasa art pro-
gram), 226, 241, 403

F-l (rocket engine), 79, 105, 162, 185,
417

F-4 (Phantom II) (fighter aircraft),
129, 201

F-4E, 9

F-8 (eldo spacecraft), 196

F-8 (supersonic carrier fighter), 44, 155

F-8B, 91

F-8C, 91

F-14A (supersonic fighter aircraft), 13,
15 39 131

F-15 (fighter aircraft), 15, 169

F-15A, 131

F-106 (research jet aircraft), 155

F— 111 (supersonic fighter), 135, 164,
283, 372

F-111A, 49, 52, 123, 155, 413, 415-416

F-111B, 15, 39

faa. See Federal Aviation Administra-
tion.

Fabiola, Queen of Belgium, 46

Faget, Dr. Maxime A., 289, 345

Fairbanks, Alaska, 58, 83

Falstaff (U.K. rocket), 323

Fancher, Has, 297-298

Farmer, Dr. C. B., 90

Fasi, Mayor Frank F., 247

Fastie, William G., 359

FB-111 (supersonic bomber), 86

FB-111A, 331

fcc. See Federal Communications Com-
mission.

Federal-aid Airport Program, 156

Federal Air-Sea Interaction Research
Program, 88

Federal Airport Act, 156

Federal Aviation Administration (faa)
accident investigation, 19
air pollution, 402

air traffic control, 15, 19, 34, 43-44,
55, 57, 148, 156, 188, 253, 315-316,
319, 388, 418
airports, 57, 117, 123, 156, 176
antihijacking system, 336
award, 54, 123, 127, 178, 410
budget, 15, 398

493

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

contract, 25, 46, 55, 89, 388, 391

cooperation, 315

forecast, 70

landing system, 89

noise, aircraft, 3, 25, 32, 46, 371, 391

personnel, 58, 123, 141

regulations, 3, 9, 19, 32, 43-44, 57,

138-139, 188, 371, 402, 418
transport, supersonic (see also Super-
sonic transport), 15, 123
design and development, 17, 422

Federal Communications Commission
(fcc), 30, 102, 253, 352

Federal Council for Science and Tech-
nology, 56

Federal Electric Corp., 320

Federal Polytechnic, Zurich, 285

Federal Support to Universities and Col-
leges, Fiscal Year 1967 (nsf report),
106

Federation Aeronautique Internationale,
315

Fedorov, Dr. Yevgeny K., 112

Fehlberg, Erwin, 326

Feller, Dr. William, 418

Felver, Edward R., 202

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 195, 197, 372
Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 mission com-
ment, 233, 387-388
U.S. visit, 337, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352,
354, 359, 362, 387-388

Ferguson, Gen. James (usaf), 260, 410

Fernandez-Moran, Dr. Humberto, 397

Filipchenko, Anatoly V., 333

Filton Airfield, U.K., 105

Finger, Harold B., 20, 69, 87, 91, 115,
118

Finland, 384, 424

Finney, John, 178

Fire, 405

"First Man on the Moon" (commemora-
tive postage stamp), 202, 273-274, 289,
300, 311, 319

Fisher, Adrian S., 30

Fisher, Paul C, 48

Fjeldbo, Dr. Gunnar, 408

Flagstaff, Ariz., 366

fleep. See Flying lunar excursion experi-
mental platform.

Flemming, Arthur S., Awards, 50, 371

Flight Research Center (frc) (nasa),
11, 44, 59, 92, 119, 123, 299-300, 315

Flight simulator for advanced aircraft
(fsaa), 362

Flight Test, Simulation, and Support
Conference, 3rd, 72

Florida Legislature, 180, 229

Flory, D. A., 365

Flying Baton (artificial horizon device),
263

Flying lunar excursion experimental plat-
form (fleep), 388

Flying Tiger Pilot Trophy, 200

Flying Tigers, 200

fobs. See Fractional Orbiting Bombard-
ment System.

Fog Drops, Project, 42

Foreman, Rep. Edgar F., 404

Formosa, 234

Fort Churchill, Canada, 393

Ft. Davis, Tex., 90

Fort Eustis, Va., 334

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 4, 11, 99, 131

Foster, William C, 30

Four Corners, Calif., 113, 133, 148, 159

Fra Mauro (moon), 377, 405

France, 168, 397

aircraft, 29, 162, 197

Apollo missions, reaction to, 16, 210,

244, 385
astronauts visit to, 32, 37
communications satellite system, 56,

114, 132
Concorde (U.K. -France supersonic
transport), 13-14, 26, 61, 71, 105,
146, 162, 173, 197, 255, 285, 323,
329, 340, 413
international cooperation, 196, 339,

393, 411, 417, 423-424
laser, 339
satellite, 86
test, 330

Franco Bahamonde, Gen. Francisco
(Spain), 327, 330

Franco-Soviet Grand Commission, 339

Frank, M. P., 290

Frankel, Max, 284

Frankford Arsenal, 283

Franklin Institute, 161, 385

frc. See Flight Research Center.

Fredriksson, Dr. Kurt, 304

French Atomic Energy Commission, 312

French Legion of Honor, 330

French National Center for Scientific Re-
search, 363

Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 53, 242, 245

Fricker, John, 164

Frye, William R., 147

fsaa. See Flight simulator for advanced
aircraft.

Fubini, Dr. Eugene G., 173

Fuchlow, Capt. William D. (usaf), 49

Fuel, 138, 342, 355, 379

Fuel cell 343

Fulbright, Sen. J. William, 29, 276

Fuller, R. Buckminster, 420

Fullerton, Maj. Charles G. (usaf), 281

Fulton, Rep. James G., 281

Fungus, 159

Funkhouser, Dr. John, 288

Fusion energy, 318

Future of the Bioscience Program of the
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration, 415

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (U.S.S.R.), 41, 51,
104, 199, 228

494

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Galabert International Astronautics

Prize, 237
Galilei, Galileo, 300
Galileo (Convair 990 jet aircraft), 133,

393, 417, 423
Gallant, Richard P., 315
Gallup, George, poll, 270. 275
Gamma ray, 2, 45, 124, 318-319, 366
Gandhi, Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira

(India), 158, 234
cao. See General Accounting Office.
Garber, Paul, 133
Gardner, Prof. Richard N., 248
Garner, Howell D., 4
carp. See Global Atmospheric Research

Program.
Garwin, Dr. Richard L., 117
Gast, Dr. Paul, 250
Gates, Dr. Clarence R., 188
Gayle Planetarium, 400
Gazenko, Dr. Oleg G., 325
gca Corp., 34, 49, 113, 300, 304
Geisler, W., 329
Geiss, Dr. Johannes, 285, 413
Gell-Mann, Dr. Murray, 117, 355
Gemini (program), 110, 160, 257, 304, 357
Gemini VII mission 71
Gemini XII mission, 71
General Accounting Office (gao), 47-48,

138
General aviation

aircraft, 70, 102, 109, 124,

award, 410

collision avoidance system, 396

employment, 150

The Magnitude and Economic Impact
of General Aviation (study), 109

research, 15

safety, 40-41, 369

tax, 182
General Dynamics Corp., 399

Atlas-Centaur, 114, 336, 355

award, 347

contract, 47, 270, 336, 355, 372

Convair Div., 114, 336, 355

F-lll, 164, 372
General Electric Co.

Aircraft Engine Group, 212

award, 147

contract, 32, 191. 293, 330, 340, 391,
408

laboratory, undersea, 51

mirv missile, 191

neutron radiography research, 168

quiet jet engine, 32

Re-Entry Systems Div., 336

reentry vehicle, 391, 408

spacecraft, 293, 340

supersonic transport engine, 17

turbofan engine, 17
General Motors Corp., 371
General Telephone & Electronics Inter-
national, 171
Geneva Disarmament Conference, 81, 155
Geneva, Switzerland, 189, 197, 198

Gentry, Maj. Jerauld R. (usaf), 101,

113, 133, 286, 298, 299, 371
Geodetic satellite, 33, 86, 107, 422
Geographos (planetoid), 288
Geological Society of America, 290
Geomagnetism, 96
Georgadze, Mikhail P., 197
ceos-c (geodetic satellite), 86
Gerathewohl, Dr. Siegfried J., 180
Germany, East, 251, 317, 335
Germany, West

Apollo flights, reaction to, 16, 193, 225,
244, 384

astronaut visit to, 32, 37, 48, 49, 334

cooperation, space, 76, 114, 132, 177,
196, 364, 379, 423-424

Ministry of Scientific Research
(bmwf), 364

space program, 76, 114, 177, 357, 364,
379 423
Gesell, Gerhard A., 138-139
get: ground elapsed time
Getler, Michael, 321
Ghana, 234
Ghiorso, Albert, 110
Gilbert Island, 239
Gill, C. James, 38
Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 10, 274, 289, 317,

347, 353, 419
Glasstone, Dr. Samuel, 89
Glendale, Ariz., 39
Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (usmc, Ret.),

43, 289, 406
Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 125, 184, 406
Glines, Carroll V., 397
Global Atmospheric Research Program

(carp), 88, 204
Global Flare Patrol Network, 336
Glomar Challenger (drilling ship), 273,

353
Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2,

174, 200, 408
Goddard Memorial Dinner, 68
Goddard, l/c P. M. (rn), 129
Goddard, Dr. Robert H., 147, 226, 280,

289, 300, 404
Goddard, Mrs. Robert H., 147, 280
Goddard, Robert H., Award, 21
Goddard, Robert H., Historical Essay

competition, 69
Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophv,

68
Goddard, Robert Hutchings, Library, 147
Goddard Space Flight Center (csfc)

Apollo 9, 65

Apollo 10, 145

Apollo 11, 224, 274-275

Apollo 12, 358

award, 117, 154, 346

buoy-tracking experiment, 199

contract, 271, 297

cooperation, 353

Extraterrestrial Physics Branch, 50

facilities, 383, 405

fire, 405

495

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Laboratory for Theoretical Studies, 360

mapping, 50

National Space Science Data Center,

1, 271
patent, 82
personnel, 259, 290
satellite animal-tracking experiment,

328
satellite monitoring
£550 IX, 58

Explorer XLI (imp-g), 185
Mariner V, 127
Oao II (oao-A2), 99
Ogo VI (ogo-f), 171
Oso V (oso-f), 22
Relay I and Relay II, 124
Satellite Tracking Center, 37
Small Scientific Satellite, 405
sounding rocket experiments

astronomical, 107, 140, 184, 335, 337,

408
atmospheric data, 9, 18, 19, 21, 25,
31, 33-34, 38, 41, 94, 132, 133, 286
electric fields, 71, 279, 331
instrumentation test, 286
vehicle performance test, 28, 335
weather data analyses, 353
Goett, Dr. Harry J., 346
Gold, Dr. Thomas, 121, 317, 350
Goldberg, Dr. Leo, 156, 256, 366
Golden Key Award, 46
Goldmark, Dr. Peter C, 102, 201
Goldstein, Dr. Richard M., 252
Goldstone Tracking Station, 56, 137, 179,

252, 274, 374
-Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 13, 379-380
Goldwater, Rep. Barry M., Jr., 169
Golovin, Dr. Nicholas E., 119
Goodell, Sen. Charles E., 13
Goodling, Rep. George A., 309
Goody, Dr. Richard M., 318
Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 239
Gorbatko, Victor V., 333
Gordon, Capt. Richard F., Jr. (usn)
Apollo 12 mission
flight, 372, 374, 375-376, 377, 389
medical examination, 366
Nixon, President Richard M., 371,

392
plans for, 105, 342, 353, 365, 366,

368, 371-372
press conference, 333, 406
quarantine, 356, 377-378, 396, 397,

405
splashdown, 377
fund-raising dinner, 408
promotion, 391, 392
record, 389

White House visit, 413
Gorkin, Jess, 367

Gorman, Harry H., 326, 347, 360
Gorton, Prime Minister John G. (Aus-
tralia), 117, 244
Gottlieb, Dr. Peter, 116
Governors' Conference, 401

Governor's Conference on California's
Changing Environment, 382

Graham, Billy (William F.), 246

Grand Canyon, Ariz., 337, 354

Grand Cross of Aeronautic Merit, 327

Granite, Bernard, 385

Grant, 3, 32, 52, 209, 319

Gravity, 71, 78, 86, 182, 190, 206
artificial, 117-118, 391

Great Salt Lake, 49

"Great Transatlantic Air Race of 1969,"
129

Greece, 226

Green, Dr. Robert L., 46

Greenberg, D. S., 114-115

Greenglass, Bert, 313

"Greenhouse" effect (Venus), 128

Grimwood, James M., 357

Grissom, l/c Virgil I. (usaf), 228

Grissom, Mrs. Virgil I., 279

Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A.
(U.S.S.R.), 236

Groton, Conn., 27

Group Achievement Award (nasa), 34,
154, 347

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.,
13, 26, 39, 42, 46, 92, 111, 262, 394

CSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center.

Guam, 273, 284, 312, 402

Guam International Airport, 246

Guggenheim, Daniel, Medal, 338, 345

Guggenheim, Harry F., 226

Gulf of Mexico, 157

Gulf Stream Drift Mission, 103, 209, 282

Gumdrop (Apollo 9 command and serv-
ice module). See Command and serv-
ice module.

Gunn, Charles R., 54

Gunn, Dr. James E., 322, 334

Gurney, Sen. Edward J., 203, 393

Gutenberg, Johann, 161

Guzman, Mme. Anne E., 281, 403

Gwertzman, Bernard, 152, 181

Haagen-Smit, Arie Jan, 383

Haeussermann, Dr. Walter, 346

Hage, George H., 33, 108, 182, 274, 285,

300, 346
Haggerty, James J., Jr., 89, 95
Haggerty, Dr. Patrick E., 117
The Hague, Netherlands, 37
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 205
Haise, Fred W., Jr., 267
Halaby, Najeeb E., 255, 346
Hale, Edward Everett, 357
Haley Astronautics Award, 72
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 103
Hall, Charles F., 361
Hall, Mayor Chuck, 9
Hallanger, Dr. Larry, 343
Hallgren, Dr. Richard E., 50

496

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

halo. See Hughes Automated Lunar Ob-
server.
Halo Crater ( moon ) , 376
Hamiter, Leon C, Jr., 290
Hand, Alfred, 54
Handler, Dr. Philip, 19
Haney, Paul P., 116, 118
Haredi, Sheikh Ahmand, 226
Harlow, Dr. James G., 70
Harmon International Aviator's Trophy,

298
Harnett, Daniel J., 319, 325
Harper, Charles W., 21, 334
Harrier (vtol aircraft), 129, 162
Harrington, Michael, 4
Harris, Louis, poll, 22, 208, 290
Harris, Dr. Robert, 253
Hartford, Conn., 263
Hartsfield, Maj. Henry W., Jr. (usaf),

281
Harvard College, 77
Harvard College Observatory, 256, 272,

308, 366, 411
Harvard Univ., 89, 131, 238, 257, 302,

318, 416-417
Harvey, Dr. Mose L., 321
Hassell, Prof. Odd, 355
Hawaii, 134, 190
Hawaii, Univ. of, 314
Hawaiian Telephone Co., 32
Hawker Siddeley Aviation Co., 162
Haworth, Leland J., 184
Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, 290
Hayden Planetarium, 243
Haynes, Charles C, 19
Haynos, Joseph G., 82
Head Crater (moon), 376
Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept. of

(hew), 83, 106, 110, 141, 274
Heart transplant, 1
Hearth, Donald P., 76
Heavy ion linear accelerator (hilac), 110
Heavy lift helicopter (hlh), 131
Hedin, Sven, 50
Heinemann, President Gustav (West

Germany), 244
Helian, R. D., 281
Helicopter, 79, 129

accident, 260, 308-309, 389

astronaut pickup, 141

civil, 35, 124

military, 106, 115, 131, 148, 150, 160,
260, 389

record, 79, 129

U.S.S.R., 35, 79
Heliodyne Corp., 271
Helios, Project (sun probe), 76, 177,

357, 423
Heliports, 176
Helium, 156
Hellas (Mars), 269
Heller, Gerhard B., 76, 326
Helsinki, Finland, 384
Heos I (ksro satellite), 82

Hero of the Soviet Union, 1

Herr, Dr. Kenneth C, 269

Herrick, Dr. Samuel, Jr., 288

Herriman, Alan G., 282

Hershey, Dr. Alfred D., 338

Hess, Dr. Harry II., 167, 289-290, 347

Hess, Dr. Wilmot N., 259, 288

hew. See Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Dept. of.

Heyerdahl, Thor, 146

Hibbs, Albert R„ 34

Hickam afb, Hawaii, 201, 245

Hickel, Secretary of the Interior Walter
J., 356

Hidayatullah, Mohammad, 255

Higginbottom, Samuel L., 346

hilac. See Heavy ion linear accelerator.

Hill, Louis W., Space Transportation
Award, 345

Hill, Ambassador Robert C, 180

Hill, William, Organization, 161

Hillary, Sir Edmund, 251

Hines, William M., 28, 90, 119, 176, 186,
207, 262, 274, 289, 313

Hirohito, Emperor (Japan), 234, 361

Hirondelle (turboprop aircraft), 162

"Historical Perspectives on Apollo," 196

Hitler, Adolf, 297

Hjornevik, Wesley L., 339

HL-10 (lifting-body vehicle), 29
test flight, 422
award, 298
glide, 117, 174, 422
powered, 113, 133, 148, 159, 184,
240, 267, 297, 309, 319, 352, 360,
381, 389, 406, 422

hlh. See Heavy lift helicopter.

Hoag, Maj. Peter C. (usaf), 174, 319,
360, 389

Hoagland, Hudson, 50

Hodgson, Alfred S., 19

Holcomb, Robert W., 390

Holland, Sen. Spessard L., 203, 393

Holloman afb, N. Mex., 363

Honolulu, Hawaii, 99, 273, 312

Hooker, Dr. Stanley, 21

Hoover Dam, 87

Hope, Bob, 414

Hord, Dr. Charles W., 269, 298

Hornig, Dr. Donald F., 3

Horowitz, Dr. Norman IL, 282, 302

Hotz, Robert B., 191

Houbolt, Dr. John C, 346

I lousing and Urban Development, Dept.
of (hud), 237
airport study, 263-265
funding, 42, 184, 369, 383, 395
Operation Breakthrough, 188
personnel, 87, 91, 115, 313

Houston, Tex., 137, 148, 183, 249, 255,
261, 398
Apollo 8 stamp ceremony, 129
Apollo 11 mission
celebration, 244, 283

497

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

press conference, 280-281

astronauts at, 75, 267, 279, 281, 283,
312, 408

employment, 231

Lunar Receiving Laboratory, 223, 378,
394

Lunar Science Institute, 8, 227

National Space Hall of Fame, 289
Houston Welfare Rights Organization,

233
Hovercraft, 156
Hoyle, Fred, 339
Hsieh, Jen-chao, 234

hud. See Housing and Urban Develop-
ment, Dept. of.
Hughes Aircraft Co., 61, 241, 369

Space Systems Div., 401
Hughes Automated Lunar Observer

(halo) (Surveyor III), 370
Hughes, Howard R., 370
Human factor systems program, 154
Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H.,

20, 233, 280
Humphrey, Mrs. Hubert H., 280
Hungary, 46, 234, 251
Hunt, Sir John, 251
Hunt, Lamar, 343
Hunten, Dr. Donald M., 318
Huntsville, Ala., 170, 244, 398
Hurd, Peter, 226
Hurricane Debbie, 402
Hutchinson, Thomas C. H., 387
Hyderabad, India, 258
Hydrogen bomb, 312
Hydro-Lab (underwater laboratory), 343
Hydroxyl radical, 189
Hynek, Dr. J. Allen, 28, 288, 416
Hypatia Rille (moon), 159
Hypersonic aircraft, 15, 87, 362

iaa. See International Academy of Astro-
nautics.

iaf. See International Aeronautical Fed-
eration and International Astronautical
Federation.

iata. See International Air Transport
Assn.

ibm. See International Business Machines
Corp.

icbm. See Intercontinental ballistic mis-
sile.

ieee. See Institute of Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineers.

Illia, President Arthuro U. (Argentina),
384

Illinois, 28

Illinois Institute of Technology, 293

Illinois Institute of Technology Research
Institute, 11

Illinois, Univ. of, 34, 41, 113, 300, 304

ilrv. See Integral Launch and Reentry
Vehicle.

ils. See Instrument landing system.

Ilyin, Lt. (U.S.S.R.), 33, 39

ime. See Interplanetary Meteoroid Ex-
periment.

imp. See Interplanetary Monitoring Plat-
form.

imp-d, 185

imp-e, 185

imp-c, 185

Imperial College of Science and Tech-
nology, 355

IMS. See Ion mass spectrometer.

Inchon, South Korea, 237

Independence Day, 197-198

India, 190, 234, 398, 412

cooperation, 118, 120, 258, 311, 340,

423
Nixon, President Richard M., visit to,
255

Indian Ocean, 25, 140, 263, 389, 423

Indian Space Research Organization, 311

Indiana Univ., 102

Indonesia, 200, 249

Inertial reference integrating gyro
(iric), 14

Ingalls, Richard P., 288

Institute for Soviet-American Relations,
195

Institute for Strategic Studies, 106

Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (ieee), 177, 354

Instituto Geofisico del Peru, 267

Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aero-
spacial, 180

Instrument landing system (ils), 89

Integral Launch and Reentry Vehicle
(ilrv), 47

Intelsat. See International Telecommu-
nications Satellite Consortium.

Intelsat I (Early Bird) (communications
satellite), 61, 137, 191, 259, 286

Intelsat-II F-3 (Intelsat II-C; Atlantic
II), 191, 259

Intelsat-III F-l, 50, 135, 151

Intelsat-Ill F-2, 30, 40, 61, 151, 191, 226,
245, 259, 276, 286, 340

Intelsat-III F-3, 23, 39-40, 137, 140, 151,
421

Intelsat-III F-4, 23, 140, 150-151, 276,
421

Intelsat-III F-5, 245, 281, 385, 421

Intelsat IV, 114

Interagency Committee on Back Contam-
ination, 141, 273, 302, 356

Intercontinental ballistic missile (icbm)
(see also Multiple independently tar-
getable reentry vehicle), 48, 140

Intercosmos I (U.S.S.R. satellite), 335,
422

Intercosmos II, 416, 422

Interior, Dept. of, 14, 51, 76, 141, 267,
356

498

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

International Academy of Astronautics

(iaa), 325
International Aeronautical Exposition, 52
International Aeronautical Federation

(iaf), 208, 250
International Air Transport Assn.

(iata), 292-293, 350
International Astronautical Congress, 287
International Astronautical Federation

(iaf), 328
International Astronomical Commission,

335
International Aviation Service Award

(faa), 54
International Business Machines Corp.
(ibm), 25, 79, 91, 315, 334
Federal Systems Div., 71
Watson Laboratory, 117
International cooperation (see also Dis-
armament and Treaty), 51, 261, 262,
300, 392, 393, 417
air transportation, 121, 148, 292-293
aircraft (see also Concorde), 161-162,

423-424
astronomy, 181. 319, 417
meteorology, 45, 78-79, 204-205
military, 117, 132, 289
nuclear power, 25, 43, 316, 386, 409
oceanography, 133, 197, 330, 341
science and technology, 78, 102, 304,
316
International cooperation, space (see
also European Launcher Develop-
ment Organization; European Space
Research Organization; International
Telecommunications Satellite Con-
sortium; Space rescue treaty), 1, 39,
43, 55, 75, 101-102, 103, 117, 158,
167, 175, 238, 248, 255, 285, 290,
308-310, 312, 349-350, 379, 423-424
law, 189, 198, 229, 392
military, 117, 132, 389
satellite, 102, 169

communications, 61, 171
dod-U.K., 388-389
earth resources, 33, 310
Europe, 132, 196, 323, 357, 416

N \^\

-Australia, 177, 399

-Canada, 30, 241, 423-424

-esro, 323, 423

-Germany, West, 76, 114, 177, 357,

364, 379, 423-424
-India, 311, 340, 423
-Italy, 177, 423
-Netherlands, 423
-U.K., 23, 59, 323, 385, 388-389,

422, 423
-U.S.S.R., 19, 196, 381, 394, 411,

416
U.S.

n\to, 132

-U.S.S.R., 25, 393-394
sounding rocket. See Sounding rocket.

international programs,
space research, 4, 43, 44, 102, 168-169,
290
Europe, 74, 248, 383, 411, 416
France-U.S.S.R., 339
U.S.-Australia, 137, 177, 319, 423
-France, 423-424
-Germany, West, 177
-Italy, 177, 423
-Japan, 383, 389, 411
-U.K., 423-424

-U.S.S.R., 25, 26, 41, 78, 95-96,
103, 195, 202, 211, 231, 233,
238, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 311,
318, 325, 343, 351, 367, 383,
409, 411-412, 424
tracking

U.S.-Australia, 34, 148, 189, 424
-Peru, 267

-Spain, 187, 189, 424
-U.K., 59
International Decade of Ocean Explora-
tion, 341
International Geomagnetic Reference

Field, 173
International History of Astronautics

Symposium, Third, 329
International Platform Assn., 237
International Rice Research Institute,

163
International Symposium on Space Tech-
nology, Eighth, 290
International Telecommunications Satel-
lite Consortium ( intelsat), 381, 394
conference, 24, 26, 56, 88, 101
membership, 61
satellite, 40, 114, 150
International Union of Radio Science,

U.S. National Committee, 115
Interplanetary Meteoroid Experiment

(IME), 105

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform

(imp), 30, 185
Interrogation, recording, and location

(irls) system, 107
Intersputnik (U.S.S.R. communications

satellite system), 381, 394
Intrepid (Apollo 12 lm). See Lunar

module.
Iodine, 128

Ion mass spectrometer (ims), 241
Ion propulsion, 48, 342, 399, 415
Ionosphere, 30, 33-34, 41, 84, 113, 135,

160, 188, 257, 300, 304, 323, 339, 423
Iowa, 28

Iowa State Univ., Dept. of History, 357
Iowa, Univ. of, 263, 340, 395
Iran, 385
IRIC. See Inertial reference integrating

gyro.
Iris I (Esro I IB) (International Radia

tion Investigation Satellite), 323
Irwin, Maj. James B. (usaf), 105
his I (isis-a) (International Satellite

for Ionospheric Studies), 30, 241, 423

499

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Island Creek Coal Co., 267

Israel, 226, 384, 408

"Issues and Answers" (TV program),

146
Italy, 155, 244, 384-385

Borman, Col. Frank (usaf), visit to,
32, 37

cooperation, space, 132, 177, 423

eldo F-8 spacecraft, 196

satellite, 423
it&t Corp., 320
itos (meteorological satellite), 344

J-2 (rocket engine), 70, 101, 104-105,

162, 185
Jackass Flats, Nev., 87, 178, 279, 309,

361, 422
Jackson Hole, Wyo., 328
Jackson, Nelson P., Award, 69
Jaffe, Dr. Leonard D., 85, 116, 139, 141,

189
Jakarta, Indonesia, 249
James, Francis, 181
James, Lee B., 188, 251, 317
Jamison, Mitchell, 403
Japan, 82, 140, 168, 175

Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions, re-
action to, 226, 234, 244, 249, 361
booster, 284, 297, 314
Cabinet, 9
international cooperation, space, 118,

120, 383, 389, 411, 423-424
International Symposium on Space

Technology, 290
launch, rocket, 284, 297
National Defense Council, 9
space debris damage, 198
space program, 118, 120, 290, 314, 325
Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 2, 200
Javelin (sounding rocket), 188
Jeans, Sir James, 417
Jenkins, Wally, 343
Jerusalem, Israel, 226
Jet belt, 103

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl) (Cal-
Tech), 85, 184, 248
Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., visit

to, 323-325
award, 203, 346
computer, 299
Deep Space Network, 34, 180, 189,

274-275, 346
Goldstone Tracking Station, 56, 137,

179, 252, 274, 374
history, 274
lunar research
mascons, 116, 120
surface, 34-35, 189
Mariner Project, 55-57, 90, 133, 250,
252, 253-254, 256, 259, 261-262,
265-266, 269, 282, 298, 301-302, 408

personnel, 6, 135, 188, 290

Pioneer VI, 356

Viking Project, 57, 111, 274-275, 412
Jewish National Fund, 408
Jobe, Capt. Robert Earle (usaf), 49
Jodrell Bank Experimental Station

(U.K.), 158, 224, 232, 233, 237, 238,

244, 384
Johns Hopkins Univ., 1, 37, 43, 46, 49,
298

Dept. of Biology, 184
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 3, 20

Apollo 8 mission, 13

Apollo 11 mission

Cape Kennedy visit, 209, 224
message, 196

astronauts' promotion, 391

awards by, 1, 6

budget, 14, 40, 109

nasa, 14-16, 109-110, 395, 423

communications policy, 352

Kennedy Space Center, 393

memoirs, 136

space program, 6-7, 10, 20, 60, 231—
232

State of the Union Message, 13
Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon B., 209
Johnson, Robert L., 363
Johnson, W. Thomas, Jr., 402
Johnston Island, 223
Johnston, S. Paul, 297
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 180, 280
Joint Commission on Scientific and

Technical Communications (proposed)

(nas-nae), 175
Joint Computer Conference, 139
Jones, Dr. Norman D., 261
Jones, Robert J., 202
Jordan, Sen. Len B., 13
jpl. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory

(CalTech).
Juliana, Queen (Netherlands), 332
Junkers 390 (bomber), 297
Jupiter (planet), 16, 76, 115, 157, 192,

263, 299, 338, 361, 423
Justice, Dept. of, 130, 394

Kahn, Richard S., 157

Kamm, Robert W., 20

Kammler, Gen. Hans (Germany), 381

Kansas State Highway Commission, 408

Kansas State Univ., 332

Kapryan, Walter J., 287

Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 67

Karaganda, U.S.S.R., 333

Karth, Rep. Joseph E., 371

Kauai, Pacific Ocean, 201

Kaufman, Harold R., 134

Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 196, 271

Kazakov, Vasily, 159

Kedrov, Boniface, 157

500

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 25, 202, 229,

244, 311, 351, 361, 411
Kelly, K. K., 298
Kelly, Orr, 4
Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 131, 147, 148,

175, 224
Kennedy, President John F., 20, 38, 44,

60, 175, 196, 212, 240, 393, 405
Kennedy, John F., International Airport,

N.Y., 263, 279, 362, 400
Kennedy, John F., Medal for National

Civic Service, 72
Kennedy Space Center (ksc), 393
accident, 162

Apollo/Saturn (see also Apollo mis-
sions), 118, 195, 299, 350, 351
astronaut memorial (proposed), 53,

245
astronauts at, 5, 207, 325, 371
award, 10, 122, 154, 289
budget, 122
contract, 122, 320
facilities, 341, 383

launch operations (see also Launch
Complex 34, 37, 39; and Apollo
missions), 65, 122, 137, 145, 173,
361, 371
lunar landing memorial, 304
meeting, 33

personnel, 122, 154, 287, 313, 371
press conference, 207, 325, 371
spacecraft delivery and shipments to,

149, 182
visits to, 136

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 65,

210, 224
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 209,

224
Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon B., 209
Nixon, President Richard M., 378
Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 378
Nixon, Miss Tricia, 378
Kepler, Johann, 300

Kerwin, Cdr. Joseph P. (usn), 283, 414
Key Biscayne, Fla., 38
Keyhoe, Maj. Donald E. (usmc, Ret.), 8
Khan, President Yahya (Pakistan), 244,

259, 394
Khrunov, Yevegeny, 11-12, 23
Khrushchev, Premier Nikita (U.S.S.R.),

197, 249
Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (W. Ger-
many), 48, 270
Kilby, Jack S. C, 418
King, Dr. Elbert A., 273, 287
King, Dr. Martin Luther, 231
Kinshasa, Congo, 312, 350
Kirchner, Englebert, 294
Kirkman, Don, 196
Kirtland afb, N. Mex., 424
Kiruna, Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27
Kitt Peak National Observatory, 17, 318
Kitty Hawk Fiver (aircraft), 177
Kitty Hawk, N.C., 88, 410
Kleen, Dr. Werner J., 290

Klein, Milton, 130, 332

Kliore, Dr. Arvydas J., 408

Knight, Maj. William J. (usaf), 87

Knoxville, Tenn., 391

Knutson, Don, 169

Komarov, Col. Vladimir M. (U.S.S.R.),

199, 228
Koran, 226

Korea, South, 237, 244
Korolev, Sergey P., 199
Kosygin, Premier Alexey N. (U.S.S.R.),

233
Koval, Alexander, 335
Kozlov, Mikhail V., 1
Kozyrev, Dr. Nikolay A., 139, 418
Kraft, Christopher C, Jr., 10, 274, 290,

344, 392, 417
Kramer, James J., 50
Kraner, H. W., 340
Kranz, Eugene F., 91
Krause, Dr. Helmut G., 183
Kremlin, 33, 39

Borovitsky Gate, 23
Kryter, Karl D., 26
ksc. See Kennedy Space Center.
Kubasov, Valery N., 332
Kubat, Jerald R., 130
Kuiper, Dr. Gerard P., 397
Kuznetsov, Vasily V., 197

L-1011 airbus, 341
Laboratory for Electronics, Inc., 89
Laboratory of Electrical Optics, Tou-
louse, France, 397
La Canada-Flintridge, Calif., 85
Lagos, Nigeria, 226
Lahore, Pakistan, 259
Lalande (moon), 377
Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin R.,
11, 34

C-5A, 123, 138

defense budget, 86, 99

press conference, 4, 33

Sentinel abm, 33, 39, 53

space program, 146
Lambda (Japanese booster), 297, 314
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory,

174, 230, 249, 273, 354-355
Lampang, Thailand, 286
Landon Lecture, 332
Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 349
Langley Research Center (LaRc)

(nasa), 379

Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory,
120

budget, 383

buffeting research, 123

contract, 94

cooperation, 379

jet shoes, 4

Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, 96

501

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

patent, 4

personnel, 21, 290, 293

supercritical wing, 44, 293, 299

Viking, Project, 59, 111, 293, 412

Youth Science Congress, 105
Lannan, John, 21, 40, 153, 167, 365, 405
La Plata, Argentina, 181
Lapp, Dr. Ralph E., 37
LaRC. See Langley Research Center

(nasa).
Larsen, Agnew E., 283
Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 312, 327
Las Vegas, Nev., 49
Laser

lunar experiments, 192, 339

Apollo 11, 114, 220, 223, 237, 259,
261, 285, 411, 419

use of, 37, 127, 312, 318, 322, 327,
386, 405 424
Latham,' Dr. 'Gary V., 230, 249, 354, 409,

413
Latin America, 101, 226
Launch Complex 34, 122
Launch Complex 37, 122
Launch Complex 39, 122

Apollo launches from
Apollo 9, 62
Apollo 10, 73, 108, 142
Apollo 11, 149, 212
Apollo 12, 372
La Violette, Paul E., 160
Lawrance, Charles L., Award, 138
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (Univ.

of Calif.), 53, 110
Leavitt, William, 420
Le Bourget Airport, Paris, 162, 169
Lecky-Thompson, s/l Tom (raf), 129
Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, 205
Lederer, Jerome F., 315
Lee, Capt. Chester M. (usn, Ret.), 285,

342
Leicester, Univ. of, 22
Leighton, Dr. Robert B., 269, 282, 301
Lenin, Vladimir I., 199
Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 196, 278
Leonov, l/c Aleksey A. (U.S.S.R.), 48,

158
Leovy, Conway B., 282
LeRC. See Lewis Research Center

(nasa).
Lesher, Dr. Richard L., 135
Lewis Research Center (LeRc) (nasa),
75

award, 50, 134, 154

booster, 56, 355, 412

Brayton Cycle space power system, 58

contract, 212, 355

cooperation, 379

Electromagnetic Propulsion Div., 134

ion propulsion, 48, 342

noise abatement, 33, 120, 212

Plum Brook Station, 404

Propulsion Systems Acoustics Branch,
50

research, 155, 362-363, 384, 404, 412

Space Power Facility, 329

Spacecraft Propulsion Research Fa-
cility, 329-330, 412
Lewis, Roger, 399
Ley, Willy, 187
Libby, Dr. Willard F., 408
Library of Congress, 184

Legislative Reference Service, 95
Science Policy Research Div., 161
Lick Observatory, Calif., 42, 237, 259,

261, 285
Lifting-body vehicle

HL-10, 29, 113, 117, 133, 148, 159,
174, 184, 240, 267, 297, 298, 319,
352, 360, 381, 389, 406, 422

M2-F2, 29

M2-F3, 29

X-24, 29

X-24A, 101, 113, 133, 286, 299, 316,
349, 371, 422
Light Intratheater Transport (lit) air-
craft, 92
Lima, Peru, 267, 322
Limeill Weapons Research Center, 312
Lincoln Center, N.Y., 8
Lincoln Univ., 168
Lindbergh, Charles A., 100, 177
Lindley, Robert N., 410
Lindsay, Mayor John V., 279
Lindsey, Robert, 156
Lineberry, Edgar C, Jr., 345
Lingenfelter, Dr. Richard, 174
Linweaver, Cdr. Paul G. (usn), 188
Lisbon, Portugal, 37, 53, 344, 413
Lisitzin, Dr. Aleksandr P., 273
lit. See Light Intratheater Transport

aircraft.
Little, Brown & Co., 135
Little, Stephen, 90
Lloyd's of London, 244
llrv. See Lunar Landing Research Ve-
hicle.
lltv. See Lunar Landing Training Ve-
hicle.
lm. See Lunar module.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 79, 157-158

AH-56A (helicopter), 106, 115, 148,
150, 160, 260, 308, 389-390

aircraft engine, 402

C-5A (cargo transport), 17, 57, 107,
123-124, 128, 130, 132, 138, 151, 162,
207, 251, 281, 283, 293, 323, 380,
411, 421

contract, 128, 130, 132, 150, 160, 251,
280, 402

L-1011 airbus, 341

nuclear rocket, 280

XV-4B (vtol aircraft), 80
Lockheed, Allan H., 157
Lockheed-California Co., 115, 260, 308
Lockheed-Georgia Co., 57, 151, 283
Lockheed, Malcolm, 157
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 47
Loftus, Joseph P., Jr., 331
Logan, Joseph, Jr., 234

502

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

London-to-Sydney Air Race, 411

London, U.K., 14, 37, 55, 56, 129, 134,
312, 329, 355, 370, 411

London Univ., 312

Long, Dr. Franklin A., 114, 121

Long, James E., 192

Long Island Assn. of Commerce and In-
dustry, 382

A Long-Range Program in Space As-
tronomy: Position Paper of the As-
tronomy Missions Board (nasa SP-
213), 366

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Trior
(Thorad)-Agena D (booster), 107,
171, 173, 319

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor
(lttat) -Delta (booster), 40, 150, 189-
190, 245, 272, 388

Loprete, Joseph F., 239

Los Alamos (N. Mex.) Scientific Labora-
tory, 272, 281

Loo Angeles, Calif., 123, 209, 300, 382
aerospace industry, 71
Apollo flights, reaction to, 235-236,

385
astronaut's dinner and visit to, 276,
279, 284

Los Angeles International Airport, 102,
279

Lounsberry, Ernest D., 4

Lovelace, W. Randolph, II, Award, 182

Lovell, Sir Bernard, 158, 224, 232, 233,
237, 238, 244, 384

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (usn), 71,
329
Apollo 8 mission, 32, 68
Apollo 11 mission, 5
Apollo 13 mission, 267
appointment, 83
awards and honors, 2, 6-8, 10, 68, 87,

100, 101, 132, 298, 391
press conference, 6
record, 208
receptions for, 9, 13
White House visit, 6, 32

Lovell, Mrs. James A., Jr., 329

Low, Dr. Frank J., 417

Low, Dr. George M., 108, 274, 317, 345,
371, 395, 401

Lowe, Henry N., Jr., 398

Lowell Observatory, Ariz., 209, 366

Lown, Dr. Bernard, 128

lrl. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory.

lst. See Lunar surface telescope.

i.ttat. See Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented
Thor-Delta.

ltv Aerospace Corp., 11, 91, 291

Lucian, 232

Luebke, President Heinrich (W. Ger-
many), 158

Luna XV (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 195,
207-208, 224, 229, 232, 238, 382
launch, 206

moon landing, 236, 251, 422
press comment, 211, 420

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (Tuc-
son, Ariz.), 397
, Lunar Exploration: Strategy for Re-
search, 1969-1975 (Space Science
Board report), 355
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (llrv),

315
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (lltv),

5, 103, 173, 182
Lunar Laser Observatory (Tucson,

Ariz.), 192
Lunar module (lm), 111, 169, 182, 185,
205, 320, 353, 365
Apollo 9 (Spider) (LM-3), 5, 26-27,
33, 62-65, 67, 72, 81, 89-90, 91, 130,
421
Apollo 10 [Snoopy) (LM-4), 16, 90,

142-144, 159, 421

Apollo 11 (Eagle) (LM-5), 21, 46,

108, 141, 162, 179, 196, 198-199,

210-213, 215, 217-222, 237, 255-

256, 355

moon landing, 199-200, 212-213.

215, 232, 252, 317, 322, 421
moon liftoff, 220, 222
plaque on, 196
Apollo 12 (Intrepid) (LM-6), 333-
334, 342, 362, 368, 372-379, 395-
397
moon landing, 375-376, 407
moon liftoff, 377
contract, 42-43
exhibit, 105, 161-162
Lunar Orbiter (program), 187, 209,

282-283
Lunar Orbiter I Preliminary Results

(nasa SP-197), 187
Lunar Receiving Laboratory (lrl)
(nasa), 45, 103, 259, 370
Apollo 11 postage stamp, 202
astronauts at, 75-76

Apollo 11, 247, 260, 267, 273
Apollo 12, 378, 397, 400, 405
criticism of, 95, 176
lunar samples, 75-76, 95
Apollo 11, 222-223, 247, 250, 253,
260, 261, 263, 270, 275, 288, 302-
304, 306
Apollo 12, 356, 378, 394, 395-396,
407
personnel, 260, 266, 273, 352-353, 400,
405
Lunar Rock Conference, 306
Lunar roving vehicle (lrv), 205, 320,
327, 353, 355-356
dual-mode (dlrv), 111
Lunar Science Institute, 8, 75, 227
Lunar surface telescope (lst), 123, 343
Lundin, Bruce T., 349, 404
Lupus (constellation), 256, 281
Luria, Dr. Salvador E., 338
Lutine Bell (Lloyd's of London), 244
Lyman-alpha radiation, 316
Lyons, Kenneth T., 253

503

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

M2-F2 (lifting-body vehicle), 29

M2-F3, 29

McCarthy, Joseph W., 81

McClure, Billy B., 347

McCollum-Pratt Institute, 184

McConnell, Gen. John P. (usaf), 112,

245
McDivitt, Col. James A. (usaf), 5, 26-

27, 51, 63-65, 72, 91, 161, 168, 187-

188, 317
MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F., 263, 416
McDonald, Dr. James E., 288
McDonald Observatory, Tex., 17, 90,

237, 259, 285
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 410

airlock, 128, 297

collision avoidance system, 315-316

contract, 14, 91, 123, 201, 241, 280,
297, 299, 388, 414

employment, 185

F-4 Phantom, 9, 201

Saturn V, 117, 280, 388

space station, 241, 270, 299

stol aircraft, 29

Titan IIIC, 14
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.,

297
McDowell, James, 38
McElroy, Dr. William D., 184, 189, 353
Mack, l/c Thomas J. (usaf), 413
Mackin, Dr. Robert J., Jr., 135
MacLeish, Archibald, 20
McLucas, John L., 304
McMurdo Sound, 359
Macy, John W., Jr., 402
Madrid, Spain, 37, 52, 180, 187, 189,

312, 327, 330, 424
Magnet, superconducting, 24
Magnetic field, 171, 173, 177, 185, 230
Magnetosphere, 115, 185, 257, 291, 316,

395
The Magnitude and Economic Impact of

General Aviation (study), 109
Magnuson, Sen. Warren G., 133
Maheuson, Peter, 370
Mahlberg, Dr. Paul, 103
Mahnken, Conrad V. W., 51, 86, 110
Mahon, Joseph B., 118
Mailer, Norman, 135-136
Man of Achievement Award (American

Academy of Achievement), 203
"Man on the Moon" (cbs News record-
ing), 292
Man on the Moon (pamphlet), 234
Man Will Never Fly Memorial Society,

410
Management, 148-149, 192-193, 202
Manchester, U.K., 122
Manchester Univ. (U.K.), 338
Mandelbaum, Leonard, 51
Manhasset, N.Y., 382
Manhattan Project, 53, 161, 227

Manila, Philippines, 248

Manke, John A., 113, 133, 159, 184, 267,

309, 349
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (mol),
110, 151-152, 200, 260

appropriations, 15, 110

cancellation, 176, 178, 179, 181, 186,
191, 257-258, 281, 422, 423, 424

and nasa, 21, 86-87, 104, 146

pilots, 281, 289
Manned orbiting platform (mop) pro-
gram (U.S.S.R.), 382
Manned space flight (see also Apollo
program, Apollo 8, 9, 10, 11, and
12 missions; Gemini program; As-
tronaut; Cosmonaut; Manned Or-
biting Laboratory; Soyuz IV, V, VI,
VII, and VIII missions; Space bi-
ology; and Space station), 71

achievements, 17, 39, 47, 65, 72-73,
91, 101, 212, 246-247, 259, 262, 372,
378, 384

advantages, 17-18, 74-75, 242

cooperation, 248

criticism, 82, 167, 204, 262, 289, 423

eva. See Extravehicular activity.

funding, 14-15, 28, 29, 109-110, 356

hazards, 80, 157, 281, 327

long-duration, 94, 178, 200, 337-338

lunar landing, manned. See Moon
landing, manned.

military aspects, 86-87, 104, 200

policy and plans
U.S., 15-16, 18-19, 37, 47, 51, 66-
67, 72, 74, 80, 81-82. 86-87, 94-
95, 104, 119-120, 134, 167-168,
214-215, 268-269, 304-305, 313,
320, 367-369, 371, 384, 405, 416,
422-423

U.S.S.R., 120, 170-171, 241-242, 292
Manned Space Flight Network (msfn),

10, 117, 196, 362
Manned Spacecraft Center (msc)
(nasa), 27, 74, 185, 231, 233, 245,
249, 288, 289, 290, 312, 337, 339,
365, 366

Apollo spacecraft, 65, 145, 223-224,
230

astronauts at, 61, 75-76, 114, 198, 200,
273, 276, 277, 330, 391

award, 10, 91, 287, 289, 340, 345-
346 419

facilities, 114, 334, 383

Lunar Receiving Laboratory. See Lu-
nar Receiving Laboratory.

lunar rock sample exhibit, 353-354

management, 47, 65, 223-224, 378

National Seminar for Manned Flight
Awareness, 317

personnel, 131, 259, 282, 292, 317, 326,
347, 417

press conference, 61, 77, 108, 198, 242-
243, 277-278, 280-281, 333-334, 350,
371-372, 392, 396, 406-408

quarantine procedures (see also Lunar

504

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Receiving Laboratory), 75-76, 141,
179-180, 273, 356
real-time computer complex, 334
space station, 299

spacecraft test. See Apollo (space-
craft ) .
visits to

cosmonauts, 337, 350
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia,
205
Mannheim, W. Germany, 225
Mansfield, Sen. Michael J., 224, 296
Marcos, President Ferdinand E. (Philip-
pines), 248
Mar del Plata, Argentina, 327, 328
Mare Imbrium (moon), 180
Mare Marginis (moon), 180
Mare Occulum (Hidden Sea) (moon),

180
Marietta, Ga., 411
.Mariner (program), 15, 23, 56, 138, 256,

359
Mariner ( spacecraft ) , 359
Mariner III (Mars probe), 55
Mariner IV (Mars probe), 54, 89, 210,

253, 421
Mariner V (Venus probe), 127, 160
Mariner VI (Mariner F) (Mars probe),
117, 167, 187, 250
launch, 55
photographs, 90, 210, 250, 252, 253,

262, 266, 282
results, 133, 261, 262, 266, 269, 298,
301-302, 338-339, 408, 421
Mariner VII (Mariner G) (Mars probe),
55, 117, 167, 187
control, 99, 103, 253, 254, 259
launch, 92
photographs, 90, 210, 252, 253-254,

259, 261, 262-263, 265, 266, 269
results, 133, 262, 265-266, 301-302,
338-339, 407-408, 421
Mark. Dr. Hans M., 53, 332, 389
Mark 12 (reentry vehicle), 330, 408
Mark 15, 391

Marks, Leonard H., 56, 88
Marquette, Father, Tercentenary Com-
mission, 365
Marquette, Pere, Discovery Award, 365
Marquette Univ., 365
Mars (planet) (see also Mariner III,
Mariner IV, Mariner VI, Mariner
VII, and Viking program), 105, 146,
320
atmosphere, 55, 75, 92-93, 184-185,
250, 261, 266, 269, 293, 298, 301,
338, 398, 408, 421
The Book of Mars, 89
canals, 261, 262, 266
color, 3%

craters, 261, 262, 269-270, 282, 301
ephemeris, 338
equatorial region, 338
exploration of, 74-75, 94, 147, 169,
176, 187, 197, 235-236, 247, 260,

262, 268-269, 271-272, 276, 337
benefits, 337
cost, 336-337
funding, 67, 262, 270, 271
international cooperation, 248
manned, 95, 178, 205, 224, 231, 242,
247, 262, 266, 268, 269, 271, 276,
277, 283, 288, 305, 320, 325, 344,
371, 399
plans for, 15-16, 57, 136, 205, 231,
293, 343, 344, 359, 398, 399, 412,
422—423
spacecraft, 15-16, 59, 160, 205, 338,

359, 412
unmanned, 256, 271, 283, 421
ionosphere, 408
life on, 55, 90, 94, 185, 261, 269-270,

271, 302, 308, 398
mass, 339

photographs of, 55, 89, 90, 210, 250,
252, "259, 261, 262-263, 265, 266,
282, 301, 339, 398, 421
poles, 252, 262-263, 265, 266
surface, 55, 92, 250, 252, 261, 265,
269-270, 282, 301, 338, 398, 408, 421
temperature, 55, 250, 261, 268
water on, 90, 261, 269, 293, 302
Marshall, Justice Frederick M., 2
Marshall Space Flight Center (msfc)
(nasa), 71, 105, 116, 122, 195, 270,
290, 317, 417
Apollo Telescope Mount, 12, 71, 177,

320, 327
Astrionics Laboratory, 347
award, 10, 69, 147, 288, 326
contract, 11, 25, 58, 17, 91, 105, 111,
113, 177, 205, 270, 271, 297, 299,
320 327
Saturn, 25, 47, 49, 77, 87, 91, 94,
101, 104, 113, 117, 132, 315, 388
Engineering Laboratory, 83
launch vehicle. See Saturn,
lunar rock sample exhibit, 400
Lunar roving vehicle (lrv), 111, 205,

320, 327
management, 64, 113, 146, 223-224,

378
meeting, 122, 156
Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, 17
personnel, 13, 77, 103, 185, 187-188,

251, 255, 325, 360, 393
Saturn I Workshop, 114, 297, 327, 388
Space Sciences Laboratory, 76-77
Space Technology Applications and
Research Laboratory (starlab), 285
space station, 128, 270, 299
Marsten, Dr. Richard B., 139
Marti, Kurt, 403
Martin, James S., Jr., Ill
Martin-Marietta Airport, Baltimore, 315
Martin Marietta Corp., 85, 160, 270, 351,

386, 387, 402
Martin, Minta, Lecture, 75
Maryland, Univ. of. 71, 75, 182, 395, 399
Mascon ( mass concentration of gravita-
tional pull), 73, 116, 120. 180. 283

505

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Mason, Dr. Bryan H., 304
Mason, Harold P., 293
Mason-Rust Co., 58

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(mit), 35, 89, 131, 178, 347, 409,
416, 417

award, 178

Div. of Sponsored Research, 14

experiment, 118

Instrumentation Laboratory, 338, 363,
369, 416, 420

Lincoln Laboratory, 288, 369

Martin, Minta, Lecture, 75

military research, demonstrations
against, 67, 136, 363, 369

Union of Concerned Scientists, 40
Massachusetts, Univ. of, 396
Materials technology, 58, 85, 203, 350,

362, 363, 384
Mathematics, 1

Mathews, Dr. Charles W., 131, 346, 406
Mathias, Sen. Charles McC, Jr., 13, 312
Mattingly, L/Cdr Thomas K., II (usn),

267
Maurer camera, 217
Maus, Hans H., 256
Maxwell afb, Ala., 411
Maxwell, m/g Jewell C. (usaf), 127, 186
May, Chester B., 103, 282
Mayer, Dr. Jean, 417
Mead, Dr. Margaret, 201
Medal of Freedom, 280
"Meet the Press" (TV program), 145
Melbourne, Univ. of, 319, 399
Melville Space and Defense Systems

Div., Control Data Corp., 388
Memorandum of Understanding, 30, 176
Men of the Year, 2
Menconi, Ralph J., 275
Mercator, Gerardus, 294
Mercator projection, 294
Mercury (planet), 16, 69, 76, 110, 119,

134, 138, 147
Mercury (program), 357
Mercury compounds, 128
Meredith, Scott, 135, 136
mesa. See Modularized equipment stow-
age assembly.
Meteor, 279, 287

Meteor I (U.S.S.R. meteorological satel-
lite), 91, 422
Meteor II, 329, 422
Meteor Crater, Ariz., 338
Meteorite, 28, 45, 403, 416
Meteorological satellite (see also indi-
vidual satellites, such as Ats III, Ats
IV, Essa IX, Meteor I, Meteor II,
Nimbus I, Nimbus II, Nimbus III),
33, 43, 47, 111, 157, 357

Barbados Oceanographic and Meteoro-
logical Experiment, 88

cooperation, 45, 88, 205

Global Atmospheric Research Pro-
gram, 88, 204

itos program, 344

Nimbus program, 18, 23, 86, 88, 107-
108, 139, 205, 353, 414, 421, 422, 423

Tiros program, 23, 57, 85, 344, 399,
414

U.S.S.R., 91, 329, 422
Meteorology, 42, 44, 78, 86, 88, 132, 139,

204, 353
Metric system, 317
Metroliner (high-speed train), 17
Mettler, Ruben F., 329
Metzenbaum, Howard M., 411
Mexico, 146, 299, 370
Mexico City, Mexico, 312, 319
Meyer, Karl E., 161
Mi-10 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 35
Miami, Fla., 103, 123, 148, 206
Miami Beach, Fla., 410
Miami, Univ. of, 123

Institute of Marine Science, 273
Michel, Dr. F. Curtis, 267, 287
Michigan, 28
Michigan, Univ. of, 136, 286

Mental Health Research Institute, 396
Michoud Assembly Facility (msfc), 58,

118, 256, 260, 299
Micrometeoroid, 159, 279, 287
Microminiaturization, 196
Midway Island, 112
Mic (U.S.S.R. fighter aircraft), 1
Military Airlift Command, 411
Milky Way (galaxy), 115, 118, 316
Milledgeville, Ga., 88
Miller, Prof. Charles L., 338
Miller, Rep. George P., 18, 113, 138, 275
Miller, Dr. Joseph S., 42
Miller, Dr. Maynard M., 2
Miller and Berry, 320
Mineralogical Society of America, 290
Mink experiment, 352
Minneapolis, Minn., 206
Minnesota, Univ. of, 31

Institute of Technology, 38, 42
Minuteman (missile), 230, 297
Mirage (French fighter aircraft), 162
Mirage (French supersonic fighter-
bomber aircraft), 197
mirv. See Multiple independently target-
able reentry vehicle.
Missile

antiballistic missile (abm), 33, 39,
40, 43, 47, 52, 62, 80, 81, 83, 89, 103,
112, 117, 124, 131, 136, 230, 320

award, 345

contract, 191, 362

detection, 183, 321

foreign

Communist China, 43, 80, 181
U.S.S.R., 10, 43, 48, 50, 53, 62, 89,
116, 129, 131, 140, 181, 183, 229,
332

intercontinental ballistic (icbm), 48,
140, 230, 297

limitation of, 13, 21, 67, 81, 86, 131,
155, 173, 181, 183, 190, 196, 332

multiple independently targetable re-

506

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

entry vehicle (MIRV), 10, 116, 183,
190, 191
nuclear, 10, 81, 86, 129, 135, 155, 181
test, 173, 181, 183, 191, 325
underwater-to-surface, 155, 197, 362
Mission Control Center (nasa), 137,

215, 220, 374
Mission of the Doctor award, 341
Mississippi Test Facility (mtf), 24, 104,

182, 185, 188, 360
mit. See Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.
Mitchell, Cdr. Edgar D. (usn), 267
Mitchell, Jesse L., 154
Mobile quarantine facility (mqf), 223,

247, 356, 377-378, 396
Mobutu, President Joseph D. (Congo),

350
Modularized equipment stowage as-
sembly (mesa), 217, 331, 376, 407
Moe (elk), 328
Moeckel, Wolfgang E., 338
Mogadiscio, Somalia, 234
Mohler, Dr. Stanley R., 180
Mohole, Project, 290
Mojave, Calif., 402

MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory.
Molniya l-ll (U.S.S.R. communications

satellite), 106
Molniya 1-12, 237
Moltke Crater (moon), 159
Monkey experiment, 190, 200, 201-202,

335, 347-348, 415, 421
Monochromator, 309, 411
Monroney, Sen. A. S. Mike, 88-89
Montclair, N.J., 243-244
Montclair, N.J.,- Library, 298
Montgomery, Ala., 400
Montreal, Canada, 312, 322
Moon (see also Apollo missions, Lunar
Orbiter, Lunar Receiving Labora-
tory, etc.), 131, 136, 142, 420
base, 123, 160, 169, 250, 305, 387, 398
colonization of, 102, 134, 191, 397
color, 217, 408

contamination from, 76, 136—137, 141,
156, 175, 176, 179, 181, 205, 235,
261, 270, 273, 274, 302, 303, 356
crater, 173, 200, 208, 209, 215, 249,

345, 376
distance from earth, 261
exploration of, 2, 14, 47, 48, 50, 59,
73, 74-75, 82, 96, 110, 111, 113,
119, 129, 147, 148, 149, 160, 164,
167, 169, 170, 175, 177, 185, 308,
313, 317, 331, 355
international cooperation, 102
manned, 67, 108
globe, 208
gravity, 157, 340
laboratory, 278
landing, 169, 197

equipment, 80, 111, 388
manned, 33, 37, 43, 46, 53, 55, 67,
72, 74, 75, 77, 82, 90, 91, 92,

103, 106, 108-109, 111, 120, 122,
134, 137, 143, 144, 146, 147,
149, 262, 267, 271, 272, 278,
281, 287, 325, 351, 405, 411,
418, 420, 421, 423
anniversary, 202
commemorative stamp, 202, 273,

289
criticism, 204

implications of, 238, 307, 311, 322
legal aspects, 290
memorial sculpture, 304
plans for, 168, 169, 170, 176, 178,
179, 182, 185, 187, 188, 325,
334, 342, 354, 356, 368
U.S., 199, 208, 212, 252, 362, 368,
370, 372, 384, 385, 389, 390,
391, 392, 398
commemoration of, 196, 254
plans for, 205, 207, 243
U.S.S.R., 246, 361, 365
soft, 141, 382

unmanned, 35, 141, 170, 189, 339,

365, 370, 419, 423

U.S.S.R., 236, 251, 382

landing site, 7, 35, 67, 77, 82, 90, 116,

142, 342, 345, 356, 368, 369, 377, 378

laser experiment, 114, 192, 219, 223,

236, 237, 259, 261, 285, 339, 419
life on, 103, 167, 261, 270, 275, 313
lunar orbit, record, 208, 250
magnetic field, 230
mascon, 93, 116, 120, 180, 283
mining, 191, 387
nuclear explosion on, proposed, 167,

409, 412, 413
observatory, 169

origin of, 198, 241, 292, 332, 360, 409
passenger flight to, 241, 244
photographs of, 90, 92, 116, 159, 179,
187, 201, 208, 218, 219, 220, 241,
252, 253, 255, 306, 325, 334, 343,
376, 395, 405, 407, 409, 419
probe, Luna XV, 200
seismic experiment, 114, 223, 230, 237.
240, 248, 325, 342, 354, 376, 377,
419
solar wind experiment, 219, 223, 230,

285, 375, 413, 419
station, 167, 388

surface, 7, 20, 28, 34-35, 103, 141,
146, 152, 159, 160, 174, 187, 189,
240, 308, 338, 340, 419
analysis of, 198, 250, 360
composition, 250, 376
glazing, 317

sample, 195, 200, 208, 219-220, 223,
243, 246, 247, 250, 253, 254,
260, 262, 267, 275, 285, 290,
301, 302, 304, 306, 307, 312,
325, 339, 343, 354, 356, 360,
365, 373, 376, 379, 380, 386,
387, 393, 398, 412
biological tests, 261, 293
exhibit, 309, 314, 401, 412

507

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

preliminary study, 270, 288, 292,
306

tavern, 317

telescope on, 123, 332, 342

TV telecasts from, 210, 217, 362, 373,
374

volcanic activity, 139, 187, 212, 339,
418

water on, 167, 275, 313, 332, 398
'Moon In" (Central Park, New York),

233
"Moon Maiden" (song), 279
Moore, David, 204
Moore, George S., 123
Moore, Wendell F., 161
Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (usn), 180
mop. See Manned orbiting platform.
Moravia, Alberto, 321
Morea, Saverio F., 185
Moritz, Bernard, 130
Morocco, 146
Moscow, 12, 152, 185, 339, 362

antimissile defense, 50

astronaut visit, 195, 202

cosmonaut ceremony, 23, 33, 349

lunar rock exhibit, 412

nuclear nonproliferation treaty sign-
ing, 370, 392-393

press conference, 21, 372
Moser, Dr. Jiirgen K., 121
Moslems, 226, 234
Motorcycle, 129
Mt. Everest, 303
Mt. Hopkins, Ariz., 405
Mt. Palomar Observatory, 341, 367
Mountain View, Calif., 361
mqf. See Mobile quarantine facility.
MS^l (Japanese rocket), 290-291
MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center.
msfc. See Marshall Space Flight Center.
msfn. See Manned Space Flight Net-
work.
MU3D (Japanese rocket), 284
Mueller, Dr. George E., 131, 274, 405

Apollo Applications, 67

Apollo program, 73, 74, 77, 88, 262

award, 10, 300, 346

earth resources satellite, 33

lunar exploration, 67, 74, 123, 157, 246

manned space flight, 73, 74

press conference, 29, 77, 242-243

resignation, 368, 399

reusable launch and space vehicles,
266

space program, 29, 243, 262

space shuttle, 350

space station, 74, 131, 267

U.S.S.R. space program, 29, 207-208
Muller, Paul M., 116, 120
Multiple docking adapter, 128
Multiple independently targetable reen-
try vehicle (mirv), 10, 116, 183, 190,

332
Mumford, Lewis, 201
Murphy, Sen. George L., 150

Murray, Dr. Bruce C, 282
Muscat and Oman (sultanate), 48
Museum, space (proposed), 346

naa. See National Aeronautics Assn.
NAE. See National Academy of Engineer-
ing-
nafec. See National Aviation Facilities

Experimental Center.

Nagako, Empress (Japan), 361

Nance, Richard L., 339

NAS. See National Academy of Sciences.

nasa. See National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.

nasa Apollo Lunar Exploration Office,
74

nasa Apollo Program Office, 68-69

nasa Astronomy Missions Board, 156,
256, 366

nasa Communications Network (nas-
com), 292

nasa Historical Advisory Committee, 178

nasa Launch Vehicle Review Board, 385

nasa Office of Advanced Research and
Technology (oart), 21, 84, 87, 212,
368

nasa Office of Manned Space Flight
(omsf), 22, 145, 223, 292, 378, 415

nasa Office of Public Affairs, 10

nasa Office of Space Science and Appli-
cations (ossa), 76, 78, 118, 173,
190, 245, 277, 292, 403
Lunar and Planetary Programs Div.,
55

nasa Office of Tracking and Data Acqui-
sition (otda), 65, 145, 224, 378

nasa Physics Advisory Committee, 355

nasa Preliminary Examination Team
(pet), 306, 419

NASA Science and Technology Advisory
Committee for Manned Space Flight,
94

nasa Space Shuttle Task Group, 336,
354

nasc. See National Aeronautics and
Space Council.

nascom. See nasa Communications Net-
work.

nas-nrc Space Science Board. See Na-
tional Academy of Sciences and Na-
tional Research Council.

Nassau, Bahamas, 409

Natal, Brazil, 179, 186, 188

National Academy of Engineering
(nae), 99, 189
Committee on Public Engineering
Policy, 257

National Academy of Sciences (nas), 2,
184, 314, 410
advisory committee to hud, 189
annual meeting, 121
antiballistic missile (abm) system, 89

508

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

applications satellite study, 17

award, 121

Committee on Atmospheric. Sciences,

409
cooperation, 141

food management for aerospace ve-
hicles conference, 110
Lunar Science Institute, 8, 75-76, 227
president, election of, 19
report, 19, 136, 257, 263, 343, 355
space program, 19, 136, 226, 263, 355
Space Science Board, 19, 94, 124, 136,
164, 167, 263, 390, 343, 347
Committee on Space Medicine, 164
Universities Organizing Committee for

Space Sciences, 8
ufo study review, 5, 411
World Data Center A for Rockets and
Satellites, 1
National Aeronautic Assn. (naa), 101
National Aeronautics and Space Act,

300, 323, 405
National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration (nasa) (see also nasa
centers, programs, satellites, and re-
lated headings, such as Ames Re-
search Center, Apollo program, Essa
IX), 75, 79, 86, 87, 135, 300, 304,
313, 323, 337
accomplishments, 1, 7, 10, 13, 14,
16, 18, 25, 38, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 80,
92, 145, 160, 212, 230, 242, 246, 251,
372, 421, 422-423
agreement. See International coopera-
tion, space; and Treaty,
anniversary, 33, 51, 83, 323
Apollo Orbital Science Photographic

Team, 410
Apollo 204 Review Board. See Apollo

204 Review Board,
astronaut. See astronaut.
Astronomy Missions Board, 4, 156, 256
awards and honors, 2, 6, 8, 10, 22,
32, 33, 38, 43, 46, 47, 49, 59, 68-
69, 72, 87, 100-101, 117, 118, 123,
138-139, 168, 200, 204, 237, 251,
255, 266, 279-280, 288-289, 326,
337, 345-346, 346-347, 350, 360,
362, 364, 371, 387, 388, 403, 419
Apollo Achievement Award, 362
Distinguished Public Service Certifi-
cate, 326
Distinguished Public Service Medal,

154, 346-347
Distinguished Service Medal, 10, 13,

91, 154, 280, 287, 326, 346
Exceptional Bravery Medal, 347
Exceptional Scientific Achievement

Medal, 10, 13, 326, 347
Exceptional Service Medal, 91, 287,

326, 347
Group Achievement Award, 154, 346
Outstanding Leadership Award, 371
Public Service Award, 92, 347
budget, FY 1970, 3, 5-6, 14-16, 22,

28, 38, 106, 109-110, 115, 116,

122, 147, 163, 167, 204, 208, 305,

390, 423
bills signed, 383, 395
House consideration

appropriations, 184, 186, 381-382

authorization, 18, 66, 67, 69, 70,

71, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91, 108-109,

112-113, 117, 118, 138, 147, 176,

276, 329, 337, 361, 363

press comment, 4, 28, 81-82, 95, 108,

155, 163, 421
Senate consideration

appropriations, 364-365, 369, 382,
383

authorization, 24, 118, 120, 123,

127, 130, 131, 134, 160, 186,

265-266, 270, 307, 311, 312, 330,

361, 365

conference, 17, 106, 111, 122, 169, 317,

337, 375, 384, 411
contract, 25, 35
aeronautics, 335
aircraft, 300

communications system, 241, 386
computer services, 71, 88, 177, 203,

335
engine, 32, 70, 79, 85, 91, 212, 291,

379-380
facilities, 271, 320
guidance and navigation, 13
instrumentation, 11, 24, 76, 91, 253
launch vehicle, 47, 49, 70, 77, 88,

91, 94, 100, 113, 117, 133, 154,

278, 297, 315, 355, 389
life support system, 123, 173
nuclear propulsion, 93, 105
space equipment, 21, 92-94, 111,

297, 320, 327, 353
space shuttle, 26, 48
space station, 11, 26, 240, 270, 299
spacecraft, 30, 43, 46, 59, 70, 154,

160, 297, 340, 351, 401
study, 38, 47, 105., Ill, 128, 151,

187, 240, 270, 340
support services, 1, 24, 30, 38, 47,

59, 85, 88, 91, 100, 104, 114, 292,

293
telescope, 71, 177, 320, 327
tracking, 189, 196
cooperation, 103, 111, 170, 402
aec, 88, 105, 178, 310, 332, 422
Commerce, Dept. of, 88
ComSatCorp, 178
dod, 11, 34, 38, 87, 88, 146, 152,

153, 176-177, 345, 368, 379, 389,

417
essa, 356, 414, 417
Interior, Dept. of, 51, 356
nsf, 88, 356

Transportation, Dept. of, 88, 417
usa, 49, 334, 379
usaf, 21, 29, 86, 119, 146, 176, 192,

205, 258, 321, 336, 363, 389, 405,

421

509

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

U.S. Bureau of Mines, 387
U.S. Coast Guard, 51
usn, 44, 51, 119
cooperation, international. See Inter-
national cooperation, space; and
Sounding rocket, international pro-
grams,
criticism, 176, 204, 205, 231, 272, 284,
287, 289, 340, 364, 367-368, 398, 413,
415 418 423
employment, 66, 69, 197, 231, 361, 363,

390 422-423
exhibit, 105, 162, 403, 405, 417
facilities, 176, 245, 277, 312, 329, 362,

383, 417, 418, 423
history, 351, 353, 357
inaugural parade float, 21
launch, 23, 420

Apollo 9 (AS-504), 62
Apollo 10 (AS-505), 142
Apollo 11 (AS-506), 211-223
Apollo 12 (AS-507), 372-378
failure

Intelsat-III F-l, 135
Intelsat-III F-5, 245, 281
Pioneer E, 291
postponed, 61, 62, 107, 108
probe

Mariner VI (Mariner F), 55
Mariner VII (Mariner G), 94
satellite, 22-23, 30, 39-10, 57, 107,
173, 185, 189-190, 245, 323, 364,
388-389
Ats V (ats-e), 276
Azur (grs-a), 364
Biosatellite 111 ( Biosatellite-D ) ,

189-190
Boreas (Esro IB), 323
Essa IX (tos-g), 58
Explorer XLI (imp-c), 185
Intelsat-III F-3, 39-40
Isis I (isis-a), 30
Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2), 107
Ogo VI (ogo-f), 171
Oso V (oso-f), 22
O50 VI (oso-c), 272
Skynet A (idcsp-a), 389
sounding rocket

Aerobee 150, 49, 78, 80, 179, 302,

361, 402, 409
Aerobee 150A, 139
Aerobee 150 MI, 9, 38, 42, 43, 65-
66, 71, 104, 108, 111, 113, 118,
141, 179, 184, 186, 299, 309, 314,
316, 326, 337, 361, 410
Aerobee 170, 298
Aerobee 350, 27
Areas, 18, 19, 33, 41, 354
Astrobee 1500, 335
Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127
Black Brant IV, 312
Black Brant VB, 366
Boosted Areas II, 28, 332
Bullpup Cajun, 178
Javelin, 188

Nike-Apache, 33-34, 41, 43, 48,
49, 51-52, 54, 58, 106, 113, 118,
120, 135, 159, 176, 189, 279, 286,
287, 300, 303, 402, 408
Nike-Cajun, 9, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33-34, 38, 41,
94, 132, 133, 135
Nike-Tomahawk, 27-28, 29, 49, 71,
72, 83, 112-113, 133, 211-212,
286, 327
Orion II, 79
Pacemaker, 203
Sidewinder-Areas, 79
legal suit, 270, 283, 394, 401
Lunar Landing Training Vehicle, 5,

173, 182
Lunar Planetary Missions Board, 94
management, 15, 24, 148, 167, 195,

203, 254, 276, 287, 390
Management Advisory Council, 70
manpower. See Employment,
memorial, lunar landing, 304
organization, 139, 167, 274, 332
patents, 4, 82

Performance Evaluation Board, 70
personnel, 9, 42, 46, 67-68, 80, 87, 100,
103, 115, 116, 129, 136, 139, 188,
260, 274, 281, 289, 290, 291, 293,
299, 300, 304, 323, 360, 362, 371,
394, 395, 396, 399, 400, 417
appointment, 7, 19, 20, 53, 70, 76,
83, 173, 185, 251, 285, 290, 304,

317, 319, 325, 326, 332, 339, 353,
403, 405, 410, 412

resignation, 135, 251, 259, 267, 292,
297, 340, 347, 352, 368, 371

retirement, 13, 19, 53, 256, 349
procurement, 25
programs

aeronautics, 11, 15, 16, 39, 42, 44,
65, 70, 78, 84, 110, 113, 120, 121,
123, 138, 177, 205, 212, 263, 321,
334, 362, 368, 379, 398, 400, 417,
421-422

art, 226, 403

astronomy, 3, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28, 35,
37, 55, 57, 66, 73, 76, 85, 89, 92,
94, 111, 119, 123, 136, 138, 160,
192, 257, 263, 266, 276, 283, 305,

318, 328, 337, 359, 361, 367, 412
communications, 23, 37, 39, 150, 151,

402

earth resources, 15, 16, 33, 37, 47,
49, 66, 69, 85, 119, 138, 151, 161,
163, 305, 308, 328, 337, 339, 357

history, 357

international, 7, 21, 26, 30, 59, 74,
85, 103, 167, 169, 177, 202, 268,
305, 309, 311, 411, 423-424

manned space flight, 6, 15, 16, 18,
19, 23, 27, 28, 33, 47, 64, 66, 74,
77, 82, 86, 91, 94, 104, 109, 111,
119, 134, 151, 163, 178, 208, 223,
237, 260, 266, 308, 312, 321, 331,

510

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

343-344, 355, 367, 371, 378, 390,
421
meteorology, 23, 47, 57, 69, 85, 107,

151, 204, 344, 353, 409, 414
nuclear propulsion, 16, 37, 77, 105,
109, 130, 138, 260, 268, 269, 309,
332, 383, 399, 404, 422
sounding rocket, 124, 421
space medicine, 18, 19, 23, 51, 72,
76, 78, 123, 128, 130-131, 136, 138,
154, 164, 189, 190, 200, 201-202,
206, 273, 335-336, 348-349, 367-
368, 415
space rescue, 21, 315
space science, 15, 37, 77, 78, 120,
134, 136, 151, 167, 171, 185, 305,
308, 331, 337, 338, 355
space station, 15, 16, 17, 66, 73, 83,
86, 94, 111, 120, 138, 146, 167,
169, 237, 241, 260, 266, 268, 269,
305, 328, 343, 344
technology utilization, 23, 66, 70, 75,

127, 202, 274, 337, 362
tracking and data acquisition, 37,
149, 187, 210, 267, 307, 423
Science and Technology Advisory Com-
mittee for Manned Space Flight. 94
Semiannual Report to Congress, 371
Space Task Group report, 305, 308,

312-313
test, 17, 403
aircraft, 263, 405, 421
ion engine, 47
launch vehicle, 103, 185, 195, 196,

272, 360, 412
lifting-body vehicle, 29, 101, 112,
117, 133, 148, 159, 174, 184, 240,
267, 286, 297, 299, 300, 316, 319,
349, 352, 360, 371, 381, 389, 394,
407, 421
Lunar Landing Training, 103, 182
nuclear, 87, 178, 190, 294, 310, 410
parachute, 79, 183
spacecraft, 117, 195, 196, 351
universities, 3, 25, 56, 106, 109, 156,

227, 304, 363, 368, 382, 415
X-15. See X-15.
National Aeronautics and Space Council
(nasc)
award, 87

Chairman, 20, 54, 66, 91, 294, 320, 419
Executive Secretary, 49, 87, 147, 184,

257, 281, 327
President's Space Task Group recom-
mendation, 167, 171
National Air and Space Museum, 297,

344
National Air Exposition, Second, 283
National Amateur Astronomers conven-
tion, 288
National Anti-aviation Citation Presen-
tation, 410
National Archives, 405
National Assn. of Government Employees,
253

National Aviation Club, Award for
Achievement, 127

National Aviation Facilities Experimental
Center (nafec), 89

National Aviation Planning Commission
(proposed), 26

National Broadcasting Co. (nbc), 146,
357

National Center for Atmospheric Re-
search, 167, 409

National Civil Service League, 122

National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 83

National Conference on Public Admin-
istration, 1969, 148

National Council on Marine Resources
and Engineering Development, 56, 99

National Day of Participation (Apollo 11
mission), 224, 230

National Flight Data Center (nfdc), 117

National Gallery of Art, Washington,
D.C., 403

National Geodetic Satellite program, 86

National Geographic Society, 100, 101,
204

National Industrial Conference Board,
388

National Institute of Social Sciences, 387

National Institutes of Health (nih), 2,
110

National Investigations Committee on
Aerial Phenomena (nicap), 8, 411

National Medal of Science, 1, 418

National Meteorological Center, 353

National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Agency (noaa) (proposed), 14, 150,
341

National Oceanographic Center, 9

National Operational Meteorological Sat-
ellite System (nomss), 86, 422

National Order of the Leopard, 350

National Postal Forum, 289

National Press Club, 268

National Register of Scientific and Tech-
nical Personnel, 420

National Research Council (nrc), 205,
297
Committee on Radio Frequency Re-
quirements for Scientific Research,
125
Geophysical Research Board, Commit-
tee on Solar-Terrestrial Research,
257
Panel on Remote Atmospheric Prob-
ing, 409
Space Science Board, 18, 94, 124, 136,
164, 167, 263, 289, 343, 347, 355,
356

National Science Board, 121

National Science Foundation (nsf), 32,
35, 53, 182, 290, 405
American Science Manpower, 1968,

420
cooperation, 88, 90
Deep Sea Drilling Project, 353
Federal Support to Universities and

511

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Colleges, Fiscal Year 1967, 106
funds for, 15, 40, 110, 113, 184, 312,

329, 383, 395
grants, 319

personnel, 114, 121, 189
R&D Activities of Local Governments,

1966 and 1967, 97
Reviews of Data on Science and Re-
sources, 398
Scientific Activities of Nonprofit Insti-
tutions, 1966, 96
Scientific and Technical Personnel in
the Federal Government, 1967, 198

National Science Teachers Assn., 105

National Sea Grant Program, 9

National security, 35, 258, 306, 411, 419

National Security Council, 2

National Security Industrial Assn., 33,
178

National Seminar for Manned Flight
Awareness, 317

National Society of Professional Engi-
neers, 37

National Space Club, 16, 67, 68, 111,
268, 371

National Space Hall of Fame, 289

National Space Science Data Center, 1,
271

National Telemetry Conference, 117

National Transportation Safety Board,
19, 40, 362, 369

National Urban Coalition, 115, 116

nato. See North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization.

Naugle, Dr. John E., 69, 84, 127, 139,
179, 336, 346

Nauman, Robert J., 326

Naval Missile Center, 325

Naval Research Laboratory, 22, 74, 78,
84, 111, 124, 171, 272, 298, 361, 366
Atmosphere and Astrophysics Div., 2

Naval Weapons Center, 34, 41

Navigation satellite, 33, 37, 47, 190, 322,
357

nbc. See National Broadcasting Co.

NC-4 (flying boat), 133, 344

Near East, 140

Need for Improved Guidelines in Con-
tracting for Research with Govern-
ment-Sponsored Nonprofit Contractors,
47-48

Neilson, Thomas H., 124

Nekton (submarine), 330

Nellis afb, Nev., 49, 155, 413, 416

Nelson, Bryce, 59-60, 163

Neptune (planet), 263, 299

nerva. See Nuclear Engine for Rocket
Vehicle Application.

Ness, Dr. Norman F., 50

Netherlands 32, 132, 423

Neugebauer, Dr. Gerry, 269

Neutrography, 168-169

Nevada, 291

Nevada Test Site, 416

New Delhi, India, 234, 255, 258

New Jersey, Div. of Clear Air and

Water, 278
New Mexico, 315
New Mexico, Univ. of, 272
New Orleans, La., 96, 105, 298
New Orleans Chamber of Commerce. 140
New York, N.Y., 90-91, 129, 190, 232-
233, 363

Apollo 11 moon rock exhibit, 381

astronauts in, 8, 276, 279, 387

cosmonaut visit, 337

air services and traffic, 13-14, 34, 43-
44 418

meeting, 40, 387, 388

train services, 17, 105
New York City Medal, 8
New York Society of Security Analysts,

29
New York State Supreme Court, 2
New York State Univ., 288

Stony Brook, 407
New York Stock Exchange, 150, 238,

243
New York Univ., 121
Newark, N.J., 72
Newark, N.J., Airport, 9, 278
Newcomen Society in North America,

340
Newell, Dr. Homer E., Jr., 110, 111, 178
News conference. See Press conference.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 300
nfdc. See National Flight Data Center.
Niagara Falls International Airport, 103
nicap. See National Investigations Com-
mittee on Aerial Phenomena.
Nigeria, 226

nih. See National Institutes of Health.
Nike-Apache (sounding rocket)

auroral data, 43, 48, 51-52, 54, 58

cosmic radiation, 107

electron measurement, 33-34, 113, 300,
303-304

hydroxyl radical measurement, 189

ionospheric experiments, 33-34, 41,
113, 135, 300

micrometeoroid sampling, 159, 176,
279, 287

upper-atmosphere data, 41, 49, 135,
286, 408-409

x-ray astronomy, 118, 120, 402
Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 133

upper-atmosphere data, 9, 18, 19, 20,
21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30-31, 33-34, 38,
40-41, 94, 132, 133, 135
Nike-Iroquois (sounding rocket), 360
Nike- Javelin (sounding rocket), 360
Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket)

contract, 253

electron measurement, 71, 113

instrumentation test, 27-28, 286

upper atmosphere data, 29, 49, 72, 83,
286

x-ray data, 134, 211-212, 327
Nikolayev, Adrian G., 158
Nimbus (program), 23, 139

512

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Nimbus I (meteorological satellite), 108

Nimbus II, 18, 108

Nimbus III (Nimbus-B2), 85, 88, 107-

108, 205, 353, 414, 421, 422
Nimbus D, 85
Nimbus E, 85, 423
Nimbus F, 85

Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., 82
Nitric oxide, 34, 41, 179, 365
Nitrogen, 139-140, 179
Nix Olympica (Mars crater), 262
Nixon, President Richard M., 4, 26, 56-
57
Air Force Academy address, 170
Amistad Dam dedication, 299
antiballistic missile (abm), 39, 46-47,

80, 81, 83, 89, 121, 129
Apollo 8 mission, 20, 32, 34, 61-62
Apollo 9 mission, 64-65
Apollo 10 mission, 157
Apollo 11 mission, 196, 224, 249, 250,
261, 262, 275, 284, 401-402
astronauts
communications with, 209, 219—

220, 230
dining with, 200, 204
state dinner for, 279-280
tribute to, 228, 242, 246, 362
U.S.S. Hornet greeting, 223
messages to, 244
moon plaque, 196

National Day of Participation, 224,
230-231
Apollo 12 mission, 371, 372, 378, 384,

385, 389, 392
appointments and nominations by, 6,
9, 17-18, 30, 46, 68, 117, 121, 141,
184, 189, 302, 314, 329, 332, 392,
402, 418
arms limitation, 183, 190-191
Asian tour, 199, 247, 248, 251, 255
astronaut goodwill tour, 32, 299, 319
astronauts, visit with, 191, 413
award to, 410

awards by, 68, 101, 418-419
bills signed, 383, 395
budget, 107, 109-110, 138, 186-187
ComSatCorp report to, 61
Congressional Space Medal of Honor

approved, 319
European tour, 50, 55, 56-57, 61-62
inauguration, 18, 20-21
international cooperation, space, 20, 32,

43, 238, 309-310
mirv missile, 190-191
nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 41,

392-393
office performance, 275
science, 40, 54, 56, 297
space program, national, 9, 20, 32, 38,
43, 49-50, 78, 80, 82, 95, 104, 108-
109, 110, 115, 117, 119-120, 238,
271, 371, 372, 423
Space Task Force Group report to,
167, 304-305, 308, 312-313, 332

supersonic transport, 32, 43, 58-59, 82,
95, 123, 137, 314-315, 318, 372, 410,
422

task forces, 314, 329, 332

U.N. address, 309-310

Vietnam War, 404

White House religious service, 232

world tour, 247, 251, 259, 261, 262,
284

Wright Brothers Day, 406
Nixon, Mrs. Richard M., 261, 279, 284,

372, 378
Nixon, Miss Tricia, 378
noa: new obligational authority (in

budget)
Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Chemistry, 355
Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Physics, 355
Nobel, Alfred B., Prize in Physiology or

Medicine, 338
Noblitt, B. G., 354
Noise, aircraft, 3, 15, 25, 32, 46, 78,

120, 173, 212, 263, 265, 371, 391, 400
nomss. See National Operational Satel-
lite System.
norad. See North American Air Defense

Command.
Noren, Rev. Paul H. A., 206-207
Normyle, William J., 108-109, 115
Norris, Henry W„ 111
North American Air Defense Command

(norad), 89, 291
North American Rockwell Corp. (nar)

Aerospace and Systems Group, 195

aircraft, 11, 85, 169, 177

Apollo spacecraft, 59, 388

Atomics International Div., 195

Autonetics Div., 135

award, 69, 147

contract, 47, 85, 94, 132, 135, 270, 280

escape-to-orbit vehicle, 94

flying lunar excursion experimental
platform (fleep), 388

Power Systems Div., 195

Rocketdyne Div., 70, 79, 85, 101, 104,
195, 327-328

Saturn V, 24, 132, 280

Space Div., 70, 77, 241

space shuttle, 47

space station, 270, 299
North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 132
North Pole, 251
Northern Illinois Univ., 360
Northrop Corp., 287, 319, 325, 346
Northrop, John K., 157-158, 287, 346
Northwestern Univ., 288, 416

Astronomy Dept., 28
Norton, W. W. & Co., 252
Norway, 18, 20, 132, 323, 423
Nossiter, Bernard D., 107, 135
Nova Scotia, Canada, 282
Novak, Robert D. S., 284
Novikov, Kirill, 21
Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R., 195, 387
Noyes, Crosby S., 154-155, 177

513

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

NR-1 (nuclear-powered deep submer-
gence research vehicle), 27

nrc. See National Research Council.

nsf. See National Science Foundation.

Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Ap-
plication (nerva), 105, 266, 332, 399
contract, 94
funds for, 16, 66, 109, 120, 163

NERVA I, 94

nerva xe, 177-178, 279, 309, 422

test, 87, 177-178, 279, 309, 422
Nuclear explosion, 167, 409, 412-413
Nuclear fallout, 412-413
Nuclear generator, 28, 130, 177-178, 189,

190, 329-330, 414, 422
Nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 13, 41,

52, 57, 58, 78, 317, 370, 392-393
Nuclear power, 4, 37, 130, 189, 354
Nuclear propulsion, 37, 66, 76, 87, 94,

130, 156, 200, 260, 280, 332, 337-

338, 399, 404, 422
Nuclear test, 155, 181, 359
Nuclear test ban treaty, 13, 81
Nuclear weapons (see also Disarmament;

Missile; and Treaty), 81, 86, 131, 135,

136, 155, 181, 330

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 45, 353

oao. See Orbiting Astronomical Observa-
tory.

Oao II (Orbiting Astronomical Observa-
tory), 134
awards for contributions to, 154
disorders, 106, 173
experimental data from, 3, 99, 344, 403

oart. See nasa Office of Advanced Re-
search and Technology.

Oberth, Prof. Hermann, 188, 287, 346

Oberth, Hermann, Society of Nuremberg,
188

Ocean of Storms (moon), 243, 368, 375,
393, 396, 403, 407-408

Oceanography (see also Aquanaut; Pro-
ject Tektite I and II; and Sealab)
award, 50
contract, 353
cooperation, 51, 88, 356
international aspects, 133, 197
manned flight contributions to, 160
record, 86, 110
research, 17, 27, 51, 88, 103, 110, 209,

273, 282, 330, 343
satellite use in, 88, 199
U.S. program, 9, 56, 133, 150, 314,
341, 353, 356

O'Connell, Joseph J., Jr., 40

O'Connor, m/g Edmund F. (usaf), 188,
251

Odeillo, France, 363

oecd. See Office for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development.

Office for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment (oecd), 255
Directorate for Scientific Affairs, 59-
60
Office of Economic Opportunity, 339
Office of Science and Technology (Pres-
ident's), 42, 43, 106, 119, 174
ofo. See Orbiting Frog Otolith,
oco. See Orbiting Geophysical Observa-
tory.
Ogo I, 171
Ogo III, 171
Ogo IV, 171
Ogo V, 171, 316
Ogo VI (ogo-f), 171, 326, 421
O'Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 268, 283,

394, 400
O'Hair, Richard, 268
O'Hare International Airport, 28, 102,

263-264, 279
Ohio, 406

Ohio Historical Society, 246
Ohio State Univ., 156
Ojai, Calif., 200
Oke, Dr. John B., 367
O'Keefe, Dr. John A., 50, 360
O'Keefe, William J., 263
Olav V. King (Norway), 332
O'Leary, Dr. Brian T., 180, 339
omsf. See nasa Office of Manned Space

Flight.
On the Edge of the Moon ( London

Times supplement), 169-170
O'Neill, l/c John W. (usaf), 322
Operation Breakthrough (hud), 188
"Operation Paperclip," 13
Operations Research Society of America,

183
Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
(oao), 3, 23, 106, 154, 266, 344, 367,
487
Orbiting Frog Otolith (ofo) (space-
craft), 154
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (oco),

171, 173, 364
Orbiting Solar Observatory (oso), 23
Orbiting Vehicle (ov) (research satel-
lite), 83-84, 155, 164
Order of Lenin Medal, 24
Order of Leopold, 332
Ordway, Frederick I., Ill, 329
Orion (constellation), 337, 344
Orion II (sounding rocket), 79
Orlando, Fla., 271
Ortoli, Francois X., 316
Osaka, Japan, 417
Oscar, Project, 399
Osgood, John, 52
Oslo, Norway, 312, 355
Osman, Armstrong Abdurahman, 234
oso. See Orbiting Solar Observatory.
Oso I (Orbiting Solar Observatory), 22-

23, 272
Oso II, 22-23, 272
Oso III, 23, 272

514

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Oso IV, 23, 272

Oso V (oso-f), 22, 23, 28, 56, 108, 272,
421

Oso VI (oso-c), 272, 308, 370, 411, 421

oso-c, 272

ossa. See nasa Office of Space Science
and Applications.

Ostriker, Dr. Jeremiah P., 322, 334

Oteroo, Katherine Stinson, 380

OToole, Thomas, 46, 62, 92, 95, 359

Otopeni Airport, Romania, 261

Ottawa, Canada, 312, 399

Our Nation and the Sea (report), 9

Outer Solar System: A Program for Ex-
ploration (Space Science Board re-
port), 263

Outstanding Leadership Award (nasa),
371

OV 1-16 (orbiting vehicle research satel-
lite), 164

OV 1-17, 83-84

OV 1-17 A, 83

OV 1-18, 83

OV 1-19, 83

OV V-5, 155

OV V-6, 155

OV V-9, 155

Overmeyer, Maj. Robert F. (usmc), 281

Owen, David, 381

Owen, Tobias, 293

Owens, Miss Heather A., 266-267

Oxford, Pa., 168

Oxford Univ., 239

Pac (Package Attitude Control) system,

272
Pace, Frank, Jr., 387
Pacemaker (sounding rocket), 203
Pacific Ocean

Apollo 10, 143

Apollo 11, 168, 223

Apollo 12, 377

Biosatellite III, 201

communications satellite, 18, 137, 140

Deep Sea Drilling Project, 353

Sealab III project, 51

U.S.S.R. rocket test, 112, 116, 156
Packer, Dr. Leo S., 83
Pago Pago, 378
Paine Field, Wash., 45
Paine, Dr. Thomas O., 274, 306, 349, 368

aeronautics, 66

Apollo 11 mission, 199-200, 209-210,
223, 231-232, 279, 380-381

appointment, 46, 68, 87, 100, 401

appointments by, 70

awards and honors, 168, 300

awards by, 6, 32, 132, 154, 280, 326

budget, 15-16, 66, 109-110, 119-120

Deep Space Network facility, Madrid,
180

Electronics Research Center (erc),

417, 423
international cooperation, space, 74-

75, 169, 268, 311, 411^112, 424
legal suit, 268, 283, 394, 400
management, 148-149
space program, national, 15-16, 66, 68,
74-75, 100, 119-120, 145-146, 169,
175-176, 192, 199-200, 207, 259-
260, 266, 268, 294, 417, 424
space station, 169

U.S.S.R. space program, 120, 145-146,
169, 199-200, 266
space station, 75, 120
Pakistan, 190, 244, 259, 394, 423
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere

Research Committee, 99
Palm Springs, Calif., 359
Palmer, John S., 279
Palo Alto, Calif., 257
Palomar, Calif., 134
Palos Verdes, Calif., 54
Pan American World Airways, Inc. (Pan

Am), 81, 175, 241, 346, 400, 409
Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H., 418-419
Parachute, 143, 183

pard. See Pilot Airborne Recovery De-
vice.
Parin, Dr. Vassily V., 158, 391
Paris, France, 159, 197, 244, 290, 312,
316
astronaut visit, 37, 41
award, 237, 403

Nixon, President Richard M., visit, 55,
61-62
Paris Air Show, 161-162, 168, 173, 412
U.S. exhibit, 105, 161-162, 168, 169,

175
U.S.S.R. exhibit, 146-147, 159-160,
162, 168
Paris, Univ. of, 22, 316
Park, Chauncey C, 266-267
Park, President Chung Hee (South

Korea), 244
Park, William C, 73
Parker, Dr. Eugene N., 121
Parker, Jack S., 147
Parkes, Australia, 137, 319
Pasadena, Calif., 158, 261
Pasadena Chamber of Commerce, 158
Patent, 4, 82, 159, 239
Patterson, William A., 380
Paul VI, Pope

Apollo 10 flight, 152

Apollo 11 flight, 206, 225, 232, 242,

244
Apollo 12 flight, 384
astronauts visit, 51, 337
Nixon, President Richard M., visit, 61
Paulet, Pedro E., 329
Paulet Mostajo, Pedro, 322
Paulson, Jeanne, 385
Paumalu, Hawaii, 179
pca. See Polar cap absorption.
Peace Corps, 413

515

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Peace Corps National Advisory Council,

402
Pearce, J. B., 298
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 396
Pearson, Drew, 204

Peary, Adm. Robert E. (usn), 101, 251
Pecora, William T., 393
Pegasus III (meteoroid detection satel-
lite), 64, 263
Pell, Sen. Claiborne, 22
Penn Central Co., 17, 105
Pennsylvania, Univ. of, 67
Pentagon, 34, 412

Perez-Marin, Gen. Antonio (Spain), 180
Perl, Dr. Martin L., 124
Perry Oceanographies, Inc., 343
Perseid meteor shower, 279, 287
Peru, 267, 322
pet. See nasa Preliminary Examination

Team.
PET Summary of Apollo 11 Lunar

Samples, 306
Petersburg, Alaska, 352
Peterson, Maj. Donald H. (usaf), 281
Petrone, Rocco A., 10, 274, 297, 317, 346
Petrosyants, Andronik M., 359
Petrov, Dr. Boris N., 418
Petrov, Prof. Georgy I., 233
Phantom F-4E (jet fighter), 9
Phelps, Robert H., 82
Philadelphia, Pa., 283, 385
Philco-Ford Corp., 402

Education and Technical Services Div.,
87-88

Space and Re-Entry Systems Div., 346
Philippines, 190, 200, 248
Phillips, Mrs. Mary, 315
Phillips, l/c Samuel C. (usaf), 274, 297

Apollo 8, 16

Apollo 11, 178, 182, 243

awards and honors, 10, 68, 87, 300,
346-347

space shuttle, 336
Phoenix, Ariz., 327
Physics, 77, 160, 256-257, 355
Physics of the Earth in Space: The

Role of Ground-Based Research (nrc

report), 256-257
Physiology in the Space Environment

(Space Science Board report), 18-19
Piccard, Dr. Jacques, 103, 209, 282
Pickering, Dr. William H., 184-185, 188,

203, 248
Pilot Airborne Recovery Device (pard),

239
Pilot warning instrument (pwi), sys-
tems, 388
Pilots, 425

Pimentel, Dr. George C, 269, 301-302
Pin Main, Canada, 71
Pioneer (interplanetary probe), 89, 360
Pioneer VI, 291, 356, 395
Pioneer VII, 291, 395
Pioneer VIII, 180, 291
Pioneer IX, 159, 291

Pioneer E, 23, 291, 385, 421

Pioneer F, 76, 361

Pioneer G, 76, 361

Piret, Edgar L., 403

Pitcairn, Harold F., 283

Plamondon, Joseph A., 133

Plan for U.S. Participation in the Global

Atmospheric Research Program (nrc

report), 204-205
Planetary Explorer (program), 163
Planetoid, 288
Plate, Thomas G., 231
Plateau Elysium (Mars), 262
Piatt, John, 396
Plesetsk, U.S.S.R.

Cosmos launch, 67, 70, 80-81, 82, 91,
101, 137, 148, 181, 203, 237, 281,
283, 285, 297, 339, 341, 370, 392,
401, 405

Meteor I launch, 91

Meteor II launch, 329
Plum Brook Station, Ohio, 404, 412
Plummer, William T., 396
Pluto (planet), 192, 263, 299, 366
Plutonium, 135, 384
Plymouth, England, 133
pndb: perceived noise in decibels
Podgorny, President Nikolay V.

(U.S.S.R.), 24, 210, 211, 244, 251,

392-393
Point Barrow, Alaska, 9, 19, 30, 38
Point Mugu, Calif., 325
Poland, 210, 225, 233, 244, 251, 384
Polar cap absorption (pca), 359-360
Polish Astronautical Society, 329
Pompidou, President Georges (France),

330
Poor People's Campaign, 205-206, 209-

210
Pope afb, N.C., 283
Porter, Daniel R., 246
Porter, Dr. Richard W., 136-137
Portland, Ore., 385
Portugal, 32, 37, 413
Poseidon (missile), 363
The Post-Apollo Space Program: An

AIAA View, 151-152
The Post-Apollo Space Program: Direc-
tions for the Future (Space Task

Group report), 304—305
Post Office Dept., 8, 129-130, 202, 273-

274, 300, 311, 319
Potsdam, N.Y., 318
Prague, Czechoslovakia, 413
Pratt, Perry W., 21
Pratt & Whitney Div., United Aircraft

Corp., 25, 32-33, 46, 304, 328
Presidential Task Force on Science

Policy, 314, 329, 346
President's Council on Youth Oppor-
tunity, 135, 170
President's Science Advisory Committee,

42, 73-74, 117, 151, 184, 314
President's Space Task Group, 78, 131,
134, 167, 173, 192, 320

516

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

The Post-Apollo Space Program: Di-
rections for the Future (report),

304-305, 308, 312-313, 332
Press, Dr. Frank, 230
Press comment

antiballistic missile (abm) system, 46-

47, 129
Apollo 8 mission, 1, 2, 26
Apollo 9 mission, 67, 72, 80, 90
Apollo 10 mission, 147-148, 149-150,

152-154, 155, 157
Apollo 11 mission

foreign, 193, 210-211, 225-226, 227-
228, 229, 231, 236, 240, 242, 247,
248, 251-252, 321-322

moon plaque, 196-197

U.S., 157, 174, 192-193, 207, 208,
210-211, 225-226, 227, 228-229,
231, 235-236, 239-240, 244, 246-
247, 249-250, 261-262, 271-272,
276, 279, 280-281, 282, 295, 308,
357
Apollo 12 mission, 367, 379, 380, 386-

387, 391, 392, 393, 394
astronaut ceremonies, 279, 282
Blue Book, Project, 413-414
C-5A (cargo aircraft), 293
communications satellite, 26, 394—395
disarmament, 190—191
docking (Soyuz IV and Soyuz V), 19
international cooperation, space, 26,

43, 175, 248, 367, 383-384
lunar exploration, 152-153, 154, 313,

383-384
lunar rock samples, 261-262, 313, 412
Mariner VI, 256, 262, 271, 308
Mariner VII, 256, 262, 271, 308
Mars, manned flight to, 231, 262, 271
mol, 179, 181, 186, 289
moon

contamination from, 175, 176

international research, 4—5

nuclear blast on, 412-413
nasa Administrator, 46
objects in orbit, 149-150
pulsars, 134—135

Science, Secretary of (proposed), 3
science, and technology, 1, 2-3, 154,

162-163, 321, 396-397, 400-401
space biology, 391
space program, national, 4—5, 43, 80,

81-82, 95, 119, 154-155, 161, 163,

248, 271-272, 289, 309, 313, 321,

359, 419-421
space results, 203, 227, 228, 242, 256
space station, 80, 391
supersonic transport (sst), 137, 318,

413
ufo's, 8-9, 20, 413-114
U.S.S.R. space program, 336, 342, 343,

351, 365-366
Press conference
aircraft, 128-129
antiballistic missile (abm) system, 33,

Apollo 8 mission, 7, 25, 54

Apollo 9 mission, 26-27, 33, 61, 77,

91, 116-117
Apollo 10 mission, 33, 108
Apollo 11 mission, 108, 182, 198-199,

204, 207, 231, 242-243, 267-268, 275,

277-278, 280-281, 407-408
Apollo 12 mission, 243, 325-326, 333-

334, 342, 371-372, 392, 406-408
Apollo 13 mission, 392
astronaut. See Astronaut.
Biosatellite III, 347-349
cosmonaut, 343, 350, 372
Defense, Dept. of, 4, 33, 99, 128-129
disarmament, 21, 174
earth resources program, 116-117
Haney, Paul, 116
international cooperation, space, 25,

41, 102, 158, 169, 196, 238, 245, 325
manned space flight, 29, 53-54
Mariner VI, 261, 269-270, 301-302
Mariner VII, 269-270, 301-302
Mars, manned flight to, 224, 243, 283-

284, 305
moon

lunar surface samples, 250, 267-268,
275, 396, 407-408

nuclear explosion on, 167
Nixon, President Richard M., 43
Oao II, 129
President's Space Task Group report,

308
space failure, 262
space program, national, 49-50, 54, 77,

122, 148, 158-159, 170-171, 224,

231-232, 242-243, 248, 305, 323-325,

417
space station, 169
supersonic transport (sst), 81, 186,

197
Surveyor III, 369-370
ufos, 8
U.S.S.R. space program, 29, 170-171,

204, 246, 343, 350, 361
women as astronauts, 359
Press, Dr. Frank, 230
Preston, Lancashire, U.K., 161
Price, Don K., 136
Pride, Inc., 230-231
Princeton Univ., 127, 184, 290, 322, 334,

404, 418
Aerospace Systems Laboratory, 208—

209
Prix Pierre Guzman, 403
Probe (see also individual probes, such

as Mariner VI, Mariner VII, Venus

V, and Venus VI), 15, 66, 89
interplanetary, 66, 76, 136-137, 187,

192, 366-367, 421
Jupiter, 16, 76, 192, 263
lunar. See Luna XV, Lunar Orbiter 1,

Zond V, Zond VI, and Zond VII.
Mars, 16, 18, 57, 76, 95, 111, 119, 136-

137, 224, 231, 266, 343
Mercury, 16, 69, 76, 343

517

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Neptune, 192, 263

Pluto, 192

Saturn, 192, 263

sun, 37, 177, 357

Uranus, 192, 263

U.S.S.R., 42, 75, 120, 136-137, 140,
141-142, 160, 171

Venus, 16, 69, 76, 136-137, 318, 343
''Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual

Freedom" (essay), 163
Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference,

Fifth, 134
Proton, 171, 417
Proxmire, Sen. William, 130, 281, 309,

311, 330, 369, 383, 412
Public Service Award (nasa), 92, 347
Pueblito de Allende, Mexico, 45
Puerto Rico, 121, 401-402
Pulkovo Observatory, 139-140
Pulsar, 16-17, 42, 78, 121-122, 134-135,
289, 322

acceleration, 56, 121, 334, 404

optical, 164
Purcell, Joseph, 99, 129, 154
Purdue Univ., 418
Putnam, William D., 353
pwi. See Pilot warning instrument sys-
tems.

Qantas Airlines, 239
Qatron Corp., 297
Quamme, Hal J., 80
Quarantine of astronauts

Apollo 11 mission, 75-76, 141, 223
273, 276

Apollo 12 mission, 356, 377-378, 396,
397, 400, 405
Quark (theoretical elementary particle

of matter), 355
Quasar (quasi-stellar object), 99, 367
Quiet Engine Research Program, 25, 32-

33, 212

Rabi, Dr. Isidor 1., 39
Radar, 156

aircraft, 156, 359

mapping use, 288

sidelooking, 47

tracking, 55, 64, 65

U.S.S.R., 50, 62
Radiation (see also Ultraviolet and
X-ray)

cosmic, 107, 155, 184, 318-319, 403

effects, 78, 83, 96, 136, 164

gamma, 318—319

lunar, 313, 317

measurement, 83, 84, 175, 187

solar, 83, 107, 133, 187, 269

trapped, 84, 173

Radio Amateur Satellite Corp., 399
Radio Corporation of America (rca),
88, 113, 388, 400, 401

Astro-Electronics Div., 139, 401
Radio signal, 115, 367
Radioastronomy, 123, 181, 390
Radioisotopes, 132
Radiometer, 175, 254, 344
Radiophysics, 161
Radiotelescope, 42
Radome, 331

r&d. See Research and development.
R&D Activities of Local Governments,

Fiscal Years 1966 and 1967 (nsf 69-

14), 97
R&D in the Aircraft and Missiles In-
dustry, 1957-68 (nsf 69-15), 164
rand Corp., 282, 353
Randall, Joseph L., 326
Randall, Judith, 1
Raper, O. F., 298
Rapid eye movements (rem), 348
Raska, Dr. Karel, 254
Rasool, Dr. S. Ichtiaque, 127-128, 408
Raspevin, K., 1
Rat experiment, 139
Rathjens, George W., 131
Rauschenberg, Robert, 226, 403
Ray, Thomas W., 353
Raymond, John M., Jr., 180
rca. See Radio Corporation of America.
rca Service Co., 113, 292
Res. See Reaction control system.
rdt&e (research, development, test, and

engineering). See Research and de-
velopment.
Reaction control system (rcs), 64, 143,

213, 222, 375
Real-time computer complex (rtcc), 334
Ream, Harold E., 103
Recher, Marcel, 304
Rechtin, Dr. Eberhardt, 346
Reconnaissance satellite, 192
Record

aircraft, 79, 129, 152, 157, 177, 323

oceanographic, 86, 110

spacecraft, 208, 250-251, 378, 389
Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 256
Reentry vehicle, 192, 330, 389, 408
Rees, Dr. Eberhard F. M., 10, 188, 326
Regency Corp., 75
Regulus (star), 79
Reichley, Paul, 56
Relativity, theory of, 71
Relay I (satellite), 124
Relay II, 124

Religious Society of Friends, 232
REM. See Rapid eye movements.
Rendezvous

U.S., 5, 27, 64, 91, 198, 249, 256, 345,
377

U.S.S.R., 11, 12, 120, 332, 333, 422
Republic Steel Corp., 408
Request for proposals (rfp), 120, 128,

151, 205

518

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Rescue of astronaut. See Space rescue.
Research and development (r&d), 4,

151, 175, 255
aeronautics, 15-16, 113, 148, 164, 193,

335
benefits, 40, 75, 128, 335
computer, 139

employment, 96, 97, 150, 231
Federal support, 3, 29, 35, 40, 42,

257, 297
funds' for, 14-16, 96-97, 110, 164, 257

dod, 14, 15. 40, 124, 136, 330

FAA, 15

nasa, 14-15, 47, 108-109, 113, 138,
176, 177, 184, 193, 257, 312, 330
U.S.S.R., 60

Research and Development in Industry,
1967: Funds, 1967; Scientists and En-
gineers, January 1968 (nsf 69-28),
257

Resolute Bay, Canada, 28, 331

Resor, Secretary of the Army Stanley R.,
4, 148

Reusable launch and space vehicles, 25,
29, 47, 82, 254, 260, 266, 268, 345, 354,
423

Reviews of Data on Science and Re-
sources (nsf 69-36), 398

Reynolds, Orr E., 78

rfp. See Request for proposals.

Rhodes, Gov. James A., 298

Rice Univ., 58, 76, 253, 267

Richard, Ludie G., 326, 360

Richardson, Robert, 50

Rickover, v/a Hyman G. (usn), 132

Rindner, Dr. Wilhelm, 128

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 312
Museum of Modern Art, 234

Ripley, Dr. S. Dillon, 307

Rivers, Rep. L. Mendel, 39

Riviera Beach, Fla., 343

RL-10 A3-3 (rocket engine), 379

Roberts, Judge Jack, 400

Roberts, Dr. Walter Orr, 44, 167, 416

Rockaway Beach, N.Y., 133

Rockefeller Public Service Award, 419

Rockefeller Univ., 1, 19, 314

Rocket belt, 161

Rockwell, Norman, 403

Rocky Flats, Colo., 135, 384

Rogers. Alan E. E., 289

Rogers, Secretary of State William P.,
52, 174

Rolls-Royce, Ltd., Bristol-Siddeley En-
gine Div., 21

Rom, Frank E., 156

Romania, 46, 234, 249, 251, 261, 262, 284

Rome, Italy, 37, 55, 298, 312, 341

Romney, Secretary of Housing and Ur-
ban Development George W., 87, 237

Roosa, Maj. Stuart A. (usaf), 267

Rosamond, Calif., HL-10 (lifting-body
vehicle) flight, 184, 240, 267, 297, 309,
352, 360, 381, 406

Rosman, N.C., 402

Rossi, Dr. Bruno, 89

Rossini, Mayor Pascal, 244

Royal Crown Cola International, 43

Royal Geographical Society, 251

Royal Navy (U.K.), 129

Royal Society of Scientists, 38

Royer de Vericourt, Mayor Etienne, 330

rtcc. See Real-time computer complex.

Rubey, William C, 76

Rubin, Irene S., 286

Rudolph, Dr. Arthur, 10, 13, 182

Rundell, Walter, Jr., 357

Rusk, Dean, 285, 287

Rusk, Dr. Howard A., 274

Russell, Lord Bertrand A. W., 210

Rutgers Univ., 272

Ryan, Gen. John G. (usaf), 180

Ryan, Rep. William F., 124

Ryle, Sir Martin, 42

S-3A (antisubmarine aircraft), 15, 131,

260
S-IC. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 1st.
S— II. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 2nd.
S— IVB. See Saturn V (booster), stage,

3rd.
Saavedra, Albert, 202
Sabin, Dr. Albert, 298
sac. See Strategic Air Command.
Sacks, Martin, 393

Sacramento Peak Observatory, 336, 419
Safeguard (formerly Sentinel) (antibal-
listic missile system), 33, 43, 83,
114, 320

congressional consideration, 39, 46-47,
52, 53, 103, 131, 229

name change, 89

Nixon, President Richard M., views
on, 43, 80, 81

press comment, 46-47, 81, 129
Sagan, Dr. Carl, 180

Sagittarius (constellation), 318-319, 326
Saigon, South Vietnam, 254, 414
St. Alban's School, Washington, D.C.,

132
St. John, Virgin Islands, 51, 110
St. Peter's Basilica, 152
Sakharov, Prof. Andrey D., 163
Salon Internationale de l'Aeronautique

et de 1'Espace. See Paris Air Show.
Salzburg, Austria, 188
samso. See usaf Space and Missile Sys-
tems Organization.
Samuelson, Robert J., 101, 352
San Clemente Island, Calif., 51, 189
San Diego, Calif., 57, 225, 273, 275,

330 331 352
San Francisco, Calif., 130, 211, 225,
259-260, 354, 409

Board of Supervisors, 343

519

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

San Marco-C (Italian satellite), 286, 423

Sanders Associates, Inc., 91

Santa Monica, Calif., 20

Santa Susana, Calif., 28

Santiago, Chile, 106, 234

Sarabhai, Dr. Vikram A., 310

Saragat, President Giuseppe (Italy), 244

Sarnoff, Robert W., 388, 400^101

sas. See Stability augmentation system

and Small Astronomy Satellite.
satcom. See Committee on Scientific and

Technical Communication.
Satellite infrared spectrometer (sirs),

353
Sato, Prime Minister Eisaku (Japan),

244, 361-362, 389
Saturn (planet), 192, 337-338

rings, 359, 397
Saturn I Workshop (spacecraft), 15, 16,

17, 104, 114
Saturn IB (booster), contract, 25, 49,

94, 101, 113, 154, 315
Saturn V (booster), 228, 275, 317
capability, 96, 170-171, 384
contract, 25, 47, 70, 77, 87, 91, 113,

132, 278, 280, 297, 315, 388
engine
F-l, 105, 185
J-2, 105, 185
exhibit, 105, 417
launch

AS-504, 62-65, 67
AS-505, 16, 142-145
AS-506, 108, 168, 195, 196, 212-224
AS-507, 299, 372-378
AS-508, 182

program, 13, 67, 69, 76-77, 109-110,
119-120, 134, 138, 163-164, 251, 422
stage

1st (S-IC), 182, 188, 297
test, 118, 188, 195, 360
2nd (S-II), 70, 77, 132, 182

test, 24, 104, 185
3rd (S-IVB), 89, 105, 117, 128, 142,
182, 187, 197, 202-203, 280, 370,
373-374, 388
Saturn V Workshop (spacecraft), 237-
238, 270-271, 297, 326-328, 388, 417
Saunders, Hal, 379
Saunders, Stuart T., 17
Savannah, Ga., 233
Savchenko, Boris, 152
Saxbe, Sen. William B., 13
Schaeffer, Dr. Oliver A., 288, 292, 407
Scheel, Walter, 384

Scheer, Julian W., 7, 116, 118, 347, 410
Scherer, Capt. Lee R. (usn, Ret.), 74
Schiller, Karl, 162
Schirra, Walter M., Jr., 21, 46, 72-73,

75, 173
Schmitt, Harrison H., 286
Schneider, William C, 10, 290
Schorn, Dr. Ronald, 90
Schriever, Gen. Bernard A. (usaf, Ret.),
188

Scheutz, Mayor Klaus (W. Germany),

334
Schwartz, Harry, 284
Schweickart, Russell L., 5, 26, 62-65,

81, 91, 161-162, 168
Sciacca, Prof. Michele Federico, 239
Science (see also National Academy of
Sciences), 11, 65, 122, 148-149

award, 1-2

benefits, 68, 162-163, 321

Government support of, 28, 29, 42,
359, 396-397

human needs, 359

national policy and goals, 2-3, 40, 52-
53, 67, 132, 161, 314-315

Presidential Task Force on Science
Policy, 314, 329, 346

President's Science Advisory Commit-
tee, 42, 73, 117, 151-152, 184, 314

U.S.S.R., 59-60, 250
Science Policy in the USSR (oecd

study), 59-60
Science Research Council (src) (U.K.),

18, 20, 24, 27, 59, 312
Science, Secretary of (proposed), 2-3
Science, Technology, and Public Policy

During the Ninetieth Congress (House

report), 255
Scientific Activities on Nonprofit Institu-
tions, 1966 (nsf 69-16), 96-97
Scientific and Technical Advisory Com-
mittee (stac) (University-NASA), 10
Scientific and Technical Personnel in

the Federal Government, 1967 (nsf

69-26), 193
Scientific instrument module (sim), 331
Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying

Objects, 5
Scientific Uses of the Large Space Tele-
scope (Space Science Board report),

342-343
Scientist-astronaut, 284, 286, 290, 339,

351, 356, 370
Scientists, 40, 52-53, 96-97, 124, 178-

179, 193, 257, 273, 284, 287, 316, 351,

356, 398, 420
Scientists, Engineers, and Physicians

from Abroad, Fiscal Years 1966 and

1967 (nsf 69-10), 178-179
Scientists for Social and Political Action,

124
sclc. See Southern Christian Leadership

Conference.
Scorpio X-l (star), 133-134
Scorpius (constellation), 65-66, 184,

281-282, 326, 327, 344
Scott, Col. David R. (usaf), 5, 26-27,

62-65, 91, 105, 161-162, 168
Scott, Sen. Hugh D., 29
Scott Polar Research Institute, 359
Scout (booster), 59, 86, 291, 323, 364-

365, 423
Scranton, William W., 104, 418
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 273
Scull, Wilfred E., 290

520

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Sea of Crises (moon), 237

Sea of Okhotsk, 175

Sea of Tranquility (moon), 159, 168,

215, 221-222, 237, 249, 271, 280, 301,

306, 407-408
Sea Sciences Corp., 354
Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., 30, 184, 354
Sealab III (underwater laboratory), 22,

51, 57, 77, 188-189, 316-317
Seamans, Secretary of the Air Force
Robert C, Jr., 167, 192, 300, 308,
414

aiaa presidency, 21, 79

appointment, 4

awards and honors, 287, 346, 347

Blue Book, Project, 411

C-5A, 128

military space program, 13, 21, 320,
321, 345

MOL, 21, 87, 104

space program, national, 21, 60, 75,
87, 104

supersonic bomber, 111-112, 183, 321

U.S.S.R. missile and space program,
21, 140

X-15, 177, 321
Seaplane bases, 176
Seattle, Wash., 45, 330, 400, 409
Seattle-Tacoma Airport, Wash., 169
Secor XIII (Egrs XIII) (Sequential Col-
lation of Range satellite), 107, 422
Securities and Exchange Commission

(sec), 132
Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 241-242
Seidel, Boris L., 408
Seim, Sandra E., 160
Seismometer experiment, lunar

Apollo 11 mission, 114, 223, 229-230,
237, 240-241, 249, 354-355, 419

Apollo 12 mission, 326, 342, 376, 403
Seitz, Dr. Frederick S., 8, 19, 154, 314
Selfridge, Robert P., 410
Self-testing and repairing (star) com-
puter, 298-299
Semiconductors, 128
Semple, Robert B., Jr., 284
Sentinel (antiballistic missile system).

See Safeguard.
Seoul, S. Korea, 312, 360
Serenitatis (moon), 180
sert i (Space Electric Rocket Test), 48
sert ii, 48, 342
Serv-Air, Inc., 59
Service module (sm), 7, 142
Service propulsion system (sps), 64, 142,

143, 212-213, 375
Seversky, Maj. Alexander de, 184, 412
Shabad, Theodore, 39
Shaffer, John H., 58, 156, 382-383
Shannon, Dr. James V., 3
shape (Supersonic High Altitude Para-
chute Experiment) Project, 183
Shapley, Willis H., 347
Sharp Crater (moon), 376
Sharp, Dr. Robert P., 265, 282, 301

Sharpe, Mitchell R., 69

Shatalov, Vladimir A., 11-12, 23, 158,
159-160, 168, 333

Shawbury, U.K., 317

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., II, 95-96

Shepard, Capt. Alan B., Jr. (usn), 132,
267, 289

Sheremetyevo Airport, U.S.S.R., 152, 195

Shoes, jet, 4

Shonin, Georgy S., 332

Shriver, Ambassador R. Sargent, 41,
161-162

Shub, Anatole, 33

Sidewinder-Areas (sounding rocket), 79,
360

Sidey, Hugh, 174

Siegel, Dr. Peter V., 180

Sigma Xi Convention, 359

Significant Achievements in Space Sci-
ence, 1967 (SP-167), 160

Sikorsky, Igor I., 150

Silverstein, Dr. Abe, 349

sim. See Scientific instrument module.

Simat, Helliesen, & Eichner, Inc., 113

Simmons, Dr. Gene, 347, 351

Simoneit, B. R., 365

Singapore, 234

Singer, Dr. S. Fred, 416

Singlinger, A., & Co., 177

sirs. See Satellite infrared spectrometer.

Sjoberg, Sigurd A., 417

Sjogren, William L., 116

Skinner, Sherrod E., 304

Skoog, A. Ingemar, 329

Skynet A (idcsp-a) (U.K. communica-
tions satellite), 385, 388-389, 422

Skynet B, 389

sla. See Spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter
panels.

Slipher, Dr. Vesto M., 366

Sloop, John L., 178

sm. See Service module.

Small Astronomy Satellite (sas), 367

Smelt, Dr. Ronald, 79

Smith, Bradford A., 282

Smith, Dr. F. Graham, 121-122

Smith, Ambassador Gerard C, 30, 81

Smith, Dr. Harlan J., 237

Smith, Dr. Henry J., 306

Smith, I. D., 365

Smith, Keith, 411

Smith, Sen. Margaret C, 118

Smith, Dr. Paul S., 232

Smith, Sen. Ralph T., 312

Smith, Dr. Richard K., 344

Smith, Sir Ross Macpherson, 411

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
(Cambridge, Mass.), 3, 79, 129, 403,
405, 409

Smithsonian Institution, 29, 147, 297,
304, 328, 344
astronaut dinner, 7
exhibit
aircraft, 119, 133
flag, U.S. i Apollo ID, 414

521

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

lunar rock sample, 304, 306, 307,

309, 313, 359, 387, 397
spacecraft, 388
TV equipment, 201
Webb, James E., portrait unveiling,
323
Smoke hood, 9
sms. See Synchronous Meteorological

Satellite.
snap (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary

Power) program, 28
SNAP-3A (nuclear generator), 190
SNAP-19, 414, 422
SNAP-27, 410, 422
SNAP-29, 422
Snoopy (Apollo 10 lm). See Lunar

module.
Snow, Lord Charles (C.P.), 39, 291
Society of Automotive Engineers, 338
Society of Separationists, Inc., 268, 394,

400
Sodium experiment, 408-409
Software Fix (sofix), 139
Sokolov, Oleg M., 146
Solar cell, 82, 322, 329
Solar flare, 90-91, 187, 361, 364
Solar furnace, 363

Solar physics, 132-133, 136-137, 160,

366-367

sounding rocket, 104, 108, 111, 140-

141, 176, 298, 302, 308, 314, 360-

361, 410-411

Solar wind, 177, 219, 223, 230, 285, 376-

377, 408, 413, 419
Solid propellant, 291
Somali Republic, 234, 247
Sonic boom, 11, 26, 58-59, 183-184, 255,

352 391
Sonne'tt, Dr. Charles P., 21
Sounding rocket (see also individual
sounding rockets: Aerobee, Areas,
Astrobee 1500, Black Brant, Boosted
Areas II, Nike-Apache, Nike-Cajun,
Nike-Iroquois, Nike-Tomahawk, Orion
II, Pacemaker, Sidewinder-Areas),
3 124 203
foreign, ' 139-140, 156, 421-422

Canada, 59, 127, 312, 366, 423-424
funds for, 124
international programs
NASA-Argentina, 303-304
-Australia, 423
-Brazil, 179, 186, 188, 423
-Canada, 21, 23, 31, 38, 41^12,
43, 48, 49, 51-52, 54, 58, 59, 71,
72, 113, 127, 312, 331, 366, 423-
424
-India, 118, 120, 423
-Japan, 118, 120, 411, 423
-Norway, 18, 20, 423
-Pakistan, 423
-Spain, 94, 132, 133, 423
-Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27, 423
-U.K., 18, 20, 24, 27
U.K.-Australia, 323

Sounding Rockets: Their Role in Space
Research (Space Science Board re-
port), 124
South Africa, 424
South America, 370
South Atlantic Anomaly region, 312
South Florida, Univ. of, 110
South Pole, 251, 359
South Rogers Lake Bed, Calif., 133, 286,

299, 316, 349, 371
Southern Christian Leadership Confer-
ence (sclc), 201, 205-206
Southern Historical Assn., 357
Southwest Center for Advanced Studies,

43, 48, 51-52, 54, 188
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 25, 202,

229, 244, 351, 361, 366, 411-412
Soviet Committee for Inventions and

Discoveries, 418
Soviet Institute for Cosmic Research, 233
Soyuz (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 109
Soyuz III mission, 337
Soyuz IV mission, 11-12, 23, 332, 422
Soyuz V mission, 11-12, 23, 332, 422
Soyuz VI mission, 332, 336, 341-342,
343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422
launch, 332
Soyuz VII mission, 333, 336, 341-342,
343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422
launch, 333
Soyuz VIII mission, 333, 336, 341-342,
343, 361, 365-366, 382, 420, 422
launch, 333
Space accident liability, 392
Space Age Management, 192-193
"Space-Age Management and City Ad-
ministration" (conference paper), 148-
149
Space biology, 61, 62, 72, 81, 96, 178,
180, 200, 302, 336
animal experiments, 18, 139, 154, 189-
190, 200, 201-202, 261, 335, 347-
349, 415, 421
atmosphere, artificial, 206
environment, effects, 18-19, 71, 130—

131, 138
life support system, 12, 123, 190, 206,

378
lunar dust experiment, 261, 293, 379
medical benefits, 75, 78, 96
motion sickness, 142
nasa program, 138, 367-368, 381-382,

415
nutrition, 110
Physiology in the Space Environment

(nas-nrc report), 18
radiation effects, 78, 96, 136-137, 164,

190
Space Resources for Teachers: Biology,
Including Suggestions for Classroom
Activities and Laboratory Experi-
ments, 72
weightlessness, effects, 17, 18—19, 48,
117-118, 136, 201, 206, 348-349, 391
Space debris. See Spacecraft debris.

522

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Space Development Corp. (Japan), 325
Space Disturbance Center, 90, 336
Space Exploration Day (proposed), 202
Space law, 189, 290
Space law treaty, 13, 229, 276, 320
Space manufacturing module (proposed),

83
Space, military use of, 290, 320-321, 343
communications, 44, 66, 131, 322, 346,

389, 422
history, 329
navigation, 322
reconnaissance, 345
U.S., 13, 21, 186, 190-191, 200, 336,

343, 345, 416
U.S.S.R., 21, 50, 190-191, 416
Space, peaceful use of, 6-7, 11, 13, 14,
20, 24, 157-158, 191, 196, 219-220,
224, 244, 249, 343-344, 390
Space program, national (see also indi-
vidual programs, such as Apollo
program and National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, budget),
96, 208-209, 252, 390
achievements, 6-7, 10, 59, 71, 148-149,
372, 421^124
manned space flight, 2, 13, 14, 17—
18, 25, 39, 62-65, 68, 71-72, 77-
78, 80, 91, 101, 148-149, 239-240,
242-243, 244, 245, 251-252, 277-
278, 280, 282, 298-299, 386-387,
392-393, 394
Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 65,
100, 152, 224-225, 231, 271, 294,
308, 320, 323-325, 419
benefits. See Space results,
budget, 14-16, 22, 38, 49-50, 67, 81-
82, 95, 109, 167, 270, 305, 366, 383,
395 422^23
cost, 4, 5-6, 38, 42-43, 47, 87-88, 95-
96, 154, 158, 208, 262, 271, 327, 390,
416 422-423
criticism, 2-3, 151-152, 176, 201, 204,
273, 287, 367-368, 385, 416-417, 423
Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 47,

60, 250, 405
employment, 66, 69, 80, 422-423
exhibit, 403, 405-406
international aspects (see also Inter-
national cooperation) 4, 6—7, 20, 26,
32, 41, 43, 48, 54, 75, 168, 199, 235-
236, 238, 244-246, 249, 262, 268, 290,
309-310, 327, 362, 367, 381, 389,
393-394, 411-412, 416, 423-424
Johnson, President Lyndon B., 1, 6-7,
10, 13, 14-16, 17, 20, 60, 110, 192,
224-225, 231, 232, 395, 423
Kennedy, President John F., 6, 44, 60,

174, 175, 212, 240, 405
lunar landing. See Moon, landing,
management, 24, 57, 84, 111, 148-149,

202, 274, 276-277, 368, 370
military aspects, 9, 21, 38, 51, 75, 80,
86-87, 104, 146, 167, 174, 176-177,
179, 185, 200, 304-305, 320, 416

Nixon, President Richard M., 9, 20,
32, 38, 43, 49, 61, 65, 68, 78, 80,
81, 95, 104, 108, 109, 110, 115, 117,

119, 224, 238, 246, 250, 262, 271,
304-305, 309-310, 362, 371, 372, 378,
423

objectives, 6, 37, 44, 49-50, 73-75, 76,
77-78, 81-82, 85-86, 130, 134, 151-
152, 273, 275-276, 283-284, 285,
304-305, 308, 318, 331, 421, 422^123

policy, 10, 24, 49-50, 51, 60, 74-75,
80-81, 86-87, 104, 111, 116, 119-

120, 147, 148-149, 167-168, 174, 177,
208, 232, 237, 239-240, 242-243,
248-250, 256, 271-272, 284, 287-288,
290, 294-295, 320-321, 351, 370, 378,
422—423

post-Apollo, 38, 44, 47, 66-67, 69, 77,
118, 119-120, 151-152, 167, 178,
266, 270, 271, 283-284, 305, 312-
313, 328, 337-338, 344, 359, 361,
372, 399, 412, 422-423
budget, 28, 69, 110, 119-120, 147,

365-366
cost, 162, 262, 336-337
suggested programs, 37, 85-86, 94—
95, 123, 235-236, 259-260, 263,
266, 268-269, 275-276, 304-305,
308, 312-313, 342-343, 355-356,
366-368, 381, 397-398, 415
significance, 1, 2, 16, 20, 39, 51, 52-
53, 65, 68, 129-130, 174, 175-176,
197-198, 200-201, 224-225, 231-232,
235-236, 242-243, 262, 268-269, 277-
278, 294-295, 307, 321-322, 346, 380,
420-421
U.S.S.R. vs. U.S. See Space race.
Space race, 95-96, 285-286, 321, 343,
365-366, 381
booster, 95-96, 170
earth applications, 74-75
funds, 48

lunar exploration, 74-75, 96, 170-171,
195, 211, 238, 246, 249, 256, 271-
. 272, 273

manned space flight, 341-342
military, 48

planetary flights, 74-75, 84-85, 96
space station, 74-75, 96, 341-342, 351
Space rescue, 21, 262, 315, 354
Space rescue treaty, 130, 392
Space Resources for Teachers: Biology,
Including Suggestions for Classroom
Activities and Laboratory Experiments,
72
Space results (see also Earth; Moon;
Mars; Venus; individual probes,
satellites, and sounding rockets), 17,
75, 170, 268-269, 298, 312-313, 321,
394, 419
agriculture, 37, 119, 276, 285, 327
aircraft, 75, 350, 400
architecture, 398
astronomy, 28, 37, 75, 90, 99, 115,

523

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

120, 121-122, 124, 160, 256, 266, 308,

408, 419
communications, 2, 33, 37, 47, 75, 100,

111, 235, 298, 335, 398
earth sciences, 33, 37, 49, 73, 75, 100,

116-117, 119-120, 124, 203, 235, 245,

276, 285, 298, 308, 327, 382
economic benefits, 2, 75, 167, 203, 227,

238, 276, 350, 419
education, 17, 47, 75, 298
engineering, 203, 238, 267, 335, 350,

398, 400, 408
geology, 2, 33, 37, 203, 308, 327, 328,

407-408
international relations, 65, 94, 102,

261-262, 308, 419
materials technology, 2, 75, 203, 235,

350
medicine, 47, 203, 235, 274, 315, 262-

263, 398
meteorology, 33, 47, 111, 235, 308, 327,

335, 414
military, 75, 174
navigation, 33, 47, 70, 100, 203, 335,

400
oceanography, 160, 199, 203, 327, 346
photography, 328
religion, 39
science, 68, 230, 240-241, 308, 356,

392
social science, 147, 148-149, 242, 294,

323-325, 400-401
technology, 2, 37, 174, 203, 230
Space Science Board (nas-nrc). See
National Academy of Sciences and
National Research Council.
Space Science Education Conference, 17
Space shuttle, 25, 29, 47, 73-74, 109,

120, 131, 138, 262, 266, 276, 305,

326, 350, 354, 362, 368-369, 371,

419^20
cooperation, 29, 173, 336, 411, 424
nuclear, 268
reusable, 23, 29, 47, 74, 82, 260, 268-

269, 345, 354, 423
Space station (see also Manned Orbiting

Laboratory; Saturn I Workshop;

Saturn V Workshop), 21, 47, 262,

276, 289, 351, 354, 371
contract, 25-26, 120, 241, 270, 299
design, 17, 28, 120, 128, 285, 349
international cooperation, 102, 169,

248, 411, 416
military, 86-87, 104
nasa program, 66-67, 73-74, 83, 91,

94, 104, 108-109, 111, 131, 138, 146,

167, 169, 178, 237-238, 260, 266,

268-269, 305, 343-344, 368-369, 423
press comment, 80, 351, 391
press conference, 169
U.S.S.R., 12, 24, 75, 120, 146, 271, 278,

333, 341, 343, 349-350, 351, 361,

382, 420, 422
Space Task Group. See President's Space
Task Group.

Space Technology Applications and Re-
search Laboratory (starlab), 285
Space Tracking and Data Acquisition

Network (stadan), 292
Space transportation (see also Space

shuttle), 169-170, 177, 270
Space tug, 262, 266, 305
Spacecraft (see also individual space-
craft, such as Apollo, Lunar Or-
biter, Luna, Mariner, Surveyor)
accident, 29, 162, 206
communications, 26, 44, 117, 159, 210,

241
control, 11-12, 26-27, 56, 58, 59, 92,
106, 142-143, 173, 259, 278, 291, 333
debris, 89, 130, 143, 198, 200
design, 17, 120, 151, 171, 241, 266,
270, 272, 276-277, 343-345, 388,
397-398, 401
development testing, 44
electrical systems, 11-12, 27, 37, 114,

135, 173, 373-374
environment control system, 17, 141-

142, 173-174

equipment, 2, 54-56, 102, 122, 142,

143, 217-218, 298-299, 332
escape system, 94, 239
exhibit, 105, 161-162, 417
extravehicular equipment, 4—5, 11,

239, 270, 331

hazards, 149-150

heating, 26-27, 263

instrumentation, 14, 55, 58, 91, 107,
115, 133, 151-152, 171, 316, 326,
338, 340

landing system, 26-27, 29, 140, 141-
142, 160, 181-182, 183, 378, 405

life support system, 12, 123, 173-174,
206, 378

propulsion. See Engine and individual
launch vehicles, such as Saturn.

recovery, 190, 201-202, 222-223

reentry control system, 47, 271

reusable (see also Space shuttle), 25-
26, 47, 266
Spacecraft debris, 28, 89, 198, 228, 291
Spacecraft-lunar-module-adapter ( sla )

panels, 202-203
Spacesuit, 12, 77, 91, 206, 313
Spain, 94, 132, 133, 180, 187, 189, 226,

327, 330, 423-424
Spanish Space Research Council, 180
Spartan (missile), 62
Speas, R. Dixon, Associates, 109
Spectrograph, 90
Spectrometer, 38, 42, 55, 77, 171, 179,

254, 261, 269, 286, 301-302, 367, 410-

411, 414, 417
Sperry Gyroscope Co., 352
Sperry, Lawrence, Award, 345
Sperry Rand Corp., 42

Sperry Gyroscope Div., 42

univac Federal Systems Div., 55
Spica (star), 79

524

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Spider {Apollo 9 lm). See Lunar
module.

Spilhaus, Dr. Athelstan F., 159

Spirit of St. Louis (aircraft), 177

Spivak, Lawrence E., 184

Sproul Observatory, 109

sps. See Service propulsion system.

Sputnik I (U.S.S.R. satellite), 20, 161

SR-71 (strategic reconnaissance air-
craft), 73

SRC. See Science Research Council
(U.K.).

SS-9 (U.S.S.R. missile), 116, 140, 229

ssrc. See Swedish Space Research Com-
mittee.

sst. See Supersonic transport.

sst Authority (proposed), 137

Stability augmentation system (SAS), 349

stac. See Scientific and Technical Ad-
visory Committee (University-NASA).

STADAN. See Space Tracking and Data
Acquisition Network.

Stafford, Col. Thomas P. (usaf), 16. 90,
108, 142-144, 152-153, 191

Stamp, commemorative, 8, 46, 59, 129-
130, 202, 233, 273-274, 289, 300, 311,
319

Stamy, James L., 260

Stanford Research Institute, Calif., 26,
257

Stanford Univ., 117, 124, 136, 174, 205
Linear Accelerator Center, 418

Stanford Univ. Hospital, 315

Stanton, Dr. Frank M.. 352

Star, 3, 6, 16, 32, 42, 55, 66, 79, 99, 133-
134, 134-135, 136, 184, 256, 326, 327,
337, 344, 359

star. See Self-testing and repairing com-
puter.

Star City (Vzyozdni Gorodok, U.S.S.R.),
195-196

Star Tracking Rocket Attitude Position-
ing (strap) system, 6, 43

starlab. See Space Technology Applica-
tions and Research Laboratory.

State, Dept. of, 7, 24, 25, 43, 88. 130,
311, 357

Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C.,
132

Stehling, Kurt R., 192

Sterne, Joseph, 78

Stewart, A. I., 298

Stewart, m/c James T. (usaf), 260

Stockholm, Sweden, 338

stol (short takeoff and landing) air-
craft, 29, 32, 50, 84, 89, 113-114, 320

sTOLport, 89

Stoltenberg, Dr. Gerhard, Minister for
Scientific Affairs I W. Germany), 48,
177

Stone, Dr. Robert G., 115

Stonehenge, U.K., 289

Storms, Ocean of (moon), 243, 368, 375,
405, 478

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 331

Study of Air Cargo and Air Passenger
Terminal Facilitation (dot report),
113
A Study of Technology Assessment: Re-
port of the Committee on Public En-
gineering Policy, National Academy of
Sciences, 257
Stuhlinger, Dr. Ernst, 77
Submarine, 27, 99-100, 112, 140, 330

missile-carrying, 195
Sudan, 247
Sud-Aviation (France), 61, 71, 173, 197,

285, 323
Suez Canal, 234

Suharto, President (Indonesia), 249
Suitland, Md., 353
Sullivan, Walter S.. 28, 90, 181, 312, 334.

397, 404
Summer Space Education Program for

the Cities, 170

Sun (see also Eclipse, solar; Radiation,

solar; Solar flare; Solar wind; etc.),

37, 49, 121, 288, 299, 329, 335, 336,

420-421

satellite data, 28, 111, 115, 133, 155,

185, 271-273, 364-365, 395
sounding rocket data, 111, 113, 124,
298, 361-362, 410
Sunblazer (program), 163
Supersonic transport (sst) (see also
Concorde and Tu-144)
award, 178

benefits, 81, 314-315, 382-383
cost, 186, 314-315, 340, 382-383
criticism, 82, 413
design and development, 1, 11, 404,

421-422
economic aspects, 382-383
flight plans, 146-147, 255, 285
foreign, 1, 13-14, 61, 84, 146-147, 197,

255 422
funds' for, 15, 81, 82, 110, 137, 186,

314-315, 318, 372, 383, 410, 412
hazards, 369

Nixon, President Richard M., 32, 43,
58, 82, 95, 123, 137, 314-315, 318,
372, 383, 410, 421-422
press comment, 137, 318, 413
press conference, 81, 186, 197
sonic boom, 11, 26, 58-59, 183-184,
255, 352
Surveyor (program), 34-35, 141, 187,

191
Surveyor HI (spacecraft), 372, 377, 396
examination of, plans for, 243, 325-

326
renaming of (proposed), 369-370
retrieval of parts, 342, 367, 376-377,
421
Surveyor V (lunar probe), 250, 275
Sutton, Dr. George, 230
Swarthmore College, 109
Swartz, Reginald W., 239
Swearingen. Jack ('.., 393

525

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Sweden, 18, 20, 24, 27, 50, 226, 227-228,

236, 240, 252, 323, 384, 423
Swedish Academy of Engineering, 351
Swedish Interplanetary Society, 329
Swedish Space Research Committee

(ssrc), 18, 20, 24, 27
Swenson, Loyd S., Jr., 357
Swigert, John L., Jr., 267
Switzerland, 424

Sydney, Australia, 121, 137, 312, 359
Symphonie (W. German comsat), 357
Symposium on Military Oceanography,

160
Synchronous Meteorological Satellite

(sms), 69, 86, 139
Systems engineering, 35, 388
Syvertson, Clarence A., 53

T-33 (jet trainer), 283

Tacsat I (tactical communications satel-
lite), 44, 322, 422

Tactical Satellite Communications Pro-
gram, 131, 140

tacv. See Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle.

tadjet. See Transport Air Drop and Jet-
tison Test.

Tago-Sato-Kosaka comet, 409

taid. See Thrust-Augmented Improved
Thor-Delta booster.

Taipei, Formosa, 234

Talkeetna, Alaska, 171

Talloires, France, 381, 394

Tampa, Fla., 110

Tape, Dr. Gerald F., 112, 117

Tappaan, Francis D., 147

Tashkent, U.S.S.R., 387

Task Force on Air Pollution, 383

Task Force on Oceanography, 314

Task Force on Science Policy, 314

Taylor, D. J., 164

Taylor, Henry J., 138

Taylor, Dr. S. Ross, 292, 407

tcfm. See Temperature-control flux mon-
itor.

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 71

Technology, 11, 53, 132, 135, 136, 146,
148-149, 151, 162-163, 257, 321, 396

Technology in Retrospect and Critical
Events in Science (traces) (report),
11

Technology: Processes of Assessment
and Choice (nas report), 257

Technology utilization, space, 34, 44, 70,
119-120, 157, 298, 309-310, 335, 388,
416

Teheran, Iran, 226, 312

Teir, William, 325

Tektite, 200

Tektite I, Project, 51, 86, 110, 138

Tektite II, Project, 356

Tel Aviv, Israel, 226

Telemetry, 117

Telescope, 29, 133-134, 257, 259, 272,
336, 341, 342-343, 390, 403

gamma-ray, 127

lunar surface, 123, 331, 342-343

space, 81, 122, 342-343, 366-367

spectrographic, 90
Television, 146, 227

Apollo 9, 50, 67

Apollo 10, 90, 108, 142-144, 147-148,
149

Apollo 11, 182, 201, 207, 210, 212-223,
244-245, 267, 276, 279

Apollo 12, 342, 362, 374-376, 377, 380,
384-385, 386

color, 102, 210, 342, 362

educational, 337, 423

Nixon, President Richard M., 18, 50

Soyuz IV, 11-12

Soyuz V, 11-12

space probe use of, 55, 210, 259, 261,
262, 301, 338

tube, 105-106

via satellite, 18, 30, 39-40, 47, 50, 61,
137, 151, 179, 286, 311, 340, 402, 423
Teller, Dr. Edward, 167
Temperature-control flux monitors

(tcfm), 133
Tennessee, 225
Tennessee, Univ. of, 391

Space Institute, 20
Tepper, Dr. Morris, 139
Ter Horst, J. F., 9
terls. See Thumba Equatorial Rocket

Launching Station.
tetr c (test and training satellite), 291,

421
Texas, 397

Texas Instruments, Inc., 117, 418
Texas, Univ. of, 17, 90, 237, 259

McDonald Observatory, 17, 90, 259
Textron, Inc., Bell Aerospace Co., 413
TF-39 (turbofan engine), 212, 393
Thailand, 190, 251
Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 158,

244, 279
Thimann, Kenneth V., 162-163
Thiokol Chemical Corp., 177
This New Ocean: A History of Project

Mercury, 250, 357
Thomas, Rep. Albert, 289
Thomas, David D., 58
Thomas, David E., Jr., 4
Thompson, Dr. Floyd L., 21
Thon, William, 403
Thor-Agena (booster), 23, 40, 59, 86,

127, 243, 255, 402
Thor-Burner (booster), 240
Thor-Delta (booster), 22, 54

Long-Tank, Trust-Augmented, 40, 150,
189-190, 245, 272, 388

Thrust-Augmented, 57

Thrust-Augmented Improved, 30, 185,
291
Thorad. See Long-Tank Thrust-Aug-
mented Thor-Agena D.
Thorad-Agena (booster), 48, 314

526

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Thorad-Agena D (booster), 107, 171-

173, 319
Thoren, Kip S., 121
Thorn, Dr. Oakleigh, II. 225
Thornton, Dr. William E., 290
Threlfall, David, 161, 233
Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-Delta

(taid) (booster), 30, 185, 291
Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta (booster),

57
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching

Station (terls), 118, 120
Tibet, 50
Tidemand, Defense Minister Otto Crieg

(Norway). 332
Time, Men of the Year award, 2
Time-Life, Inc., 1%

Tiros (meteorological satellite), 23, 139
Tiros-M, 85-86, 399
Tiros-N, 85-86

Tiros Operational Satellite (tos) sys-
tem, 57, 414
Titan III (booster), 15, 355, 386
Titan IIIB-Agena, 288, 350
Titan IIIB-Agena D, 23, 66, 109, 169
Titan IIIC, 14, 44, 118, 155, 402
Titan IIIM. 185, 422
Titan-Centaur (booster), 118, 192
Titanium, 275
Tito. President Josip Broz (Yugoslavia),

341
Titov, l/c Gherman S. (U.S.S.R.), 158,

195, 197
Titus, Ronald, 352

tma. See Trimethylaluminum experi-
ment.
Tokyo, Japan, 82, 290, 312, 361-362, 384
Tokyo Univ., 297
Tolson, Clyde A., 239
Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, 148
Torrey, Yolta W., 138
tor-shok (energy-absorbing system),

408
tos. See Tiros Operational Satellite

(tos) system.
Toulouse, France, 329, 397
Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, France, 13,

61, 323
Townes, Dr. Charles H., 82, 94, 167, 346
Toynbee, Prof. Arnold J., 239
traces. See Technology in Retrospect

and Critical Events in Science.
Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle (tacv),

163
Tracking, 47-48, 59, 199, 204, 322, 399

aircraft, 140

animal, 328

Apollo 11 mission, 204, 224

deep space (dsn), 34, 180, 189, 274-
275, 346

laser 37 405

msfn, 10, 33-34, 117, 1%, 292, 362

NASCOM, 292

radar, 55, 291-292
ship, 306-307, 410

STADAN, 292

station

Australia, 34, 148, 424
Peru, 267
Spain, 424

U.S., 142, 274-275, 374, 405
Train, Russell E., 346
Tranquility Base. See Sea of Tranquility.
Trans World Airlines, 81, 241, 244
Transformation of Imagery (trim), 139
Transit IV— A (navigational satellite),

190
TransPlan, Inc., 113
Transport Air Drop and Jettison Test

(tad jet), 283
Transportation, 17, 105, 113-114, 163,

208, 209
Transportation, Dept. of (dot), 58, 113-
114, 410

air cushion vehicle, 163

air traffic control, 32, 88-89, 123, 388,
418

airports, 32, 123

budget, 14, 78, 383, 398, 412

contract, 89, 163, 335, 388

cooperation, 88, 417-418

exhibit, 412

noise abatement, 263—265

personnel, 52, 79

r&d, 335, 417-418

supersonic transport, 32, 43, 95, 123,
146-147, 412

TurboTrain, 105
Transportation Facilities Committee, 113
Treaty

damages for space accidents, 392

missile control, 21, 33, 81, 131, 174,
181, 183, 190-191, 332

nuclear nonproliferation, 13, 41, 52, 57,
78, 317, 370, 392-393

nuclear test ban, 13, 81

outer space, 13, 320

seabed, weapon ban on, 81, 86, 155,
197, 330

space rescue, 21, 130, 392
Triesneck Crater (moon), 159
trim. See Transformation of Imagery.
Trimble, George S., 292
Trimethylaluminum (tma) experiment,

49, 408-409
Trubshaw, Brian, 105
Trudeau, Prime Minister Pierre E. (Can-
ada), 399^100
The True History (by Lucian), 232
Truly, L/Cdr Richard H. (usn), 281
Truszynski, Gerald M., 10, 210, 347
trw Inc., 58, 66, 329, 340

Systems Group, 113, 319
Tu-22 (U.S.S.R. supersonic bomber), 1
Tu-144 (U.S.S.R. supersonic transport),
1, 5, 121, 146-147, 152, 159, 173, 255,

283, 422
Tu-154 (U.S.S.R. jet transport), 121
Tucson, Ariz., 157-158, 192, 397
Tullahoma, Tenn., 138, 183-184, 393

527

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Tunney, Rep. John V., 202

TurboTrain, 105

Turcat, Andre, 61, 71, 173, 323

Turkevich, Anthony, 191

"2001: A Space Odyssey" (film), 241

Twentieth Century Fund, 393-394

Tycho (lunar crater), 200

Tyuratam, U.S.S.R., 382

U.A.R. See United Arab Republic.
Udall, Rep. Morris K., 168
Uebel, Theodore C, 54
ufo. See Unidentified flying object.
U.K. See United Kingdom.
Ultraviolet (uv), 3, 6, 31-32, 43, 55, 78,
99, 124, 134, 136, 179, 184, 298, 302,
366, 403, 409

extreme (euv), 140, 308, 411
U.N. See United Nations.
Underground nuclear test, 359
Unidentified flying object (ufo), 5, 8-9,

20, 50-51, 288, 411, 413-414, 416
Unidentified satellite, 23, 40, 66, 86, 106,

109, 127, 169, 240, 243, 255, 288, 314,

319, 350, 402
Union of Concerned Scientists, 40
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See

JICCD

United Air Lines, 278-279, 380
United Aircraft Corp., 21, 105, 173, 424
Pratt & Whitney Div., 25, 32, 46, 304,

328, 379
United Arab Republic ( U.A.R. ), 140,

226 384, 413
United Kingdom (U.K.), 16, 106, 168-

169, 381
aircraft, Concorde, 13-14, 26, 61, 71,

105, 146, 162, 173, 197, 255, 285,

323, 329, 340, 410, 413
Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions, re-
action to, 210, 225, 233, 236, 238,

244, 384
astronauts

award to, 251

visit by, 32, 38, 312, 335
booster, 190, 196
cooperation, defense, 132
cooperation, space, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27,

59, 132, 196, 323, 385, 388-389, 422,

423-424
Defence Ministry, 195
House of Commons, 38
launch, satellite, 388
lunar sample exhibit and study, 312,

423
nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 78
satellite, 23, 59, 385, 388-389, 422, 423
science and technology, 398
space program, 59, 132, 323, 385, 388-

389 423-424
United Nations (U.N.), 8, 24, 26, 175,

276, 279, 282, 311

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
Outer Space, 189, 198, 392
Scientific and Technical Subcommit-
tee, 157
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of

the Seabed and Ocean Floor, 22
Disarmament Committee, 197
General Assembly, 197, 309, 330
Nixon, President Richard M., address,

309-310
Secretary General, 244
Security Council, 242
Space Council (proposed), 311
Space Institute (proposed), 248
United Nations Educational, Scientific,

and Cultural Organization, 255
United Nations Space Council (pro-
posed), 311
United States and Soviet Rivalry in
Space: Who Is Ahead and How Do
the Contenders Compare?, 95
United States Space Science Program,

136
United Technology Center, 48
Universe, 403
Universities, 168

and space effort, 8, 171, 227

Federal support, 32, 40, 54, 56, 106,

397

grants to, 3, 32, 52

military research, 40, 67, 136, 363, 369

nasa program, 3, 25, 56, 106, 109, 156,

171, 227, 302, 334, 363, 368, 383, 415

Universities Organizing Committee for

Space Sciences, 8
Universities Space Research Assn.

(usra), 227
University College (London), 22, 272
University Corp. for Atmospheric Re-
search, 44, 416
Upton, N.Y., 386
Uranus (planet), 192, 263
Urey, Dr. Harold C, 238, 275, 288, 292,

331
United States (U.S.) (see also appropri-
ate agencies and Congress)
award, 1-2, 50, 54, 100-101, 121, 418
budget, 3, 4, 14-16, 22, 86, 99, 107,

109-110
communications, 24, 56, 88, 101-102,

381
defense, 4, 40, 46-47, 48, 86, 99, 130,

132, 183
disarmament, 13, 30, 81, 86, 155, 197
education, 3, 105-106, 136, 147, 168,

174
health, 147, 266-267
housing, 188, 237

international cooperation, 4, 22, 24-25,
43, 56, 78-79, 88, 101-102, 133, 204,
258, 261, 386, 417
medical research, 96, 128
meteorology, 78, 88
nuclear nonproliferation treaty. See
Nuclear nonproliferation treaty.

528

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

oceanography, 9, 22, 51, 56, 99-100,
110, 133, 197, 209, 314, 341, 353

pollution abatement, 147, 267, 278-279,
285-286, 354, 383, 402, 412-413

research and development, 3, 28, 54—
56, 96-97, 136, 164, 257

science and technology, 3, 11, 14-15,
19-20, 28-29, 40, 42, 43, 106, 117-
118, 121-122, 125, 174-175, 178-179,
184, 255, 297, 313-315, 321, 346-347,

359, 396-397, 419

space program. See Space program,
national.

space rescue treaty. See Space rescue
treaty.

transportation (see also Supersonic
transport). 17. 32. 52, 79, 105, 163

Vietnam war. See Vietnam war.
l.S. Aeronautics and Space Activities

for 1968 (President's report), 17
U.S. Air Force (USAF) (see also indi-
vidual bases, centers, and commands,
such as Air Force Systems Com-
mand, Arnold Engineering Develop-
ment Center, Edwards afb), 68, 75,

79, 138, 163-164, 167, 177, 245, 284.
355, 410

aircraft (see also individual aircraft,
such as C-5A. C-130, F-111A.
X-15, XB-70), 4, 17, 38, 49, 52, 57,

80, 106-107. 111-112, 115, 119, 123-
124, 128, 131, 138, 140, 151, 169,
183, 201, 205, 207, 239, 251, 281,
283, 293, 321, 323, 331, 352, 354,

360, 372, 380, 405, 411, 413, 415-
416, 421-422

award, 87, 101, 304, 346-347, 412, 419

booster, 386

budget, 15, 424

communications satellite, 322

contract, 14, 48, 66, 85, 123-124, 128,
135, 150, 191, 327-328, 330, 336,
372, 386, 391, 402-403, 408, 414

cooperation, 21, 29, 86-87, 119, 146,

176, 192, 205, 257-258, 283, 321, 336.
388-389, 405, 421-422

laser, 424
launch, 371

balloon, 363

reentry vehicle, 10

satellite, 23, 40, 66, 83, 86, 106, 109.
127, 155, 169, 240, 243, 255, 288,
314, 319, 350, 402
lifting-body vehicle, 421-422
missile program, 43, 229, 297
mol, 15, 87, 104, 110, 146, 151, 176-

177, 178-179, 181, 186, 191, 200,
257-258, 260, 281, 289, 422, 423, 424

navigation satellite, 322

personnel, 4, 9, 21, 124, 130, 141, 180,

188, 260, 274, 281, 289
reentry vehicle, 391
research, 164. 183-184
satellite, 191
sonic boom test, 352

space program, 13, 193

space shuttle, 336

telescope, 336

ufo, 5, 8-9, 288, 411, 413^414, 416
U.S. Army (usa), 235

aircraft, 131, 148, 150, 160, 308-309

contract, 148, 150

cooperation, 49, 283, 334, 379

personnel, 4, 398

satellite, 107-108, 422

Transport Air Drop and Jettison Test
(tadjet) program, 283

universities research, 136
U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Labora-
tory, 315
U.S. Army Aviation Material Labora-
tories (avlabs), 334
U.S. Army Ballistics Laboratory, 49
U.S. Army Collateral Investigation

Board, 260
U.S. Army Materiel Command, 379
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 387
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 117
U.S. Coast Guard, 9, 51
U.S. Comptroller General, 281, 309
U.S. Deep Sea Drilling Project, 273
U.S. Geological Survey, 393, 403, 409
U.S. Information Agency (usia), 234,

387, 397
U.S. Lake Survey, 9
U.S. Marshal's Office, 336
U.S. Naval Academy, 101
U.S. Navy (usn), 123, 206

aircraft, 13, 15, 39, 44, 91, 119, 133,
155, 201, 260

anniversary, 133, 325

aquanaut inquiry, 57, 77, 316-317

award, 10, 138

contract, 13, 39, 91, 201, 260

cooperation, 27, 44, 51, 119, 402

deep submergence research vehicle, 27,
112

launch, 371

missile, 325

navigation satellite system, 37, 190

Project Tektite, 51, 138, 356

personnel, 4, 134

Sealab III experiment, 22, 51-52, 57,
77, 316-317

spacecraft recovery, 64, 143. 190, 223,
242, 244, 245-246, 284, 377, 392

Stormfury Project, 402

tracking ship, 306
U.S. Patent Office, 239
U.S. Post Office, 273, 289
U.S. Public Health Service, 76
U.S. Supreme Court, 7
U.S. Weather Bureau, 157
USAF. See U.S. Air Force.
USAF Aeronautical Chart and Informa-
tion Center, 209
usaf Museum, 11

USAF Space and Missile Systems Organi-
zation (samso), 297, 300, 336, 346-

347, 386, 391, 408

529

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

usns Huntsville, 306

usns Mercury, 306

usns Redstone, 306

usns Vanguard, 306, 410

usra. See Universities Space Research

U.S.S. Elk River, 22, 52

U.S.S. Gary, 206

U.S.S Guadalcanal, 64

U.S.S. Hornet, 190, 223, 242, 244, 245,

246, 284, 377, 392
U.S.S. Princeton, 143
U.S.S. Yorktown, 10
U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics) (see also Soviet Academy
of Sciences, etc.) , 21, 39, 49, 78, 89,
129, 130, 131, 136-137, 145-147,
175-176, 197, 370
aircraft, 1, 5, 35, 79, 121, 146-147,
152, 159, 162, 168, 173, 225, 283, 422
antiballistic missile system, 62, 89
Apollo 8 mission (comment), 25, 26
Apollo 9 mission (comment), 80
Apollo 10 mission (comment), 157
Apollo 11 mission (comment), 206,
225, 230, 233, 242, 244, 251, 256, 273
Apollo 12 mission (comment), 384
award, 23-24

booster, 95-96, 170-171, 382
Borman, Col. Frank (usaf), visit to,
195-196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 210,
211, 337
budget, 48

communications satellite, 106, 381, 422
communications satellite conference,

24, 26
cooperation, space, 19, 25, 26, 41, 56,
74, 78, 96, 101-102, 189, 195, 196,
202, 211, 229, 231-232, 233, 238,
240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 311, 318,
325, 339, 343, 351, 367, 379-380, 381,
383-384, 409, 411^12, 416, 424
cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut,
disarmament, 21, 33, 81, 86, 174, 181,

197, 330
electric engine, 342
Foreign Ministry, 21
launch, 422
probe, 351
Luna XV, 206, 382
Venus V, 2, 8
Venus VI, 7-8
Zond VII, 271
satellite

Cosmos, 9, 24, 43, 56, 58, 67, 70,
80-81, 82, 89, 90, 94, 101,
105, 109, 116, 137, 148, 158,
160, 169, 181, 186, 189, 203,
237, 267, 281, 283, 285, 287,
293, 297, 305-306, 309, 314,
316, 339, 341, 346, 347, 350-
351, 360, 370, 380, 392, 401,
405, 413, 414
Intercosmos I, 335
Intercosmos II, 416

Meteor I, 91
Meteor II, 329
Molniya 1-11, 106
Molniya 1-12, 237
Soyuz IV, 11-12
Soyuz V, 11-12
Soyuz VI, 332-333
Soyuz VII, 332-333
Soyuz VIII, 332-333
lunar rock exhibit, reception of, 412
May Day celebration, 127, 129
missile and rocket program, 10, 43, 48.
50, 52, 53, 106, 116, 129, 131, 140,
229
nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 41, 78,

392-393
nuclear test explosion, 112, 359
meteorological satellite, 91, 329
Paris Air Show exhibit, 146-147, 168
probe, 2, 7-8, 42, 75, 78, 136-137, 140,
141-142, 160, 171, 271, 351, 422
Luna XV, 195, 206, 207-208, 211,
224, 229, 232, 236-237, 238, 251,
382
rocket test, 112, 156
science and technology, 59—60, 103,

273, 278
space program, 24, 29, 48, 72, 74-75,
86, 95-96, 104, 120, 169, 170-171,
185-186, 195, 200, 241-242, 246, 249,
256, 266, 268, 278, 318, 335, 336,
341-342, 343, 349-350, 351, 361,
365-366, 372, 382, 383-384, 399, 418,
420, 421, 422
space station, 11-12, 24, 75, 146, 271.
278, 332-333, 341-342, 343, 349-350,
351, 361, 382, 420, 422
spacecraft. See U.S.S.R., satellite; and
individual spacecraft, such as Luna
XV, Molniya 1-11, Soyuz IV, Zond
VII.
spacecraft debris, 130, 198, 291
State Committee on Atomic Energy,

359
supersonic transport, 1, 5, 121, 146-

147, 152, 159, 173, 255, 283, 422
weapons, 4, 10, 48, 80, 95, 116, 129,

181, 191, 330, 332, 416
Weather Bureau, 112
uv. See Ultraviolet.

V-12 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 79

Vacuum chamber, 329-330

VAM-20 (booster), 31, 65-66, 108, 111,

179, 184, 308, 326, 360-361, 410
Van Allen, Dr. James A., 90, 167, 263,

340
Van Allen radiation belt, 84, 90-91, 364
van de Kamp, Dr. Peter, 109
Van Derwalker, John G., 51, 86, 110
Van Nuys, Calif., 102

530

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Van Praagh, David, 199
Vandenberg afb, Calif, (see also West-
ern Test Range), launch

Advanced Ballistic Reentry System, 10

satellite launch vehicle
Atlas-F, 10, 83
Thor-Agena, 40, 86, 127, 243, 255,

402
Thor-Burner, 240
Thorad-Agena, 314
Thorad-Agena D, 319
Titan IIIB-Agena, 288, 350
Titan IIIB-Agena D, 23, 66, 109, 169
Vanguard I (U.S. satellite), 83
Vanguard II, 51
Varsavsky, Dr. Carlos, 118
Vatican City, 55, 337
\ ecchietti, George J., 132
Vega (aircraft), 158
Vega (star), 92

Vegesack (German freighter), 228
Vela (constellation), 56
Vela (nuclear test detection satellite),

281, 360, 422
Vela IX, 155, 256
Vela X, 155, 256
Venus (planet), 260

atmosphere, 2, 6, 43, 75, 127-128, 140,
141-142, 160, 318

exploration of, 66, 69, 76, 84, 119,
136-137, 256, 286, 318, 343, 423

magnetic field, 160

map, 288

pressure, 140, 141-142, 160, 171

probe, 2, 7-8, 16, 89, 119-120, 127-
128, 140, 141-142, 160, 171

surface, 103, 171, 288

temperature, 140, 141-142, 171
Venus (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe),

422
Venus III (Venera III), 89
Venus IV (Venera IV), 2, 89, 140, 160
Venus V (Venera V), 2, 8, 23, 42, 14.1-

142, 171
Venus VI (Venera VI), 7-8, 23, 42, 140,

141-142, 171
Verne, Jules, 199

Very Low Frequency Propagation Satel-
lite, 131
Vidal, Eugene Luther, 54
Vienna, Austria, 359
Vietnam, North, 245
Vietnam war, 4, 14, 22, 48, 57, 99, 404,

422
Vernon, France, 330
Viking, Project

contract, 59, 160, 293, 351

experiments, 311

funding, 15, 336-337

landing system, 160, 351, 412

plans for, 16, 57, 111, 118. 275, 336-
337, 398, 411, 412
Villard, Henry Serrano, 52
Vincze, Paul, 275
Virgin Islands, 401-402

Voice of America (voa), 234, 249
Volcano, 159, 418
Volkov, Vladislav N., 333
Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John
A., 58, 371, 402, 410, 412, 418

contract award, 89, 335, 388, 391

SST, 43, 81, 95, 314-315
Volynov, Boris, 11, 23
von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 13, 77, 188,
210, 274, 381

Apollo 11 mission, 187, 247-248

awards and honors, 10, 147, 289, 326

European visit, 187

Mars mission, 266, 270

press conference, 170-171

U.S.S.R. space program, 170-171
von Kann, Clifton F., 362
von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility

(Tullahoma, Tenn.), 138
von Karman, Theodore, 274
Voskhod I mission, 337
Vostok I (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 199
Vostok 1 mission, 104
Vozzo, Dr. J. A., 293
Vrebalovich, Dr. Thomas, 290
v/stol aircraft, 15, 75, 84, 92
VSX (antisubmarine aircraft). See S-3A.
vtol aircraft, 75, 80, 114, 129, 199
Vykukal, Hubert C, 315

Waddell, Jack, 45-46
Wakelin, James H., Jr., 332
Wald, Dr. George, 89, 238-239
Walker, Joseph A., 315
Wall, Dr. Frederick T., 8
Wall of Theophilus (moon), 377
Waller, Richard A., 51, 86, 110, 343
Wallops Station (nasa), 58, 409
contract, 88, 154, 253
funding, 383
launch, sounding rocket
Aerobee 150 A, 139
Aerobee 350, 27
Areas, 33-34, 41, 354

Boosted Areas II, 28
Astrobee 1500, 335
Black Brant IIIB, 59, 127
Black Brant VB, 366
Bullpup Cajun, 178
Nike-Apache, 33-34, 41, 49, 113.
135, 159, 176, 189, 286, 300, 303-
304, 408-409
Nik.'-Cajun, 18, 25, 33-34, 41, 94,

132. 133
Nike-Tomahawk, 27-28, 29, 49, 211-

212, 286, 327
Pacemaker, 203
Sidewinder-Areas, 79
recovery experiment, 79
Walters, Robert, 115
Wampler, Dr. E. Joseph, 42

531

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Wapakoneta, Ohio, 243, 298
Warner, Jack, 317
Warner, Dr. Jeffrey L., 263, 396
Warren, Chief Justice Earl, 168
Warren, Dr. Shields, 164
Warsaw, Poland, 211, 244, 251
Washburn, Abbott M., 418
Washington Academy of Sciences, 54
Washington Airlines, 50, 320
Washington, D.C., 2, 80, 180, 196, 204,
225, 355, 362, 385, 388, 392, 393, 417

Apollo 11 postage stamp, 289, 319

astronauts in, 7, 32, 56-57, 157, 191,
204, 231, 232, 307, 413

awards presented in, 50, 54, 100-101,
117, 127

cosmonauts in, 337, 359

exhibit, 133, 388, 403, 406, 413

meetings, 24, 32, 54, 56, 68, 72, 74, 78,
111, 115, 116, 120, 121, 133, 148,
170, 178, 237, 268, 357, 371

nuclear nonproliferation treaty signed,
370

press conference, 9, 182, 224, 301, 355,
402
Washington National Airport, 43, 380,

418
Washington National Gallery of Art, 226
Washington, Univ. of, 273, 282
Watchers of the Skies, 187
Watson, James Craig, Medal, 121
Watson, Postmaster General W. Marvin,

8
We Reach the Moon, 252, 425
Weapon systems, 41, 42, 136, 155, 191,

257, 330, 332, 424
Weather modification, 42, 205
Webb, James E., 7, 42, 184, 406

luncheon, for, 209

portrait of, 323

Space Age Management, 192
Weber, Dr. Joseph, 182
Weeghman, Richard B., 164
Weidner, Hermann K., 326
Weightlessness, effects of, 19, 48, 117

animals, 201, 348-349

human beings, 17, 136, 206, 391
Weinberg, Steven, 131
Weinraub, Allen S., 417
Welsh, Dr. Edward C, 39, 87, 141, 257
Wenk, Dr. Edward, Jr., 99
Wentworth, Eric, 369
West German Air and Space Research

Institute, 48
West Palm Beach, Fla., 209
West Virginia Univ., 70
Westendorf, Thomas P., 388
Western Electric Co., 233
Western Test Range (wtr) (see also
Vandenberg afb, Calif.;, launch, 23

Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor
(Thorad)-Agena D, 107, 171

Scout, 59, 323, 365

Thorad-Agena, 48

Thrust-Augmented Improved Thor-
Delta, 30, 185
Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory,

87
Westinghouse Electric Corp., 108, 144
Weston Instruments, Inc., Electro Me-
chanical Research Aerospace Sciences
Div., 41
Wethe, Jay D., 195
Wetherill, John Price, Medal, 161
Whalen, Rep. Charles W., Jr., 116
Wheatley, Seagel, 394
Wheaton, Md., 204
Wheeler, Gen. Earle G. (usa), 180
"Where the Legend Starts" (U.S.S.R.

film), 104
Whitcomb, Dr. Richard T., 44, 293
White, l/c Edward H., II (usaf), 228,

280, 289
White, Mrs. Edward H., II, 280
White, Maurice D., 362
White House, 34, 83, 109, 178, 304, 364,
422
Apollo 11 mission, 190, 196, 219, 224,

228, 230, 232, 284
Apollo 12 mission, 385, 392
appointments, 49, 68, 91
astronauts at, 32, 72, 157, 191, 200,

204, 232, 319, 362, 413
awards presented at, 6, 68
press conference, 32, 43
space program, 38, 167, 238, 253, 270,
304-305, 352, 389
White, Dr. Robert M., 344, 417
White Sands Missile Range (wsmr), N.
Mex., 119
launch

Aerobee 150

solar astronomy, 48, 302, 361
stellar data, 71, 79, 402, 409
ultraviolet astronomy, 48—49, 78,

409
x-ray astronomy, 78, 402
Aerobee 150 MI
infrared data, 299
solar astronomy, 104, 108, 111,

140, 308, 314, 316, 361, 410
stellar data, 31, 118, 184, 326, 337,

409
ultraviolet astronomy, 6, 31, 43,

140, 179, 184, 308, 410
x-ray astronomy, 65-66, 71, 104,
108, 118, 325, 361
Aerobee 170, 298
balloon, 315

Nike-Apache, micrometeoroid sam-
pling, 279, 287
White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy,

101
White Sands Test Facility, 365
Whitney, John A., 412
Whittaker, Philip N., 104, 123, 130, 132
Whittier College, 232
who. See World Health Organization.

532

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Wicker, Tom (Thomas Grey), 412
Wickert Public Opinion Institute, 384
Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 35, 131, 254
Wilcox-Sierra Div. of American Stand-
ard, Inc., 315
Wild, Dr. J. P., 121
Wilford, John Noble, 252, 273, 370
Wilhelm, Janusz, 164
Williams, George E., 260
Williams, Rev. Hosea, 205
Wilson, Rep. Charles H., 52
Wilson, Gill Robb, Trophy for Arts and

Letters, 87
Wilson, Prime Minister Harold (U.K.),

38, 158, 233
Wilson, Herbert A., Jr., 290
Wilson, Richard, 288
Wilson, Riley, 266-267
Wilson, T. A., 330, 341
Wimberley, Robert C, 76
Wing, aircraft, 44, 46. 84, 207, 293. 299
Wings Club, 150
Winte, Ralph F., 19
Winter Study on Uses of Manned Space

Flight, 1975-1985, Proceedings, 94
Wisconsin, 28
Wisconsin, Univ. of, 3, 29, 80, 99, 129,

344, 402, 403
Wise, Dr. Donald U., 287
Withington, H. W., 340
Wolf Research and Development Corp.,

271
Wolff, Rep. Lester L., 177
Wollenhaupt, Wilbur R., 174
Wollongong, Australia, 233
Women as astronauts, 359
"The Wondrous Telephone" (song), 388
Wood, Clotaire, 290
Woods Hole, Mass., 290
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,

273
Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 99,

190, 196, 323
Worcester Foundation for Experimental

Biology, 50
Worden, Capt. Alfred M. (usaf), 105
World Center for Exploration Founda-
tion, 2
World Data Center A for Rockets and

Satellites, 1
World Health Organization (who), 311

Communicable Disease Div., 254
World War I, 133
World Weather Program, 78
Wray, James, 28

Wright brothers. 88, 177, 226, 236
Wright Brothers Day, 406, 410
Wright, Orville, 52, 406, 410
Wright, Wilbur, 406, 410
Wright-Patterson afb, Ohio, 11, 38, 119,

177
WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range.
wtr. See Western Test Range

Wyeth, James B., 226

Wyld, James H., Propulsion Award, 134

X-l (star), 326, 327

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 87, 119,

133, 177, 205, 315, 321, 421
X-24 (lifting-body vehicle), 29
X-24A, 101, 113, 133, 286, 299, 316, 349,

371, 421
XB-70 (supersonic aircraft), 11, 38,

205, 321, 421
XE (nuclear rocket engine), 177-178,

279, 309, 422
Xenon, 403
X-ray, 168

experiment, 22, 71, 78, 179, 326, 335

mirror, 104

polarimeter, 71

radiation, 66, 71, 104, 108, 179, 184,
327, 361

source, 99, 104, 118, 121, 124, 127,
133-134, 136, 160, 186, 281-282, 326,
335, 366, 402
XV-4B (Hummingbird) (vtol aircraft),

Yak-40 (U.S.S.R. trijet), 168

Yamaguchi, Japan, 135

Yankee Clipper (Apollo 12 command

module). See Command module.
Yarborough, Sen. Ralph W., 270
Yeh, Dr. Richard S., 340
Yeliseyev, Dr. Aleksey S., 11-12, 23, 159,

168, 333
Yellowstone National Park, 107, 328
Yelyan, Eduard V., 1, 152
YF-12 (jet interceptor), 400, 421
YF-12A, 72, 205, 405
Yorty, Mayor Samuel W., 279
Young, Dr. Andrew T., 282
Young, Cdr. John W. (USN), 16, 90, 108,

142, 152, 159, 191, 267
Young Presidents' Organization, 327
Young, Sen. Stephen M., 405
Youngblood, Dr. David, 343
Youth Science Congress, 105
Yugoslavia, 24, 249, 341

Zacharias, Jerrold R., 254
Zahringer, Dr. Joseph, 288
Zakharov, Aleksey V., 242
Zakharov, Matvey V., 129

533

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1969

Zamayatin, Leonid, 21 Zoeckler, m/c John L. (usaf) 260

Zholudev, Gen. Leonid V. (U.S.S.R.), Zond V (U.S.S.R. space probe), 271

12i Zond VI, 271

Ziegler, Henri, 197 Zond VII 271 422

Ziegler, Ronald L., 305 Zvezdny Gorodok (Star City) (U.S.S.K.) ,

Ziehl, Dr. Donald, 85 195

534

NASA HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS

Histories

• Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP-

4101, 1966, $4.00.*

• Loyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201, 1966, $5.50.

• Constance McL. Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard: A History, NASA SP-

4202, 1970; also Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971, $12.50.

• Alfred Rosenthal, Venture Into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight

Center, NASA SP^1301, 1968, $2.50.

• Edwin P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of the Ames Research

Center, 1940-1965, NASA SP-4302, 1970, $4.75.

Historical Studies

• Eugene M. Emme (ed.), History of Rocket Technology (Detroit: Wayne State

University, 1964).

• Mae Mills Link, Space Medicine in Project Mercury. NASA SP-4003, 1965,

$1.00.

• Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1965 and 1966.

• Katherine M. Dickson (Library of Congress), History of Aeronautics and

Astronautics: A Preliminary Bibliography, NASA HHR-29, Clearinghouse for
Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. 22150, $3.00.

• William R. Corliss, History of NASA Sounding Rockets, NASA SP-4401 (1970).

Chronologies

• Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Tech-

nology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by E. M. Emme,
Washington: NASA, 1961.

• Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961, published by the House Com-

mittee on Science and Astronautics, 1962.

• Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962, published by the House Com-

mittee on Science and Astronautics, 1963.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963, NASA SP-4004, 1964.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964, NASA SP-4005, 1965.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965, NASA SP^006, 1966.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1966, NASA SP-4007, 1967, $1.50.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, NASA SP-4008, 1968, $2.25.

• Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1968, NASA SP^IOIO, 1969, $2.00.

• James M. Grimwood, Project Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001, 1963.

• James M. Grimwood and Barton C. Hacker, with Peter J. Vorzimmer, Project

Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology, NASA SP-4002, 1969, $2.75.

• Ivan D. Ertel and Mary Louise Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology,

Vol. I, Through November 7, 1962, NASA SP-^009, $2.50.

• Mary Louise Morse and Jean Kernahan Bays, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chro-

nology, Vol. II, November 8, 1962-September 30, 1964, NASA SP-4013 (1971)

* All titles with prices can be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

fr U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 O 408-8O3

Washington, D. C. 20546

FIRST CLASS MAIL

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND

SPACE ADMINISTRATION

POSTMASTER:

If Untleliverable (Section 158
Postal Manual) Do Not Return

"The aeronautical and space activities of the United States shall
ducted so as to contribute . . . to the expansion of human
Jge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space. The
Administration shall provide for the widest practicable and
appropriate dissemination of information concerning its acti:
and the results the\

— National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958

NASA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

TECHNICAL REPORTS: Scientific and
technical information considered
important, complete, and a lasting
contribution to existing knowledge.

TECHNICAL NOTES: Information less
broad in scope but nevertheless of
importance as a contribution to existing
knowledge.

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS:
Information receiving limited distribu-
tion because of preliminary data,

ry classification, or other reasons.

CONTRACTOR REPORTS: Scientific
and technical information generated
under a NASA contract or grant and

existing knov.

TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS:
Information published in a foreign
language considered to merit NASA
distribution in English.

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS:
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to NASA activities. Publications include
conference proceedings, monographs,
data compilations, handbooks, source-
books, and special bibliographies.

INOLOGY UTILIZATION
PUBLICATIONS: Information on tech-

by NASA that may be
of particular interest in commercial and
other non-.: plications.

Publications include Tech Briefs,

! Ttilization Reports and
and Technology Surveys.

Details on the availability of these publications may be obtained from:
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION DIVISION

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